Bioscience 2 Student Guide: Health Breakdown (PDF)

Module 8 **Student Guide** **Bioscience 2** **Reflections across lifespan** Components and Concepts in Health and Health Breakdown ***INTRODUCTION*** **You will come to realise that 'being healthy' involves far more than the structure and functioning of our body and includes, for example, our...

Module 8 **Student Guide** **Bioscience 2** **Reflections across lifespan** Components and Concepts in Health and Health Breakdown ***INTRODUCTION*** **You will come to realise that 'being healthy' involves far more than the structure and functioning of our body and includes, for example, our interpersonal relationships and social and cultural networks. However, as changes in our health status often results in health breakdown, such as an illness or a recognisable disease, you will meet a vocabulary that you will need to understand to be able to converse with other health professionals. This understanding is necessary as you will frequently be required to explain to patients the terminology that doctors may have given to them. This tutorial is intended to reinforce, elaborate and help you organise, some of this language to provide a basis for subsequent subjects.** **It is important that, within the primary health care focus of your nursing course, students are given enough scientific background and exposure to terminology to be able to function competently in an acute care setting and to communicate with doctors as registered nurses.** ***LEARNING OUTCOMES*** **On completion of this week's activities, the student will be able to:** 1. **Illustrate the role of language in mediating between scientific knowledge and everyday understanding by defining common terms used in health breakdown and disease.** 2. **From a causal (aetiological) perspective, explain why diseases may occur across the lifespan.** 3. Examine and discuss the distribution, causes and risk factors of health-related states using HIV infection as an example. 4. **Identify microorganisms linked to specific cancers and role vaccination plays in prevention.** **Please complete all the pre-tutorial activities before coming to class so that you can contribute to class discussion.** **Resources:** **Lee, G., & Bishop, P. (2016). *Microbiology and infection control for health professionals* (6th ed.). Pearson Australia. Pages 15, 16 & 181** Craft, J., and Gordon, C. (2015). *Understanding pathophysiology 2.* Elsevier. **Pre-tutorial Activity 1. Classifications of Disease** **Table: The aetiological classification of disease** **Choose from the *following diseases* to fill the last column so they match the respective category and definition as shown:** ***Osteoarthritis, Cleft palate, HIV/Pressure ulcers, Cancer, Diabetes mellitus, Haemophilia, Bone fractures, Depression, Melanoma, Chicken pox, anaphylaxis, Rickets.*** **Category** **Definition** **Diseases** --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------ **Congenital** born with ***XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX*** **i) Developmental** **during foetal development** **ii) Inherited** *genetic* **Metabolic** *Abnormal metabolism or biochemistry* **Degenerative** *progressive loss of structure and function* **Neoplastic** *'new growth' -can be benign or malignant* **Infectious** *due to microorganism (or insect, worm)* **Immunological** *abnormal immune response* **Nutritional** *deficiency, abuse* **Induced by a physical agent** *accidental or intentional trauma* **Psychogenic** *'origin in the mind' psychological* **Iatrogenic** *treatment induced* **Idiopathic** *'own suffering'. Cause unknown* Do be aware though that no classification is perfect. Some diseases have several causes and fit into several categories e.g., diabetes mellitus could be metabolic, nutritional, immunological or inherited. ***For more practice, additional diseases for the last column: hip dysplasia, Cystic fibrosis, colour-blindness, achondroplasia, lactose intolerance, Alzheimer's disease, Influenza, measles, HIV, auto immune diseases, Scurvy, obesity, CVD, Head injury, spinal injury, broken limb, Schizophrenia, bipolar, anxiety, PTSD, hair loss from chemo, Multiple sclerosis, autism, epilepsy.*** **Pre-tutorial Activity 2. Definitions involved in Health and Disease** Please define the key terms below. *Some you have met before in Bioscience 2 and in PPE. You should be able to put the words into a sentence using your own examples where appropriate. This* will help you to remember. 