Namma Kalvi 11th Chemistry Simple Salt Analysis Practical Study Material PDF

Namma Kalvi 1 www.nammakalvi.org S.SATHISH KUMAR 11 A2 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- I [LEAD NITRATE] S NO Experiment...

Namma Kalvi 1 www.nammakalvi.org S.SATHISH KUMAR 11 A2 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- I [LEAD NITRATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Note the colour of the salt Absence of copper 1 Colourless sulphate, iron salt Action of heat: A small amount of a salt is heated in A reddish brown gas with a Presence of a nitrate 2. a test tube fishy odour evolves salt Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic Colour Absence of a copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the flame Observed. barium, calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: A reddish brown gas with the Small amount of salt + 1mL of dil. fishy odour turning a moist 4. HCl. Gently heat it Presence of nitrate ferrous sulphate paper brownevolves Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Reddish brown gas turning 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat acidified ferrous sulphate Presence of nitrate it paper green evolves. Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Change is Absence of chloride, 6 Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Observed. bromide Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry A reddish brown gas with test tube + few copper turnings + fishy odour turning a moist 7. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it Presence of nitrate. ferrous sulphate paper brown evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of 9 potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange is Observed. Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.  2 Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Observed. bromide, sulphide shake it Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is formed Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake Test with lead acetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + No white ppt is formed Absence of sulphate 1ml of lead acetate Brown ring test: 1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared Presence of nitrate 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add A brown ring is formed confirmed. Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + No purple or violet 15 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops of Absence of sulphide. colouration appears sodium nitrobruside. Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, Presence of 1st group 2 A White ppt is formed. and shake it metal ions (Pb2+) Analysis of the 1st group ppt: To the ppt add about 1ml of water and boil it The ppt dissolves Presence of Lead  3 www.nammakalvi.org Test for Lead: To one portion of the hot 1 solution add about 1ml of K2CrO4 A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of Lead To an another portion of the hot solution add about 1ml of KI. To the A yellow ppt is obtained.The yellow ppt add about 1ml of water, yellow ppt dissolves on Presence of lead is 2 boil and cool. boiling , and on cooling confirmed. golden spangles appear Result: The Anion Present : NITRATE The cation Present : LEAD The Given simple salt : LEAD NITRATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-II [COPPER SULPHATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: May be copper 1 Note the colour of the salt Blue sulphate Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in Blue Changes into White due May be copper a test tube to dehydration sulphate Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Presence of a Copper 3. paste at the charred end of the Bluish green flame. salt splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Absence of 4. Small amount of salt + 1mL of dil. No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate, HCl. Gently heat it Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + Conc. No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 H2SO4 and gently heat it evolved. bromide Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves  4 Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Observed. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is 11 barium chloride solution and shake H2SO4 is formed Confirmed. Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate formed Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1mL each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitro bruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + 1ml of dil. aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet 15 of sodium nitro bruside. Absence of sulphide. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”.  www.nammakalvi.org 5 GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No ppt is formed. 2+ metal ions (Pb ) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Presence of 2nd group 3 A Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) Analysis of the 2nd group ppt: Test for copper: i). To one portion of the solution add No ppt is obtained, but the 1 Presence of Copper ammonium hydroxide solution is blue ii) To the blue coloured solution add about 1ml each of acetic acid and Presence of Copper 2 potassium ferro cyanide A red brown ppt is obtained Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : SULPHATE The cation Present : COPPER The Given simple salt : COPPER SULPHATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-III [COPPER CARBONATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: May be Copper 1 Note the colour of the salt Green Carbonate Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate a test tube evolves Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Presence of a copper 3. paste at the charred end of the Bluish green flame. salt splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: A colourless, odourless gas Small amount of salt + 1mL of dil. evolves as a brisk Presence of carbonate 4. HCl. Gently heat it Effervescence and turns lime is Confirmed water milky Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it  6 Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + Conc. No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 H2SO4 and gently heat it evolved. bromide Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Observed. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate barium chloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3  www.nammakalvi.org 7 Test with sodium nitro bruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + 1ml of dil. aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet 15 of sodium nitro bruside. Absence of sulphide. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil. HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No ppt is formed. 2+ metal ions (Pb ) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Presence of 2nd group 3 A Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) Analysis of the 2nd group ppt: Test for copper: i). To one portion of the solution add No ppt is obtained, but the 1 Presence of Copper ammonium hydroxide solution is blue ii) To the blue coloured solution add about 1ml each of acetic acid and Presence of Copper 2 potassium ferro cyanide A red brown ppt is obtained Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : CARBONATE The cation Present : COPPER The Given simple salt : COPPER CARBONATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- IV [FERRIC CHLORIDE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: 1 Note the colour of the salt Brown May be an iron salt Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc, a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate  8 Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of 4.. Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate, Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: A colourless gas evolves. It Small amount of a salt in a dry test gives a dense white fumes tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat 5 when a glass rod dipped in Prsence of Chloride it liquid ammonia is brought close to its mouth Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test A greenish yellow gas turning tube + pinch of MnO2 + starch iodide paper blue 6 Prsence of Chloride evolves Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. 9 Pass the vapours into dilute sodium A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of chloride. hydroxide solution. If a yellow solution is obtained, add dil. Acetic acid and lead acetate Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract A curdy white ppt insoluble in dil. Ammonia is 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Presence of chloride shake it formed  9 www.nammakalvi.org Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1mL o f the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc.HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of presence of 3rd group 4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well A brown ppt is formed metal ions (Fe3+) Analysis of the 3rd group ppt: To the ppt add a pinch of sodium peroxide and boil it A red or brown ppt is 1 Presence of Iron obtained  10 i.) To one portion of the red ppt add about 1mL of dil HCl and boil it and then add about 1ml of potassium ferocyanide Presence of Iron is 2 A blue ppt is obtained Confirmed ii.) To an another portion of the ppt add about 1mL of dil. HNO3 A blood red colouration is Presence of Iron is 3 boil it and then add about 1ml of seen Confirmed KCNS Result: The Anion Present : CHLORIDE The cation Present : FERRIC The Given simple salt : FERRIC CHLORIDE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- V [ALUMINIUM SULPHATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc, a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Absence of 4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,. Gently heat it Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it  www.nammakalvi.org 11 Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of H2SO4 is formed Confirmed. bariumchloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate formed Brown ring test: 1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears  12 Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed 2+ metal ions (Cu ) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add Presence of 3rd group 4 about 1ml each of NH4Cl and NH4OH A gelatinous white ppt is 3+ metal ion (Al ) formed and shake it well Analysis of the 3rd group ppt: Test for Aluminium: To the ppt add a pinch of sodium A colourless solution is 1 Presence of Aluminium peroxide and boil it obtained To the colourless solution add A gelatinous white ppt is Presence of Aluminium 2 dil.HCl and shake it obtained is Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : SULPHATE The cation Present : ALUMINIUM The Given simple salt : ALUMINIUM SULPHATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VI [ALUMINIUM NITRATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: A reddish brown gas with a Presence of a nitrate A small amount of a salt is heated in 2. fishy odour evolves salt a test tube Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame  www.nammakalvi.org 13 Action of dil. HCl: A reddish brown gas with the Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl fishy odour turning a moist. Gently heat it 4. ferrous sulphate paper brown Presence of nitrate evolves Action of Conc.H2SO4: Reddish brown gas turning Small amount of a salt in a dry test acidified ferrous sulphate 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat paper green evolves. Presence of nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper A reddish brown gas with turning: small amount of salt in a dry fishy odour turning a moist 7. test tube + few copper turnings + ferrous sulphate paper brown Presence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate 1ml of Lead Acetate  14 Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared Presence of nitrate 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add A brown ring is formed confirmed Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add Presence of 3rd group A gelatinous white ppt is 4 about 1ml each of NH4Cl and NH4OH metal ion (Al3+) formed and shake it well Analysis of the 3rd group ppt: Test for Aluminium: To the ppt add a pinch of sodium A colourless solution is 1 Presence of Aluminium peroxide and boil it obtained To the colourless solution add A gelatinous white ppt is Presence of Aluminium 2 dil.HCl and shake it obtained is Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : NITRATE The cation Present : ALUMINIUM The Given simple salt : ALUMINIUM NITRATE  www.nammakalvi.org 15 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VII [ZINC SULPHATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in Salt is Yellow when hot, May be a zinc salt a test tube White when cold Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Absence of 4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,. Gently heat it Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.  16 Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of H2SO4 is formed Confirmed. bariumchloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate formed Brown ring test: 1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group 4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)  www.nammakalvi.org 17 GROUP IV To the above solution Presence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas 2+ A dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn ) Analysis of the 4th group ppt: Test for Zinc: 1 To the ppt add dil HCl and boil it The ppt dissolves Presence of Zinc To the 1 ml of Original solution add White Ppt Soluble in excess Presence of Zinc is 2 dil.NaOH in drops to excess NaOH is Obtained Confirmed To the 1 ml of Original solution add 2 White Ppt Soluble in excess ml K4[Fe(CN)6] solution Presence of Zinc is 3 NaOH, insoluble in dilute Confirmed acids, is Obtained Result: The Anion Present : SULPHATE The cation Present : ZINC The Given simple salt : ZINC SULPHATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VIII [[ZINC SULPHIDE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in Salt is Yellow when hot, May be a zinc salt a test tube White when cold Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame A colourless gas with a rotten Action of dil. HCl: egg smell turning a paper Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl dipped in lead acetate Presence of sulphide is 4.. Gently heat it shining black Confirmed evolves Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it  18 Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. + Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and A black ppt is formed Presence of sulphide shake it Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake Test with lead acetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract A purple or violet colouration 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops appears Prsence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside.  19 www.nammakalvi.org Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube, add 3ml of dil.HCl + dil.HNO3, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed 2+ metal ions (Cu ) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group 4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+) GROUP IV To the above solution Presence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas A dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+) Analysis of the 4th group ppt: Test for Zinc: 1 To the ppt add dil HCl and boil it The ppt dissolves Presence of Zinc To the 1 ml of Original solution add White Ppt Soluble in excess Presence of Zinc is 2 dil.NaOH in drops to excess NaOH is Obtained Confirmed To the 1 ml of Original solution add 2 White Ppt Soluble in excess ml K4[Fe(CN)6] solution Presence of Zinc is 3 NaOH, insoluble in dilute Confirmed acids, is Obtained Result: The Anion Present : SULPHIDE The cation Present : ZINC The Given simple salt : ZINC SULPHIDE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- IX [CALCIUM CARBONATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate a test tube evolves  20 Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Presence of a calcium 3. paste at the charred end of the Brick red Colour is Observed. salt splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: A colourless, odourless gas Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl evolves as a brisk Presence of carbonate 4.. Gently heat it Effervescence and turns lime is Confirmed water milky Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. + Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake  www.nammakalvi.org 21 Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil.HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of Absence of 3rd group 4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+) GROUP IV To the above solution Absence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas 5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+) GROUP V To the salt solution add Presence of 5th group 1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and 6 A white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+) (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well.  22 Analysis of the 5th group ppt: To the ppt add about 1ml of dil. Presence of (Ba2+/ 1 The ppt dissolves. acetic acid and gently heat it. Ca2+) A white ppt is obtained. Test for Calcium Filter.To the residue add a To the solution add drop of Conc. HCl. Take the Presence of Calcium is 2 about 1ml of ammonium sulphate residue and introduce near Confirmed the Bunsen flame.A crimson red colour is seen If no ppt is obtained, to the solution add about 1ml of potassium ferrocyanide and Presence of Calcium is shake it. A pale yellow ppt Confirmed appears. Result: The Anion Present : CARBONATE The cation Present : CALCIUM The Given simple salt : CALCIUM CARBONATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- X [BARIUM CHLORIDE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc, a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Presence of Barium Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Apple green Colour is salt 3. paste at the charred end of the Observed. splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of 4.. Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate, Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: A colourless gas evolves. It Small amount of a salt in a dry test gives a dense white fumes tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat 5 when a glass rod dipped in Prsence of Chloride it liquid ammonia is brought close to its mouth  23 www.nammakalvi.org Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test A greenish yellow gas turning tube + pinch of MnO2 + starch iodide paper blue 6 Prsence of Chloride evolves Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of Nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. 9 Pass the vapours into dilute sodium A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of chloride. hydroxide solution. If a yellow solution is obtained, add dil. Acetic acid and lead acetate Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract A curdy white ppt insoluble in dil. Ammonia is 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Presence of chloride shake it formed Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube.  24 Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1mL each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of Absence of 3rd group 4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+) GROUP IV To the above solution Absence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas 5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+) GROUP V To the salt solution add Presence of 5th group 1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and 6 A white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+) (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. Analysis of the 5th group ppt: To the ppt add about 1ml of dil. Presence of (Ba2+/ 1 The ppt dissolves. acetic acid and gently heat it. Ca2+)  www.nammakalvi.org 25 Test for Barium. To the solution add about 1ml of A yellow ppt is obtained. potassium chromate Filter To the residue add a drop of Conc. HCl. Take a portion of the paste and Presence of Barium is 2 introduce near the Bunsen Confirmed flame. A transient green is imparted to the flame Result: The Anion Present : CHLORIDE The cation Present : BARIUM The Given simple salt : BARIUM CHLORIDE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XI [MAGNESIUM SULPHATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc, a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Absence of 4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,. Gently heat it Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt  26 Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is 11 bariumchloride solution and shake H2SO4 is formed Confirmed. Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate formed Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH.  www.nammakalvi.org 27 GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed 2+ metal ions (Cu ) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group 4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+) GROUP IV To the above solution Absence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas 2+ 5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn ) GROUP V To the salt solution add Absence of 5th group 1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and 6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+) GROUP VI To the original salt solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl, Presence of 6th group 7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch A white ppt is obtained. metal ion (Mg2+) the sides of the test tube. Analysis of the 6th group ppt: Test for Magnesium: i)To about 1ml Presence of of the original salt solution add dil. White Ppt insoluble in excess 2 Magnesium is NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained Confirmed ii)To about 1ml of the original salt Presence of solution add about 1ml of 3 A blue ppt is formed. Magnesium is Magneson reagent. Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : SULPHATE The cation Present : MAGNESIUM The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM SULPHATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XII [MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc, a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate  28 Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Absence of 4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,. Gently heat it Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake  www.nammakalvi.org 29 Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about Presence of Phosphate 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Canary yellow ppt is formed. is Confirmed and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1mL each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed metal ions (Cu2+) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group 4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+) GROUP IV To the above solution Absence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas 5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+) GROUP V To the salt solution add Absence of 5th group 1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and 6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)  30 GROUP VI To the original salt solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl, Presence of 6th group 7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch A white ppt is obtained. 2+ metal ion Mg the sides of the test tube. Analysis of the 6th group ppt: Test for Magnesium: i)To about 1ml Presence of of the original salt solution add dil. White Ppt insoluble in excess 2 Magnesium is NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained Confirmed ii)To about 1ml of the original salt Presence of solution add about 1ml of 3 A blue ppt is formed. Magnesium is Magneson reagent. Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : PHOSPHATE The cation Present : MAGNESIUM The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XIII [MAGNESIUM CARBONATE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas 2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate a test tube evolves Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: A colourless, odourless gas Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl evolves as a brisk Presence of carbonate 4.. Gently heat it Effervescence and turns lime is Confirmed water milky Action of Conc.H2SO4: Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride, 5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate it Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride, 6 evolved. bromide Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it  www.nammakalvi.org 31 Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium 8. and gently heat it. Observed. salt Chromyl chloride test: Small amount of salt in + a pinch of potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is 9 Absence of chloride. drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed. Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. Test for halides: 1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride, 10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide Test with barium chloride: One ml of the sodium carbonate 11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate bariumchloride solution and shake Test with leadacetate: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, 12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate ml of Lead Acetate Brown ring test: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract + dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared 13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. Ammonium molybdate test: 1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about No canary yellow ppt is 14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate formed. and Conc. HNO3 Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml of the sodium carbonate extract 15 + 1ml of dil.aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide. of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears  32 Preparation of salt solution: To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil.HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This solution is called “original solution”. GROUP 0 1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is 1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium and NaOH. GROUP I Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group 2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. metal ions (Pb2+) and shake it GROUP II To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group 3 No Black ppt is formed 2+ metal ions (Cu ) GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group 4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+) GROUP IV To the above solution Absence of 4 th group pass (H2S) gas 5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+) GROUP V To the salt solution add Absence of 5th group 1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and 6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+) GROUP VI To the original salt solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl, Presence of 6th group 7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch A white ppt is obtained. metal ion Mg2+ the sides of the test tube. Analysis of the 6th group ppt: Test for Magnesium: i)To about 1ml Presence of of the original salt solution add dil. White Ppt insoluble in excess 2 Magnesium is NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained Confirmed ii)To about 1ml of the original salt Presence of solution add about 1ml of 3 A blue ppt is formed. Magnesium is Magneson reagent. Confirmed Result: The Anion Present : CARBONATE The cation Present : MAGNESIUM The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM CARBONATE  33 www.nammakalvi.org SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XIV [AMMONIUM CHLORIDE] S NO Experiment Observation Inference Analysis of anions Colour: Absence of copper, 1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless Iron salts Action of heat: A colourless gas with the A small amount of a salt is heated in pungent small turning red a test tube litmus paper into blue Presence of an evolves. It gives a dense 2. ammonium salt white fumes when a glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl is brought close to its mouth Flame test: Small amount of salt + A drop of Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper, 3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame Action of dil. HCl: Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of 4.. Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate, Sulphide Action of Conc.H2SO4: A colourless gas evolves. It Small amount of a salt in a dry test gives a dense white fumes tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat 5 when a glass rod dipped in Prsence of Chloride it liquid ammonia is brought close to its mouth Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: Small amount of salt in a dry test A greenish yellow gas turning tube + pinch of MnO2 + starch iodide paper blue 6 Prsence of Chloride evolves Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper turning: small amount of salt in a dry test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas 7. Absence of nitrate. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small A colourless gas with the pun amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution gent smell giving dense white and gently heat it. fumes Presence of ammonium 8. with a glass rod dipped in dil. salt HCl evolves  34