Most Common Alloying Element PDF

Most Common Alloying Element Group 6 Alloys and Alloying Elements Alloys – A metallic substance composed of two of more elements Alloying Elements – Elements that are added to metals to achieve desired properties otherwise absent from the base metal Alloy examples Steel...

Most Common Alloying Element Group 6 Alloys and Alloying Elements Alloys – A metallic substance composed of two of more elements Alloying Elements – Elements that are added to metals to achieve desired properties otherwise absent from the base metal Alloy examples Steel (Fe & C) Appliances, vehicles and construction Cast Iron (Fe & C) Pipes, machine and car parts Bronze (Cu & Sn) Bearings, sculptures and coins Brass (Cu & Zn) Instruments, electrical plugs and sockets Duralumin (Al & Cu) Aviation and aerospace industry  Steel Alloying Elements Carbon (C) - Raises tensile strength and hardness. Lowers ductility, toughness and machinability. Chromium (Cr) - Increases tensile strength, hardness, hardenability, toughness, resistance to corrosion, and scaling at elevated temperatures. Cobalt (Co) - Increases strength and hardness. Permits higher quenching temperatures and increases the red- hardness. Tungsten (W) - Increases strength, hardness and toughness. Has greater cutting efficiency at elevated temperatures. Steel Alloying Elements Copper (Cu) - Negatively affects forge welding, but does not seriously affect arc or oxyacetylene welding. Can be detrimental to surface quality. Beneficial to atmospheric corrosion resistance when present in amounts exceeding 0.20%. Manganese (Mn) - A deoxidizer. Reacts with sulfur to improve forgeability. Increases tensile strength, hardness and hardenability. Decreases tendency toward scaling and distortion. Increases the rate of carbon-penetration in carburizing. Molybdenum (Mo) - Increases creep resistance, strength, hardness, hardenability, and toughness, and strength at elevated temperatures. Improves machinability and resistance to corrosion. Increases red-hardness properties. Steel Alloying Elements Nickel (Ni) - Increases strength and hardness without sacrificing ductility and toughness. It also increases resistance to corrosion and scaling at elevated temperatures when introduced in suitable quantities in high-chromium (stainless) steels. Phosphorus (P) - Increases strength and hardness and improves machinability. Adds brittleness to steel. Silicon (Si) - A deoxidizer. Increases tensile and yield strength, hardness, forgeability and magnetic permeability. Sulfur (S) - Improves machinability, but without sufficient manganese it produces brittleness at high heat. It decreases weldability, impact toughness and ductility. Steel Alloying Elements Titanium (Ti) - Forms carbides with carbon. Carbides improve surface hardness and add wear resistance. Prevents localized precipitation of carbides at grain boundaries. Niobium (Nb) – Like Titanium. More expensive than Titanium. Tantalum (Ta) – Like Titanium. Very dense, has better thermal conductivity, and high melting point. More expensive than Niobium. Vanadium (V) - Increases strength, hardness, wear resistance and shock resistance. Enhances red-hardness. Aluminum Alloying Elements (Primary) Magnesium (Mg) - increases strength and improves work hardening ability. Copper (Cu) – Increases strength, permits precipitation hardening, reduces corrosion resistance, ductility and weldability. Silicon (Si) - Increases strength and ductility, in combination with magnesium produces precipitation hardening. Zinc (Zn) - Increases strength, permits precipitation hardening, can cause stress corrosion. Lithium (Li) - substantially increases strength and modulus of elasticity, provides precipitation hardening, decreases density. Aluminum Alloying Elements Chromium (Cr) - increases stress corrosion resistance Nickel (Ni) - improves elevated temperature strength Titanium (Ti) - used as a grain-refining element Titanium Alloying Elements Aluminum (Al) – Alpha stabilizer. Improves strength and reduces density. Vanadium (V) – Beta stabilizer. Enhances strength and corrosion resistance. Molybdenum (Mo) - Beta stabilizer. Increases the strength and toughness of titanium alloys. Zirconium (Zr) - Improves corrosion resistance without significantly altering the density. Iron (Fe) - Occasionally added in small amounts to improve strength and reduce manufacturing costs Nickel Alloying Elements Chromium (Cr) - Enhances corrosion and oxidation resistance. Iron (Fe) - Improves strength and reduces cost. Forms the basis of nickel-iron alloys such as Invar and stainless steel. Molybdenum (Mo) - Increases strength and corrosion resistance, especially in harsh environments. Cobalt (Co) - Enhances high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance. Used in superalloys for jet engines and gas turbines. Copper (Cu) - Improves resistance to acidic environments and enhances thermal and electrical conductivity. Nickel Alloying Elements Aluminum (Al) - Increases oxidation resistance and provides precipitation hardening. Titanium (Ti) - Provides strength and facilitates precipitation hardening. Silicon (Si) - Improves oxidation resistance and strength at high temperatures. Tungsten (W) - Increases strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. Carbon (C) - Adds strength and hardness but may reduce corrosion resistance. Nickel Alloying Elements Boron (B) - Improves grain boundary strength and high- temperature performance. Niobium (Nb) - Improves strength, weldability, and corrosion resistance. Copper Alloying Elements Zinc (Zn) – Forms brass. Enhances strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability. Tin (Sn) – Forms bronze. Improves hardness, wear resistance, and strength. Nickel (Ni) - Increases corrosion resistance and toughness. Often used in marine hardware. Aluminum (Al) - Improves strength, corrosion resistance, and hardness in aluminum bronze alloys. Silicon (Si) - Enhances wear resistance and machinability in silicon bronzes. Copper Alloying Elements Phosphorus (P) - Refines grain structure and increases strength, particularly in phosphor bronze. Lead (Pb) - Improves machinability. Commonly added in small amounts to brass alloys. Beryllium (Be) - Creates beryllium copper, known for exceptional strength, conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Glossary  Machinability - The ease with which the material is machined in terms of specific energy, specific horsepower, or shear stress. Hardenability – How deep a metal can be hardened upon quenching from high temperature Scaling - Formation of oxides (scale) on metal surfaces Quenching – Process of strengthening a metal by rapid cooling Red-hardness - The ability to retain a sufficient degree of hardness when the material is at a high temperature. AKA Hot-hardness. Carburizing - A thermo-chemical process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon from a carbon-bearing material Creep - Time-dependent deformation at extreme temperature and constant stress Precipitation hardening - A heat treatment technique in which extremely tiny particles of an alloying element are uniformly spread in the original material to increase its strength and hardness  Alpha phase titanium - A type of titanium alloys that possess high strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, along with good weldability. They do not respond to heat treatment and have the lowest room temperature strength among titanium grades Beta phase titanium - Readily heat treatable, with increased hardenability compared with alpha or alpha- beta alloys. Though the room temperature strength of this alloy is high, its high temperature strength is poor Superalloys - Heat resistance alloys of nickel, iron- nickel, and cobalt which can be used at high temperatures Activity 1. In steel alloys, which alloying element that helps form carbides is the cheapest? 2. Which combination of elements produce Duralumin? 3. What element is added to improve the workability of brass? 4. How does manganese improve the properties of steel? 5. What is the lightest base alloying element? 6. Which alloying element improves the high- temperature strength of nickel-based superalloys? 7. Which combination of elements produce Invar? 8-10. Name three (3) applications of copper alloys Answers 1. Titanium (Ti) 2. Aluminum (Al) & Copper (Cu) 3. Lead (Pb) 4. Reacts with sulfur to improve forgeability. Increases tensile strength, hardness and hardenability. Decreases tendency toward scaling and distortion. Increases the rate of carbon- penetration in carburizing. 5. Aluminum (Al) 6. Cobalt (Co) 7. Nickel (Ni) & Iron (Fe) Sources https://www.britannica.com/technology/alloy https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/alloying-element https://www.rapiddirect.com/blog/cast-iron-vs-steel/ https://fiveable.me/key-terms/sculpture-foundations/alloying https://www.diehlsteel.com/technical-information/effects-of-common-alloying-elements-in-st eel/ https://www.admatinc.com/breaking-down-the-best-tantalum-niobium-tungsten-and-molybd enum-compared https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/carbide https://www.wbcastings.com/blog/grain-refinement/ https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/the-element-titanium/ https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4386 https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/articles/classification-and-properties-copper-alloys/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/beta-titanium-alloys Sources https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/machinability https://www.harveyperformance.com/in-the-loupe/hardenability-of-steel https://gearsolutions.com/departments/tooth-tips-ron-green-and-geoffrey-ashcroft https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/carburizing https://www.nationalboard.org/Index.aspx?pageID=181 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/alpha-titanium-alloys https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/beta-titanium-alloys https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/superalloys