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‘'IModule VII: State & Non State Institutions State- largest and most formal organization.Is an organized political organization run by a Power- is the capacity to influence the...

‘'IModule VII: State & Non State Institutions State- largest and most formal organization.Is an organized political organization run by a Power- is the capacity to influence the government. actions,behaviors and decisions of another State organization in the Philippines individual 1987 Constitution - it contains the laws of the 3 sources of power- force,influence and Philippines and it is the source of power that authority FIlipinos entrust upon the leaders they Force- is the actual use of power by threatening elect.,crafted after the Marcos dictatorship. coercion or consequences to impose an action crafted with the intention to prevent the rise of or decision over another strongman authoritarian leadership in the Influence- exercised through persuasion and country.It also specifies the 3 branches of relationship,having influence means one can government: Executive, Legislative and modify another person's behavior and decision Judiciary. making without using force Legislative- composed of the Senate and House Authority - power generated from legitimate of Representatives,crafts laws that would means such as an election benefit the country and ensure that the 3 types of authority: traditional, rational-legal, government is working properly : has the charismatic power to remove the President, Vice and Traditional authority- stems from absolute members of the supreme courts from their power passed on from generation to generation positions. Traditional authority- some may claim divine Executive- Headed by the President,Vice and recognition just to justify this. Ex: Monarchies cabinet secretaries that executes the laws that in UK, Spain & Japan.Babaylan,Katalonan and the legislative branch makes and Disburses the Sulta. government's budget according to what it Rational-legal authority- comes from the seems important. constitution of a country.Leaders exercising Judiciary- headed by the Chief Justice & this power are elected. Ex: President, Vice, members of the Supreme court,dispenses Senators etc., justice ensures fundamental rights of the Charismatic Authority - is the compelling people are followed and interprets the attraction or charm of a person that can be used constitution & the laws of the land. to inspire others.-Revolutionary & unstable Ex: Impeachment- political process wherein the widow Corazon Aquino whipped into members of the House of representatives Presidency after 1986 People Power decide to initiate the removal of aforesaid Revolution officials. State as Social Institution Constitutional Commissions are four independent Can be studied into 3 sociological perspectives: commissions established by the 1987 constitution each Functionalist, Conflict & interactionist of which has its own function outside of the government Functionalist perspective- the state has four structure.These commissions are not under any of the main manifest functions: maintain peace and branches of the government and are independent: order, plan and direct the society, meet social COMMISION ON ELECTIONS needs, and manage international relations. (COMELEC)- has the mandate to conduct Conflict perspective- sees the state as an elections,certify the results and proclaim the all-controlling government that constricts winners. people's movement to maintain the status quo. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Social Structure- cause of poverty and crime in (CHR)- has the mandate to investigate any the society human rights violation of duty-bearers in the C. Wright Mills- coined the term power elite in country. 1956 to refer to those who control power in the CIVIL SERVICE COMMISION (CSC)- has society and those considered part of it develop the mandate to oversee the professionalism and social policies that maintain their own power & integrity of government actions and personnel. money. COMMISSION ON AUDIT (COA) - has to Interactionist Perspective- does not employ a mandate to audit or examine all government large-scale study on the government or the accounts and expenditure. state, a micro level analysis of symbols that Local Government Units: composed of the provincial maintain the status quo or how power is city or municipal government and barangay officials. arranged in the government can make its own ordinances or laws that can Political Organizations affect only its constituent area. Band- type of organization with the lowest Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim complexity:Members are few,rarely exceeding Mindanao (BARMM)- the only regional in 100 population, has no leader and is an government in the country and was established egalitarian society- everyone is equal through the Bangsamoro Organic Law 2019 Tribes- is composed of segmentary linages or has the parliamentary form of government clusters of family about 100-5 000 people headed by a ceremonial chief called Wali. Chiefdom- is ranked society. known to exercise has its own judiciary system based on Sharia economic exchange to reallocate and Law or the Islamic Laws. redistribute wealth from its members ro central authority. Non State Institutions Module VIII: Education & Society these institutions help in developing better societies but are not under any state or Education is one of the cultural universals. In government.These include: Banks & Financial all cultures, there is a concept of education and institutions, corporations and cooperatives, schooling, transnational advocacy groups, Non It is an important agent of socialization, government organizations,development wherein people learn the attitudes, values, and agencies and international organizations. behaviors of their society. Banks & FInancial institutions- use financial or socialization can occur anywhere and through capital deposits. one's interactions with other people; Commercial Banks- also called The United