Health And Disease PDF

HEALTH AND DISEASE  Health and disease – two essential categories of medicine Definition of health ∙ Health is defined as a state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (according t...

HEALTH AND DISEASE  Health and disease – two essential categories of medicine Definition of health ∙ Health is defined as a state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (according to W.H.O.) ∙ Health can be defined as a „state“ of the person who is able to meet the demands placed on his/her body and to adapt to these demands or changes of the external environment so as to maintain reasonable constancy of the internal environment  There is way of measuring health in a negative sense. It is measured by the "5 d′s" - death, disease, discomfort, disability, and dissatisfaction. If there is absence of 5 d‚s we can say that person is healthy In health there is freedom. Health is the first of all liberties! Holistic view to a health recognizes the inter relatedness of the physical, psychological, emotional, social, spiritual, and environmental factors that contribute to the overall quality of a person′s life Two aspects of health can be distinguished: 1) Subjective – it is formed by sensations and feelings of a person, e.g. high working capacity, ability to overcome problems, optimistic thinking, happiness, satisfaction... 2) Objective – its basis is formed by objective parameters obtained by measurement of strutures and functions of a person Positive cosequence of WHO definition of health: – change of health care phylosophy Classic phylosophy: Diseased person → doctor → diagnosis → therapy Modern phylosophy health prevention of disease healthy person promotion onset and health development protection Summary: health is defined by set of objective, measurable parameters of structure and functions of the body health is defined also by set of subjective parameters expressed by healthy person ∙ Positive wellness involves: 1. being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible; 2. being able to be active - able to do what you want and what you have to do at the appropriate time; 3. being in good spirits most of the time  Concept of normalcy Norm (normal, within the norm) = parameters or values ranging from - to of bodily or mental functions or quantitative measurements of biological indexes derived statistically from "healthy persons" of the specific group (hight, body mass, heartrate, respiration rate, blood pressure, body temperature, etc.) Norm ≠ Health; Health =Norm Health – it is more qualitative term Norm – it is more quantitative term Normal parameter – parameter presents most frequently in healthy population Interindividual variability: – each person has its own profile of structures and functions, and almost each person is extreme in some of sign, and in different one – in population is created by influence of many factors: a) internal – mainly genetic b) external – physical, chemical, biological, social... – can be one explanation for different level of health in different people, and different proneness to disease  Definitions of disease ∙ Disease can be defined as a biosocial phenomenon characterized by interactions of pathological processes, defensive and adaptation processes resulting in damage of the organism as a whole, in limitation of the organism ability to adapt to living condition. ∙ Disease can be defined as a changes in individuals that cause their health parameters to fall outside the range of normal ∙ The term disease means a deviation from or an absence of the normal state  The essential aspects of disease 1. disease is a new quality of life Health is a friedom, disease is a prison 2. disease is the result of one or more causes (noxas) and suitable conditions 3. disease is the unity of damaging, adaptive, defensive and compensation mechanisms  A picture of disease is created by: – pathologic reactions – pathologic processes – pathologic states Pathologic reaction - It is the most simple, mainly short-lasting, quantitativly and/or qualitativly non-adequate response of organisms Examples: syncope, short-lasting increase of BP, tachycardia, bradycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperventilation...  Pathologic process It is the complex of pathologic and defensive- - adaptive reactions Examples: inflammation, fever, hypoxia, growth of tumor, edema, acidosis, alkalosis... Pathologic state Pathological change which is stabile or it changes very slowly and in very small range during time period Examples: congenital valvular heart disease, deafness, blindness, colour blindness...  Dynamics of disease Disease is a definite morbid process haveing a characteristic train of symptoms and signs Dynamics of disease is characterized by stages of disease: 1st stage: latent – incubation (in infections diseases) Its duration is measured by time passed between beginning of noxa influence of body and beginning of first non-specific symptoms and signs of disease There are no manifestations of disease during this stage 2nd stage: prodromal First non-specific symptoms and signs of disease arise 3rd stage: manifestation of disease There are specific symptoms and signs characteristic for specific disease 4th stage: disease outcomes a) healing b) chronic disease c) death Time course of disease a) Peracute – onset during few seconds or minutes b) Acute – onset during hours and days, duration up to 3 weeks a) Subacute – duration up to 6 weeks b) Chronic – duration more than 6 weeks Exacerbation of disease – usually sudden increse intensity of symptoms and signs of chronic disease Recidivation of disese – returning of previosly healed disease Remision of disease: decrese intensity of simptoms and signs of disease  ILLNESS AND DISEASE ∙ It is more important to know what sort of patient has a disease, than what sort of disease a patient has ∙ A person may "feel ill" without a disease being evident or diagnosed; likewise, a person may have a disease without experiencing any illness or suffering ∙ Illness tends to be used to refer to what is wrong with the patient, disease to what is wrong with his body  When we say "a person is ill " we mean he feels uncomfortable, he is suffering from certain symptoms such as nausea, headache, abdominal cramps, or just fatigue that can't be explained on the basis of exertion Disease refers to various structural disorders of the individual′s tissues and organs that give rise to the signs of ill - health ∙ The principal factors accounting for nearly all diseases are: 1. heredity - inherited (genetic) diseases, 2. infectious organisms - infectious diseases 3. lifestyle and personal habits - lifestyle diseases 4. accidents 5. physical, chemical noxas (poisons and toxins) ∙ Most standard medical textbooks attribute anywhere from 50 to 80% of all disease to psychosomatic or stress-related origins ∙ Psychosomatic illness are caused by negative mental states and attitudes that harmfully change the physiology Examples of psychosomatic diseases: - peptic ulcer, essential hypertension, bronchial asthma, hyper reactive thyroid, rheumatoid arthritis