1. **Health** 2. **Disease** 3. **Pathogenesis** 4. **Acute** 5. **Chronic** 6. **Sign** 7. **Symptom** 8. **Syndrome** 9. **Complication** 10. **Convalescence** 11. **Exacerbation** 12. **Prognosis** 13. **Remission** **[Tutorial Activity 1. Epidemiology and its relevance to Nursing ]** **Epidemiology** is the study of the occurrence, distribution, transmission and control of a disease. Often when there is an outbreak of a disease investigations are carried out to determine the factors responsible for the incident. This can be carried out on a local level (such as a hospital), in a community (such as food poisoning), countrywide or globally (such as AIDS). The emergence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in the 1980s, was one of the most significant events of the 20^th^ century, leading to the death of millions of people. In module 7, you would have noted the effects of HIV on the immune system. The virus destroys the Helper T cell population which in turn leaves the immune system incapable of defending the body against infections. The development of antiretroviral therapy and public education campaigns has contributed to the decline in deaths. However, these resources are limited in certain parts of the world where HIV infections continue to increase. Please read [page 15 'AIDS' and the table on page 16 in Lee & Bishop (2016)](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uwsau/reader.action?docID=5220593&ppg=282) **Refer to** [HIV and AIDS (who.int)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids) **for 2024 data** **Complete the following:** 14. **Aetiology:** *the cause of AIDS* 15. **Morbidity:** *Number of people with the illness* 16. **Risk factors:** *WHO defined this as any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury* 17. **Mortality:** *the death rate (AIDS-related deaths in 2023)* 18. **Incidence:** *the rate of disease, i.e the number of **new** cases in given time (the new HIV infections in 2023)* 19. **Epidemic:** *an outbreak in a particular locality* 20. **Pandemic**: *an epidemic that spreads worldwide. Is HIV infection worldwide?* You are now able to find out about the epidemiology of any disease to answer questions your patients (or friends) may ask. ***Tutorial activity 2. Cancer and microorganisms*** ***Cancer is the uncontrollable & abnormal growth of cells, possible in any part of the body.*** Cancer is linked to a change in the genetic makeup of the cell, that results in the abnormal growth pattern. ***Cancer is a disease that is increasing in developed countries, such as Australia.*** ***There are numerous factors that increase the risk of cancer developing in an individual.*** ***See *** ***What are some factors that potentially increase the risk of cancer developing in an individual?*** ***One important cancer related factor is the exposure to certain microorganisms. See*** ***Chapter 37 Table 37.5 (Craft & Gordon, 2019) for full list of these microorganisms.*** ***Two particular microorganisms with links to cancer are hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV). Vaccinations against these viruses are included in the National Immunisation Program ([National Immunisation Program Schedule (health.gov.au)](https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-07/national-immunisation-program-schedule.pdf)).*** ***[Human papillomavirus (HPV)] See*** [What is HPV? \| Cancer Council](https://www.cancer.org.au/what-is-hpv) ***Q1. What is the human papillomavirus (HPV) and what cancers is it linked to causing?*** ***Q2. How is the HPV transmitted?*** ***HPV vaccine was developed by an Australian researcher Professor Ian Frazer. The vaccination against HPV is part of the secondary school immunisation program offered to year 7 students.*** ***Q3. What benefit will this vaccine offer?*** ***See link: [What is HPV? \| Cancer Council](https://www.cancer.org.au/what-is-hpv)*** ***For further interesting reading: [Home Page - HPV Vaccine - Cancer Council](https://www.hpvvaccine.org.au/)*** ***[Hepatitis B] See*** [Hepatitis B (who.int)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b) ***WHO estimate in 2022, 254 million people in the world are living with hep B infections with 102 million new infections each year.*** ***Q1. What can hepatitis B cause?*** ***Q2. How is hepatitis B transmitted?*** ***Q3. What benefit will the Hep B vaccine offer?***