Nations Educational. scientific, and universal.Largest type of bank in the Cultural Organization (UNESco) stated hat country.Considered large in number of account education is a primary right for all children. It deposits,size of assets or proprietary resources is an indispensable right that all children must and reserve capacity requirements. be educated, as stated in the Universal Savings bank- aim to increase the savings of Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and depositors, they are a bit limited in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. transactions they can facilitate which include Primary education must be accessible and free accepting deposits,withdrawals and lending to all children so that they will be afforded Rural Banks- smallest type of bank. Usually equal opportunities when they become adults. found in the provinces of rural areas.It cannot In the Philippines, the importance of education conduct comprehensive transactions.Its main is enshrined in the 1987 Constitution purpose is to hep citizens in the agricultural specifically' Article XIV, titled "Education, sector by lending and accepting deposits. Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Rural banks help to improve the livelihood of Sports." It outlines that the state shall promote workers in the provinces. the rights of everyone to quality education. Corporation- large type of business that is This ensures that education is accessible to all authorized to act as a single entity, thus thanks to free education from kindergarten to separating the finances of founders,owners and high school. This right applies to public officers from the corporation itself. elementary and secondary schools. Cooperatives and Trade Unions- are Additionally, the law "Universal Access to organizations that have mutual goals among Quality Tertiary Education Act." or Republic their members: these include protecting Act No. 10931 provides free college education employees from abuse, economic enterprise ir in state universities and colleges (SUCs) and being an influential party in an local universities and colleges (LUCs). organization/government. General Union- can be created across all levels Functionalist Perspective - The social & types of employment institution of education, like other social Industrial or Craft Union- unions of workers in institutions, has manifest (overt) and latent a particular field such as mining union (hidden) functions. White Collar Union- composed of professional The most basic manifest function of education workers such as teacher's union and nurse is to transmit knowledge and skills to: students. unions. It Teaches the basic skills of reading, writing, Advocacy- refers to an activity that aims to and counting. It develops skills such as influence a political,economic or social tailoring, hairdressing,cooking, and others. institution toward a specific goal Latent functions of schools include Transnational Advocacy-are networked transmitting culture, promotingsocial organizations from different countries that have integration, maintaining social control, and the same goal. serving as an agent of change. Development Agencies- are international Transmitting culture. One of the latent organizations whose goal is to create functions of education is to transmit the opportunities for development in various fields dominant culture of the society by exposing in the society. students to the beliefs, norms, and values of the aligned to cater the needs of the local sector culture. By transmitting culture, preservation of they aim to help. cultural heritages is ensured from one International Organizations- main goal is to generation to another: thus, culture can survive foster coordination and collaboration among the passing of time and changing of people. various countries as its members. Promoting social integration. Schools, formally League of Nations- considered to be the first integrate students in the society. In elementary worldwide intergovernment organization or high school, you might know most of your however it was disso lved in 1946 after its classmates because you live in almost the same failure to stop World War II. area; however, there might be some students UN is the primary example of an international who transferred from other schools or hail from organization with almost all countries being other provinces meanwhile, cater to students members/observers from every part of the country and different  sectors of society, which then promotes the employment as compared to those with integration of diverse undergraduate credits or high school. cultures and societies. Each school transforms The conflict perspective sees this paradigm as this diversity into a homogenous identity--the depriving equal treatment for disadvantaged schoolidentity or "school spirit." This students. homogenous identity, in a functionalist perspective, promotes social stability. Interactionist Perspective - is a microlevel analysis of the relationship between education Maintaining Social control- social control is a and the individuals who are in school. technique and strategy to prevent deviant behavior. Schools also employ social control to Labeling. This can be attributed to labeling of ensure order and productivity among students. students to their peers within the school. For It introduces norms and values for the students example,those who consistently score low on to follow, as well as rewards andSanctions tests are labeled as low achievers. Some are Whichever are applicable. placed in classes that are considered "lower" in Rules on discipline promote socially accepted academic rank. Their peers call them names behavior in the society, while rules against such as bobo, which is a derogatory term for academic dishonesty discourage deceit and low achievers. Other labels can be attributed to corruption. physical characteristics or attitudes. There are Serving as an agent of change. In schools, also some who are remembered for glory students learn various lessons, thus simulating and/or shameful