Concepts, Principle And Theories In The Care Of Older Adults PDF

CORDILLERA CAREER DEVELOPMENT COLLEGE COLLEGE OF HEALTH EDUCATION Buyagan, Poblacion, La Trinidad, Benguet CHAPTER I CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLE AND THEORIES IN THE CARE OF OLDERS...

CORDILLERA CAREER DEVELOPMENT COLLEGE COLLEGE OF HEALTH EDUCATION Buyagan, Poblacion, La Trinidad, Benguet CHAPTER I CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLE AND THEORIES IN THE CARE OF OLDERS ADULTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Definition of Terms 1. Aging (or Ageing) o The process of becoming older; having lived for a long time. o Subcategories:  Chronological Age: Number of years a person has lived.  Chronological categories: 1. 60 to 74 (Young old); 2. 75 to 84 (middle old); 3. 85 & older(Elite old) Alternative Categories 1. 55 to 64 (older); 2. 65 to 74 (Elderly); 3. 75 to 84 (Aged); 4. 85 & older (extremely aged)  Physiologic Age: Determination of age by body function.  Functional Age: Ability to contribute to society and benefit others.  Biological Age: Predicted by the physical condition and functioning of vital organs.  Social Age: Measured by behavior that conforms to expected roles within a culture or society.  Cognitive Aging: Decline in cognitive processing with age. 2. Ageism o Discrimination, stereotyping, or prejudice against individuals or groups based on their age, particularly affecting older adults. 3. Geriatric o Medical specialty dealing with the physiology of aging and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting older adults. o Derived from the Greek words “geras” (old age) and “iatro” (medical treatment). 4. Gerontology o The study of all aspects of the aging process. o Derived from the Greek words “gero” (related to old age) and “ology” (the study of). 5. Gerontic o Nursing care and services provided to older adults. Perspectives on Aging 1. Aging as a Developmental Process o Aging involves changes in biological, physiological, environmental, psychological, behavioral, and social processes. These changes can include benign changes (e.g., graying hair), declines in function, and increased susceptibility to diseases, frailty, or disability. Aging is the major risk factor for many chronic diseases. 2. Perspective View on Aging o Aging can refer to the passage of time, physical decline, changes in family roles (e.g., becoming a grandparent), changes in work status (e.g., retirement), or cognitive changes (e.g., forgetfulness). However, physical decline is not inevitable for all individuals. Demography of Aging and Implications for Health and Nursing Care 1. Objectives 1. Understand the global trends in population aging and their implications for health and social services. 2. Examine the demographic trends of aging in the Philippines and how they compare globally. 3. Analyze the implications of an aging population on health care systems, nursing care, and policy-making. Demographics of Aging  The study of trends and characteristics in fertility, mortality, and migration, and how these factors influence population changes. 2. Global Aging Global aging  refers to the increasing number and proportion of older adults (aged 65 and over) in the world's population. Overview  Global Phenomenon: Every country is experiencing growth in the size and proportion of older persons in their population.  Fastest Aging Regions: Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean are aging the fastest. Key Statistics  Life Expectancy: Since 1900, the global average life expectancy has more than doubled, now above 70 years. However, disparities exist, with life expectancy ranging from 53 years in the Central African Republic to 83 years in Japan.  Future Projections: The number of people aged 65 years or older is expected to increase significantly by 2050, particularly in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa, and Western Asia. 1. Proportion of Persons Aged 65+ (2023): This bar chart compares the percentage of older persons in LDCs, ODCs, and developed countries.  2. Number of Persons Aged 65+ in Selected LDCs (2023): This bar chart shows the number of older persons (in millions) in specific LDCs with significant elderly populations. 3. Aging in the Philippines  By 2032, the Philippines is projected to become an “aging society,” with 7% of the population aged 65 years and older. By 2069, this figure is expected to rise to 14%, making the country an “aged society.” Below are the key statistics on the Philippine’s population of older people: 2019 2050 Population aged 60 and above (total) 9,915,000 23,863,000 Population aged 60 and above (% of total 8.6% 16.5% population) Older women aged 60+ (% of total 4.83% 9.40% population) Life expectancy (males) 67.08 71.88 Life expectancy (females) 75.31 79.5 Old-Age Dependency Ratio (Age 65+ / 8.6 17.7 Age 15-64) Rural older people (% of total population) 6.48 Urban older people (% of total 6.54 population) Older persons living alone aged 60 and 5.4 above (% of total population aged 60+) Source: https://ageingasia.org/ageing-population-philippines/ 4. Demographics of Aging Youthful Population Aging Population Details: Youthful Population: A pyramid with a broad base indicates high birth rates and a young population. This shape often reflects developing countries with high fertility rates. Aging Population: A pyramid with a narrower base and a wider top signifies an aging population. This shape suggests lower birth rates and higher life expectancy. Aging populations are characterized by a larger proportion of elderly individuals compared to the younger age groups. Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Population Division. “World Population Prospects.” UN DESA World Population Prospects Global vs. Local Trends:  Global Trends: o Increasing Life Expectancy: Advances in medical technology, improved healthcare, and better living standards contribute to rising life expectancies worldwide. For example, the global average life expectancy increased from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.2 years in 2019. o Declining Fertility Rates: Many countries are experiencing declining birth rates, leading to smaller younger populations relative to older age groups. This demographic shift results in a higher proportion of elderly individuals in the population. o Source: United Nations. “World Population Ageing 2023.” UN World Population Ageing  Local Trends (e.g., Philippines): o Aging Population: In the Philippines, similar demographic trends are observed, with a gradual increase in the proportion of older adults. The proportion of the elderly population has been rising due to increased life expectancy and declining fertility rates. o Fertility and Mortality Rates: While the birth rate is declining, the increase in life expectancy is more gradual compared to developed nations, resulting in a slower but steady increase in the older population. o Challenges: The country faces challenges related to healthcare infrastructure, pension systems, and social services as the population ages. o Source: Philippine Statistics Authority. “The 2020 Census of Population and Housing.” Philippine Statistics Authority 5. Implications of the Demographics of Aging  Health Care: o Increased Demand o Health Workforce o Health Infrastructure  Nursing Care: o Role of Nurses: Nurses will manage the health needs of older adults, including home care, palliative care, and managing chronic illnesses. o Policy Changes: Policies need to be updated to support the aging population, including better access to health care and social services. o Education and Training: Ongoing education and training for nurses on geriatric care are essential to address the needs of an aging population. 6. Causes of Aging  Biological Causes: o Cellular Senescence: Cells lose the ability to divide and function over time, leading to aging. o Genetic Factors: Certain genes are associated with longevity and the aging process. o Oxidative Stress: Damage caused by free radicals accelerates the aging process.  Social and Economic Factors: o Health Care Access: Better access to health care services can prolong life and impact the aging process. o Nutrition and Lifestyle: Healthy diets and active lifestyles are linked to slower aging and increased longevity. o Economic Status: Wealthier individuals and societies tend to live longer, healthier lives.