The Musculoskeletal System PDF

The Musculoskeletal System  What is it?  The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that is made up of bones and muscle. Its function is to support the body, protect delicate organs and makes movement possible.  Without it, we would be limp piles of living jello  C...

The Musculoskeletal System  What is it?  The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that is made up of bones and muscle. Its function is to support the body, protect delicate organs and makes movement possible.  Without it, we would be limp piles of living jello  Contains 3 different types of connective tissue along with muscles and tendons 3 Types of Connective Tissue  Bone  Ligament  Cartilage  1) Bone  Bone tissue is hard and dense. It is made of bone cells within a matrix of minerals (Calcium and phosphorus) and collagen fibres  Canals within bones allow for the passing of nerves/blood vessels through the tissue  Only a few bone cells are actually living  Bone  Because they are hard and dense, this makes bones susceptible to breakage!  How many of you have broken a bone before? Which one? How did it feel?  Bones can heal quite well and rather quickly if proper measures are taken Types of fractures →  Bone Disorder Osteoporosis  “Brittle bones”  Bones formation changes and bones are not as dense as they should be  Calcium is not being absorbed properly or low vitamin D levels (Vitamin D is very important for calcium absorption)  More common in middle aged women  2) Ligaments  Ligaments are tough, elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at the joints  Their purpose is to add stability to joints  Made of long fibres of collagen  Most known = ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)  The ACL  Connects the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (Shin bone) together to prevent unwanted joint “wobble”  Very common sports injury as it is rather small and athletes put an extreme amount of stress on their knee joints (jumping, cutting, stopping etc)  Positive ACL Tear Test (Anterior Drawer)  Ligament Injury Sprained Ankle  It is the strain, tear or total rupture of the ligament(s) in the ankle (can be tendon too but usually ligament)  Severity ranges from grade 1-3 (depending on number of ligaments damaged and severity of damage)  Very common injury. Many will experience this at least once in their lifetime My Sprained Ankle  3) Cartilage  Cartilage is a dense connective tissue found in the ear, nose, esophagus, the disks between our vertebrae, and joints  Made up of special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres  Very smooth, pliable and resilient to structural change  The ends of our bones are covered in smooth cartilage to allow friction free movement of bones  Disorder of Cartilage Arthritis Over time, the cartilage between our bones can deteriorate and the bones now rub directly on one another. This causes inflammation within the joint and pain when used Very important to stay active and preserve this precious cartilage! Along with a healthy diet ofc  4) Muscle  Consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins (Actin and Myosin)  Many of these bundles are wrapped up together to form muscle tissue  Important Muscle Proteins  Actin and myosin proteins contract when signaled by the nerve cell. As a result, the muscle shortens  The myosin protein pulls on the actin strands (similar to a tug of war motion) and this causes the muscle cell to contract  Animation  3 Types of Muscle 1) Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary)  Used to support the body and helps with movement 2) Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)  Surrounds internal organs 3) Cardiac  Muscle tissue of the heart. Has it’s own unique features that makes it different than 1 and 2  Muscle Facts  In order to function properly, muscle needs plenty of oxygen and sugar. Without these present, lactic acid builds up in the muscle and gives us that burning sensation we feel when working out.  Muscle also needs plenty of protein in order to repair and grow. How does muscle grow?? It needs to be “damaged”  Micro tears form as we strain our muscles, as these micro tears heal the muscle grows larger!  Muscle Injury  Micro tears are okay! But larger tears, not so much…..  Muscle sprains (“Pull”) occur when a muscle is overstretched which causes excessive tearing of the muscle fibres  More common in larger muscle groups as they are burdened with higher levels of physical stress (back muscles, hamstrings etc)  Recovery time varies depending on severity of strain but all recovery follows the RICE principle R – rest I – ice C – compression E – elevation  This is the used for any soft tissue injury, not just muscle! (applies to tendon, ligament injury etc)  5) Tendons  Similar to ligaments but are less elastic and connect muscles to bones  Tendons allow the muscle to pull on a bone to cause the limb to move (Muscles can only pull, NOT push!)  Recall: Ligaments connect bone to bone (stability only) Similar to a puppet - Strings = ligaments - Puppeteer = muscle Bicep Muscle/Tendon Muscle fibres shorten due to actin and myosin contraction This pulls the tendon which is attached to the radius (forearm bone) The forearm will then flex upwards  Tendon Injury Tendonitis  Inflammation/swelling of the tendon from overuse  Swelling occurs and can be treated with RICE and anti- inflammatories like Advil Tendon Rupture  When strain is high enough, the tendon can be ripped from the bone! Surgery is often required in these situation  Kobe makes free throws with torn achilles tendon  Bicep Tendon Tear  Muscles work in pairs! Flexors and extensors  Muscles cannot push, only pull!  This means they typically work in pairs on a limb. One muscle acts as an extensor and the other acts as a flexor  Example: Bicep and Triceps Bicep – Flexes the forearm Triceps– Extends the forearm  Preventative Measures  The best way to prevent injuries to the musculoskeletal system is to maintain a balanced healthy lifestyle!  Stretch to maintain flexibility (Very underrated!)  Cardio to keep muscles efficient and functioning properly  Strength to keep muscles strong and keep good posture!  Proper diet! Lots of veggies and fruits for clean nutrients and proteins. Avoid foods that cause inflammation (sugar, animal fats etc)