events. their desire for more impactful knowledge. Bullying is the unwanted and aggressive This knowledge can cater to desires for change behavior toward another, usually caused by in the society. and it is in this context that inferiority complex of the hully. schools promote transformation of lives. It is an inhumane action toward the victims, For example, since the ReproductiveHealth who are always at a disadvantage or are less Law was passed, age-appropriate sex education powerful. has been introduced in schools around the bullying stems from the power dynamic country. It is projected to address the rise of between two people. Bullies usually use teenage pregnancy and HIV/AIDS in the words such as stupid, nerd, and ugly, along country. with other derogatory terms to label their Conflict Perspective - views education as the victims. dominance of the elite that stifles Teacher expectancy. The teacher is the most individualism. Some of the perspectives of influential person in a school. education in the lens of conflict perspective The teacher expectancy theory states that the include hidden curriculum, credentialism, and perception of teachers toward their students bestowal of status. greatly affects how the teacher performs and how the teacher builds his or her relationship Social inequality. Conflict perspective sees toward the students. education as promoting social inequality by The theory states that when the teacher expects adhering to placement through various the student to perform poorly, the students assessments. It prejudices the students to perform as such; contrarily, when the teacher quantify what they have learned and not expects the students to perform good in class, learned in schools. It also promotes inequality the students also perform well. by homogenizing learners in one class as in The K to 12 Curriculum - having a star or honor sections. Conflict In 2013, the Philippine government, then perspective sees this as unjust discrimination to headed by former president Benigno "Noynoy" other students with lower placement. Ex: Aquino, passed the law changing the Strand, Subjects, or specialization. educational system in the Philippines. The introduction of the K to 12 curriculum added Hidden curriculum. refers to the set of values two years of senior high school and changed and beliefs that support the Status quo, some of the subject alignments of the previous including the existing social stratification. It curriculum. emphasizes unwritten rules, values, and Philippines was one of the last countries to perspectives that the students must learn in modify the educational system from 10 years to school. The concept is based on the fact that 12 years of basic education. students earn other things in school other than Distance learning entails the use of various the formal subjects. video conferencing applications that require the set of lessons that are learned but not openly use of gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, intended. laptops, and desktop computers. distance learning also requires a stable internet Credentialism. It has been accepted that connection that can accommodate large education is central to social stratification. quantities of data. Some schools especially Those who have earned college degrees are public schools, have decided to use modular seen as essential workers in the society; thus, distance learning, which entails the use of they have a higher acceptance rate in modules. in either printed or digitized formats to facilitate distance education.  Radyo DepEd to help students in their a "new normal" setup, away from the self-study. However,neither of these programs traditional classrooms. Both teachers and guaranteed quality and inclusive education. students had to adapt to these changes, with the Because in-classroom standardized tests are not former having to update their technological conducted nationwide, there 1s little to no skills and the latter needing to practice research that can accurately measure learning self-discipline and learning on their own. during the pandemic. Loss of Function Module IX: Recognizing Social Inequalities and With education in the new normal, several Stratification. functions of the schools also shifted. The concept of schools also shifted; the learning Stratification is defined as an arrangement space is now disembodied- –virtual-versus the and/or classification according to a certain traditional classroom setup. Both teachers and criterion. This arrangement was evident even in students must now adjust to working and early human societies and was beneficial learning at home. because it helped in ancient communities The manifest function of providing education divide certain tasks (division of labor) for their has shifted as well. From the traditional band or tribe to acquire more food. This was teacher-guided instruction, the students must especially true in hunting and gathering now focus in self-study in their own pace. societies in which some would hunt while While the teachers are still present virtually, others would gather food, thus maximizing the they only provide structured works and potential for them to store. guidance as well as facilitate the learning Social stratification is the division, ranking, outcomes. The obligation is now in the hands and/or classification method of a society based of the students to responsibly study by on various factors such as wealth, power, and themselves. prestige, which are collectively called social One of the latent functions of the school, desirables. especially in the preschool and in elementary, This stratification always manifests an upper is to take care of the students while their and lower social class, which is always the parents are working. Knowing that their determinant of the rights and privilege duties children are at school provides relief to the and responsibilities, power, and influences, parents that their children are safe. However, and/or opportunities and prospects of each with the new normal setup of education, member of