Musculoskeletal System PDF

Musculoskeletal System RAKCOP Dr Abdalla A E Elamin Dr Abdalla Ahmed Elamin  The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement all movements by the human body result from muscle contraction. Muscle types: 1.Skeletal muscle 2.Cardiac muscle 3.Sm...

Musculoskeletal System RAKCOP Dr Abdalla A E Elamin Dr Abdalla Ahmed Elamin  The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement all movements by the human body result from muscle contraction. Muscle types: 1.Skeletal muscle 2.Cardiac muscle 3.Smooth muscle  Function of the Muscles keeps your heart beating produce movement gives the body shape protects your organs and bones generate heat. maintain posture stabilize the joints  Skeletal Muscles: are attached to the bones in your body. These muscles are under voluntary control. They form about 40 percent of the body's mass or weight  1-Skeletal Muscle Characteristics: Most are attached to bones by tendons Cells are multinucleate Striated: have visible banding Voluntary: under voluntary control skeletal muscle surrounded by connective tissue Nerve Supply Motor & sensory Nerve.  Connective Tissue surrounding the Skeletal Muscle Endomysium: around single muscle fiber Perimysium: around a bundle of muscle fiber Epimysium: covers the entire skeletal muscle Skeletal Muscle Attachments Attachment by: –Tendon: cord-like structure –Aponeuroses: sheet-like structure Sites of muscle attachment –Bones –Cartilages –Connective tissue coverings  Muscles used in intermuscular injection Deltoid Muscle and gluteus maximus Muscle.  Cardiac Muscles These muscles are attached to the heart. They are responsible for moving the blood through the heart's chambers and pumping it to all parts of the body. These muscles are involuntary. Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Found only in the heart (myocardium) Has striations Usually has a single nucleus intercalated disc connect between the cells Involuntary muscle is specialized for conducting impulses. Nerve supply by Autonomic Nervous system  Smooth Muscles: These muscles are involuntary. found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT ), blood vessels and lymph vessels walls, and in various hollow organs stomach  Smooth Muscle Characteristics: Has no striations Spindle-shaped cells Single nucleus Involuntary: no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs Comparison between the 3 muscles  JOINTS The sites where two Bones or more come together are termed joints. Types of the joints 1-synovial joints : are moveable 2-cartilaginous joints: has partial movement 3-fibrous joints : are immoveable  Fibrous joint joined by a layer of fibrous connective tissue no movement occurs Examples: Suture between a pair of flat bones of the skull  Cartilaginous Joints -A layer of cartilage joins the bones - Allow limited movement. Examples: Intervertebral disks which composed of fibrocartilage separate the vertebrae of the vertebral column  Synovial Joints Most joints with in the skeletal system are Synovial Bones covered with hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) and held together by a fibrous joint capsule ligaments support the joint  Examples in the upper limb Synovial Joints Shoulder joint Elbow joint Wrist joint Examples in the lower limb Hip joint Knee joint Ankle joint  Bone Function Support, Protection Inorganic Salt Storage &Movement calcium supports body’s weight phosphate protects lungs, etc. magnesium bones and muscles sodium interact when limbs or body potassium parts move. Blood Cell Formation hematopoiesis red marrow 21  SKLETAL SYSTEM Divide in to 2 part 1-Axial Skeleton skull vertebral column thoracic cage 2-Appendicular Skeleton upper limbs lower limbs pectoral girdle pelvic girdle 22 1-Axial Skeleton Skull Formed of two types of bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones VERTEBRAL COLUMN Is formed of (33) single bones (Vertebrae) : vertebrae are separated by flexible fibrocartilage (inter vertebral discs). Vertebrae: are irregular bones 1- Cervical vertebrae (7). 2- Thoracic vertebrae(12). 3- Lumbar vertebrae (5). 4- Sacrum (fused 5 vertebrae). 5- Coccyx (fused 4 vertebrae).  BONY THORAX It is formed of: sternum, ribs, costal cartilages and thoracic vertebrae. It protects the organs of the thoracic cavity. Sternum: consist of 3 parts - Manubrium. - Body. - Xiphoid process  2-APPENDICULAR SKELETON It is formed of : 1) Pectoral girdle. 2) Pelvic girdle. 3) Bones of the upper and lower limbs.  PECTORAL GIRDLE PECTORAL GIRDLE It is formed of : 1- Clavicle anterior : it holds the arm away from the thorax. Clavicle is long bone 2- Scapula posterior. Scapula is flat bone  Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus Humerus is long bone  Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna medially Radius laterally Unla and radius are long bone  Bones of the Upper Limb The hand 8 Carpals bones (are short bones ) 5 Metacarpals bones (are long bones ) 14 Phalanges (are long bones ) The Pelvis &pelvic girdle Pelvis: formed of 2 hip bones +sacrum+ coccyx Each hip bone is formed of 3 parts : 1. ILium. 2. Ischium. 3. Pubis. pelvic girdle: formed of 2 hip bones. Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone: Femur The Femur is long bone  Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two long bones Tibia medially Fibula laterally  Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot formed of 7 Tarsal bones Are irregular bones 5 Metatarsals Are long bones 14 Phalanges Are long bones Thanks