Motivation and Emotion PDF

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION - Motivation is the process that determines what kind of behavior is shown and how long it lasts - A rat pressing a lever would be an example, but why is it motivation? Circular logic (bad) says that the rat is pressing the lever because it is motivated but it is...

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION - Motivation is the process that determines what kind of behavior is shown and how long it lasts - A rat pressing a lever would be an example, but why is it motivation? Circular logic (bad) says that the rat is pressing the lever because it is motivated but it is motivated because it is pressing the lever, in this instance when then logic is equal to the description, it is called circular logic, not good logic. For it to be a better explanation, use sound logic, example of sound logic in the instance where the rat is pressing the lever would be: the food that came when the lever was pressed served motivation for the rat to press the lever - Drive reduction theory is a theory that proposes that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, drive us to behave in ways that reduce unpleasant feelings or conditions. Drive means the hypothesized, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension. However there are problems with this as it does not explain the presence of behaviours when these drives are satisfied and does not explain the presence of behaviours that have no obvious biological importance - Incentive and expectancy theories are theories proposing that we are often motivated by positive goals and assumes stimuli have different levels of incentive value. Incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour. Expectancy theories assumes goal directed behaviour is determined by two factors: expectancy and value, when the two are multiplied you get motivation - Extrinsic and intrinsic motivators are different types of motivation. Extrinsic motivation is motivation by external goals (like money) and intrinsic motivation is motivation by internal goals (like the love of reading). A common myth about the two is that extrinsic motivators undermine intrinsic motivation - Maslow’ hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological needs and safety and security before progressing to more complex needs before fulfilling his whole pyramid and reaching self actualization. Self actualization is a person’s motivation to reach their full potential - Metabolism is the body’s rate of caloric utilization, basal metabolism is the metabolic rate when the body is at rest. The set point is the weight and muscle mass one tends to maintain - Short term signals for hunger include hunger pangs, which are muscle contractions and corresponds to feelings of hunger and satiety. Glucose is sugar used for energy in the body, excess glucose is stored in the liver and in fat, the hypothalamus regulates glucose levels, the glucostatic theory believes that when our glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose. Distention of the stomach and intestine, peptide hormones are leased into the blood and suppress appetite, nutritious foods generate more satiety - Long term signal regulating appetite and weight, there is a hormone called leptin that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used, lab rats that are unable to produce leptin tend to overeat - In the brain there are mechanisms such as the lateral hypothalamus, electrical stimulation to the lateral hypothalamus leads to overeating and lesioning it leads to undereating whereas in the ventromedial hypothalamus, stimulating it leads to undereating and lesioning it leads to overeating. The paraventricular nucleus is a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that contains neuropeptide Y (which stimulates appetite) and it is released by leptin - The palatability is that better tasting food are consumed in larger quantities, quantity available means that greater amounts of food lead to greater consumption, variety means different types of food lead to great overall consumption because satiation is usually specific to a particular type of food and not food in general - Obesity is generated defined as having a BMI of over 30, being overweight is having a BMI of over 35. About 19.8% of men are obese and 16.8% of women are. Around 40%-70% of BMI is genetic but factors such as high caloric non nutritional foods and sedentary lifestyles lead to obesity - Bulimia nervosa or more commonly known as bulimia is an eating disorder with a pattern of binging and purging in attempt to lose or maintain weight. This occurs in about 1-3% of the population and 95% of people with this condition are women, this is a sort of new thing as it is only really seen in modern western cultures - Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss, food restriction and a strong desire to be thin, often shows signs of extreme malnourishment (BMI less than 17) and is found in 0.5-1% of the population. It is associated with may health problems like amenorrhea (period absence), hair loss, heart conditions, frail bones, brain atrophy (neurons dying), dangerously low blood pressure and more, the cause of this is not known super well as it was seen across many cultures and throughout history - There are three components in emotion: cognitive, physiological, and behavioral - The cognitive component is the subjective conscious experience, like the feeling of being afraid, angry, anxious in pain, in love, etc - The physiological component is the autonomic response, this is the sweating of the palms, dilating pupils, increased heart rate, etc. the automatic responses associated with emotion are many and complex, it is regulated by the autonomic nervous system - The behavioral components are the overt expressions such as screaming in terror, blushing, etc. there are more components in the behavioral component. Primary emotions are the roughly 7 emotions that are said by some to be culturally universal (happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, contempt), they are combined to form secondary emotions. Display rules are cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions, for example boys are told to be more reserved when showing emotions. Facial feedback hypothesis is the thought that facial expressions are capable of influencing emotions, forcing yourself to smile even if you are not happy can make you feel happier this hypothesis argues. Non-verbal leakage is the unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behaviour, a kid saying they did not eat the cookies when they are all fidgety may indicate that they did eat the cookies. Personal space is that emotional distance is (often) positively correlated with physical distance, the more physically close  two people are more often to feel the same (obviously unless if someone is really mad at you and charging towards you that would be different) - Common sense is (sort of) a theory of emotion, when someone says “I tremble because I feel afraid” stimulus causes the conscious feeling which causes the automatic arousal - james-Lange theory is a when someone says “i feel afraid because I tremble”, the conscious experience of emotion from automatic arousal and different patterns of automatic activation lead to different emotional expirences. The stimulus causes the automatic arousal which causes the conscious feeling - The cannon-bard theory is when someone says “godzilla makes me feel afraid and tremble” the stimulus causes activity in the brain which then lead to the conscious feeling AND the autonomic arousal - The two factor theory is when there is a stimulus present it matters how it will be presented in which environment for it to induce an appropriate automatic arousal and then with its corresponding conscious feeling. If there is a clown present at a child’s birthday party it will be different then if there is a clown present in a sewer drain - The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favourably towards it. There are some possible reason for this as familiar things require less cognitive work and that respondent conditioning has made us learn if something is safe and reliable