the society. children stay at home, Social Stratification started with the concept of Students are also unable to communicate and division labor- an economic system of interact with their peers face to face, as these separating work into various components with interactions are limited to nonexistent in the each component performed by various new normal setup. Social integration might be employees. hard, especially if the students are isolated at In 1945, the American sociologists Kingsley home. There might be some social gathering Davis and Wilbert Moore viewed social virtually, but it cannot replace face-to-face stratification in the Functionalist Perspective interaction. lens of the functional perspective. In their Gaps in Education theory called Davis-Moore hypothesis, The pandemic also highlighted gaps in the stratifying the members of the society is a education sector. One common problem is the functional necessity; thus, it benefits the economic inequality. For example, not society. They argue that social stratification is a everyone has internet connection, which is representation of the unequal importance of needed for online education. This problem is various work performed. highlighted because of the economic reasons Stratification, according to Davis and Moore, and structural deficiencies in our countries. motivates an individual to train and perform well-off students have access to the internet, as complex roles in the society. They also argue well as gadgets such as laptops and tablets that the most difficult or undesirable jobs Such inequality was one of the reasons should be taken by people because they are modules were provided, but even they canuse necessary for the society. They stressed the for distance learning. concept of functional importance in which jobs this setup was problematic as delivery of these or people that are more beneficial to the society materials proved to be difficult, too, especially should be compensated more. in remote communities or far-flung localities. Sociologists such as Karl Marx posited the Another common problem is the quality of conflict theory in which it is argued that social education the students received. Because the stratification should not exist in the society, as distance learning model requires self-pace only a few members benefit from it, while the study, it is plausible that the quality of rest suffers. According to Conflict Perspective education during this time was not up to par as this theory, stratification only highlights the Compared to when face-to-face classes are inequality that exists in the e society. The being held. bourgeois or capitalists, for To remedy this problem, the Departmentof instance, would profit the most in a company Education (DepEd) launched DepEdTV and when their employees, who do the work, earn  measly wages only. Likewise, factory workers setting, while the lower caste does the same. would often suffer from harsh conditions at Caste discrimination has also been prohibited work, while the owners or together in gaining employment, and the upper management would sit in their offices government has set up special quotas in job and earn more. The reality of highlighted these and school acceptance rates. conditions was by wealth and power; workers, The caste system is criticized for being unjust for their part, would generally feel and repressive, especially toward the lower disappointment or misery as a result of their class and the Dalits as it is a cause for conditions. discrimination and intolerance. The caste also Interactionist Perspective provided no room for social mobility and The interactionist perspective on social is, thus, considered as a closed system. stratification involves how people from various classes interact with one another. Interactionists study how people from the same and different social classes or stratifications interact. For example, people who work in the same company with the same position and salary grade may be casual or friendly with each other. If these employees interact with their bosses, they may interact more formally. The interactionist perspective may also see various degrees of interaction with the employe's subordinates such as the janitor or maintenance staff. People who share the same background, education. income level and/or position tend to associate themselves with each other. Systems of Stratification Various systems of stratification have been modeled throughout history, and they are usually based on the economic, political, and social status of an individual or family. These systems can be classified as closed or open, and they are dependent on the social mobility of the people. Social mobility is the shift in social status or rank by virtue of marriage or other meritorious work. In a closed system, social class is ascribed-it is attained through one's birth and does not shift to another status--thus, trapping the people in the system for the rest of their life. In an open system, classes or stratification is institutionalized, but people can shift classes thru acquisition of wealth or other work; thus, social status is achieved rather than ascribed. There are also no clear guidelines or class consciousness among people belonging to various social classes. In open system, social mobility is possible and occurs frequently. Caste System In India, the caste system is based on Hindu belief and culture and on people's kharma (work) and dharma (duty). The system is divided into four classes: Brahmins (the priests), Kshatriya (warriors and nobles), Vaishya (merchants and landowners), and Shudra (commoners and peasants). Outside the system are the Dalits or the untouchables, who are considered outcasts and impure.The caste system has existed for over 3 000 years. and it formed the basis of Hindu religious and social life. Although the constitution of India prohibited segregation, especially of the Dalits or untouchables, it is still evident in the rural areas of India even up to this day. For example, the upper caste can be seen living in a rural