Module 2: Lesson 2 The Gendered Self PDF

**Module 2** **Lesson 2 The Gendered Self** **Title: Let's talk about SEX** **Learning Outcomes:** At the end of this lesson the student should be able to: - - - - - - - - - **Time Frame:** 6 hours **Introduction:** This lesson addresses one of human development\'s most im...

**Module 2** **Lesson 2 The Gendered Self** **Title: Let's talk about SEX** **Learning Outcomes:** At the end of this lesson the student should be able to: - - - - - - - - - **Time Frame:** 6 hours **Introduction:** This lesson addresses one of human development\'s most important elements, the sexual self. It highlights environmental and biological factors that influence sexual growth **Abstraction:** I. II. III. Table 3 *Sexual Development at Puberty* +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **STAGES** | **PUBERTY STAGES IN | **PUBERTY STAGES IN | | | GIRLS** | BOYS** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1 | Approx. 8-11 years | Approx. 9-12 years | | | old: | old: | | | | | | | The ovaries enlarge | - - | | | and hormone | | | | production starts, | | | | but external | | | | development is not | | | | yet visible. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Approx. 8-14 years | Approx. 9-15 years | | | old: | old: | | | | | | | - - - - - - | - | | | - | | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Approx. 9-15 years | Approx.11-16 years | | | old: | old: | | | | | | | - - - | - - - - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4 | Approx. 10-16 years | Approx. 11-16 years | | | old: | old: | | | | | | | - - - - | - At this time, the | | | | penis starts to | | | | grow in width, | | | | too. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - The testicles and | | | | scrotum also | | | | continue to grow. | | | | | | | | - Hair may begin to | | | | grow on the anus. | | | | | | | | - The texture of | | | | the penis becomes | | | | more | | | | adult-looking. | | | | | | | | - Underarm and | | | | facial hair | | | | increases as | | | | well. Skin gets | | | | oilier, and the | | | | voice continues | | | | to deepen. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 5 | Approx. 12-19 years | Approx. 14-18 years | | | old: | old: | | | | | | | - This is the final | - Boys reach their | | | stage of | full adult | | | development. | height. | | | | | | | - Full height is | - Pubic hair and | | | reached, and | the genitals look | | | young women are | like an adult | | | ovulating | man\'s do. | | | regularly. | | | | | - At this point, | | | - Pubic hair is | too, shaving is a | | | filled in, and | necessity. Some | | | the breasts are | young men | | | developed fully | continue to grow | | | for the body. | past this point, | | | | even into their | | | | twenties. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ IV. a. Non-Specific Skin - It is similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin. Examples: sides and back of the neck, the axilla and side of the thorax b. Specific Skin - It is found the mucocutaneous regions of the body or those regions made both mucous membrane and of cutaneous skin. Examples: prepuce, penis, the female external genitalia, perianal skin, lips, and nipples V. Table 4 *Phases of Human Response Cycle* +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PHASES | GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS | +===================================+===================================+ | Phase 1: Excitement | - - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 2: Plateau | - - - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 3: Orgasm | This phase is the climax of the | | | sexual response cycle. It is the | | | shortest of the phases and | | | generally last only a few | | | seconds. General Characteristics | | | of this phase include the | | | following: | | | | | | - Involuntary muscle | | | contractions begin | | | | | | - BP, heart rate, & breathing | | | are their highest rates with | | | a rapid intake of oxygen | | | | | | - Muscle in the feet spasm | | | | | | - There is sudden, forceful | | | release of sexual tension | | | | | | - In women, the muscles of the | | | vagina contract. The uterus | | | also undergoes rhythmic | | | contractions | | | | | | - In men, the muscles of the | | | vagina contract, the uterus | | | also undergoes rhythmic | | | contractions | | | | | | - In men, rhythmic contractions | | | of the muscles at the base of | | | penis result in ejaculation | | | of semen | | | | | | - A rash or "sex flush" may | | | appear over the entire body | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 4: Resolution | During this phase the body slowly | | | returns to its normal functioning | | | level. The swelled and erect body | | | parts return to their previous | | | size and color. This phase is | | | marked by a general sense of | | | well-being; intimacy is enhanced; | | | and often fatigue sets in. | | | | | | With further sexual stimulation, | | | some women can return to the | | | orgasm phase. This allows them to | | | experience multiple orgasm. Men, | | | on the other hand, need recovery | | | time after orgasm. This is called | | | refractory period. How long a man | | | needs a refractory period varies | | | among men in his age | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ VI. - The brain is responsible for translating the nerve impulse sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations - It controls the nerves & muscles used in sexual activities - Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the cerebral cortex, the same area used for thinking and reasoning - Emotions and feelings are believed to originate in the limbic system - The brain releases the hormones considered as the physiological origin of sexual desire VII. - OXYTOCIN -- aka. "love hormone" and believed to be involved in our desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is achieved - FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) -- it is responsible for ovulation in females. - LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) -- crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men, the LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation - VASOPRESSIN -- involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of vasopressin during erectile response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behaviour - ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE -- typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behaviours for females, with estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it. VIII. a. b. ATTRACTION -- at this stage, you begin to crave for your partner's presence. They get excited and energized when they fantasize about things they could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling i. Norepinephrine -- responsible for the extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. Your body is in more alert state and is ready for action ii. Dopamine -- associated with motivation and goal directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object of affection. It creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable qualities iii. Serotonin -- thought to cause thinking. Low levels of serotonin said to be present in people with OCD behaviour c. ATTACHMENT -- involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other. At this point, you may want to get married and/ have children IX. X. XI. a. AMYGDALA -- the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation b. NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS -- plays a role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion. It has a significant role in response to reward and reinforcing efforts, translating emotional stimulus into behaviors XII. Table 5 *Sexual Orientations* +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | L | **LESBIAN** | These are females who | | | | are exclusively | | | | attracted to women. | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | G | **GAY** | This can refer to | | | | males who are | | | | exclusively attracted | | | | to any other males. | | | | It can also refer to | | | | anyone who is | | | | attracted to their | | | | same gender. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | B | **BISEXUAL** | This can refer to | | | | anyone who is | | | | sexually/romantically | | | | attracted to both men | | | | and women | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | T | **TRANSGENDER/** | It is an umbrella | | | | term for people who | | | **TRANSEXUAL** | do not identify with | | | | the gender assigned | | | | to them at birth. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Q | **QUEER** | It is a useful term | | | | for those who are | | | | questioning their | | | | identities and are | | | | unsure about using | | | | more specific terms, | | | | or those who simply | | | | do not wish to label | | | | themselves. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | \+ | **PLUS** | To signify that many | | | | identities are not | | | | explicitly | | | | represented by the | | | | letters. This | | | | includes (but is not | | | | limited to) intersex | | | | or people who are | | | | born with a mix of | | | | male and female | | | | bio-traits, and | | | | asexuals who are | | | | persons who does not | | | | desire sexual | | | | activities. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ XII. a. Sociocultural factors - influence the various issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity i. In the Philippines and most Southeast Asian neighbors view homosexuality as the norm. ii. In New Guinea, young boys are expected to engage in sexual behaviour with any other boys because they believe that it is part of the transformation of boys to men iii. In the Philippines, an individual is classified as either male or female only iv. Thailand recognizes male, female, and "kathoey" (transgender) categories b. Family influences - The children's interests, preferences, behaviours, and overall self-concept are strongly influenced by parental and authority figure teachings regarding sexual stereotypes. Thus, children whose parents adhere to strict gender-stereotyped roles are, in general, more likely to take on those roles themselves as adults that are peers whose parents provided less stereotyped, more neutral models for behaving. c. Urban setting - Another research discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with urbanization. The study surmised that large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interests than in rural places (Laumann, et al., 1994). d. History of sexual abuse - Previous published studies claimed that abused adolescents, particularly those victimized by males, are more likely to become homosexuals or bisexual in adulthood. These studies were criticized for being non-clinical and un-reliable (Wilson & Wisdom, 2009). XIII. XIV. Citation Republic Act. No. 10354 ---------------- --------------------------------------------- Enacted by House of representatives of the Philippines Date Enacted December 19, 2012 Enacted by Senate of the Philippines Date enacted December 19, 2012 Date signed December 21, 2012 Signed by Miriam Defensor Santiago Date commenced January 17, 2013 e. Specific objectives: - Reduce by 3 quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio - Reduce by 2/3 between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate - To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS f. Regional objectives: - Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high-quality family planning and RH services to increase contraceptive use rate & reduce unwanted pregnancies & abortions - Making pregnancy safer - Support countries & areas in developing evidence-based policies & strategies for the reduction of maternal & newborn mortality - Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high-quality family planning & RH services to increase contraceptive use & reduce unwanted pregnancies - Improve the health & nutrition status of women of all ages, especially pregnant & nursing women - Gender, women & health; - Integrate gender & rights considerations into health policy & programs, especially into RH & maternal health care - Improve the health & Nutrition status of women of all ages XV. Family planning and methods of contraception g. Benefits of family planning/ contraception according to WHO - Prevent pregnancy-related health risk in women - Reduce infant mortality - Help prevent HIV/AIDS - Empower people and enhance education - Reduce adolescent pregnancies - Slow population growth h. Benefits of family Planning according to DOH v. Mother - Enables her to regain her health after delivery - Gives enough time to love & provide attention to her husband & children - Gives more time for her family & own personal advancement - When suffering from illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery vi. Children - Healthy mothers produce healthy children - Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve vii. Father - Lightens the burden & responsibility in supporting his family - Enables him to give his children their basic needs - Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement - When suffering from illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery i. Disadvantages viii. Birth control health risks - Some allergies to spermicides or latex. - For some women, oral contraceptives can lead to hair loss and weight gain, and the use of diaphragms can lead to UTI ix. Possibility of pregnancy - FP methods are not 100% reliable. - Other than abstinence, there is no birth control method that is completely effective. - Couples who are engaging is sexual activity should always consider the possibility of an unexpected pregnancy x. Pregnancy after birth control - For some it might take months for ovulation and the menstrual period to return to normal - How long the menstrual period takes to return to its normal cycle is entirely individual, and has nothing to do with how long the woman has been using of birth control or not. - The most important thing to know about stopping your preferred method of birth control. - The most important thing to know about stopping your preferred method of birth control is that ovulation can return immediately. j. Methods of contraception: xi. Natural family planning method 1. Periodic abstinence (fertility awareness) method 2. Rhythm (calendar) method -- the couple tracks the woman's menstrual history to predict she will ovulate 3. Cervical mucus (ovulation)/ Billing's method - examining the color and viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation is occurring. 4. Basal Body temperature monitoring - relies on monitoring a woman's basal body temperature on a daily basis. This indicates fertile and non-fertile stages of the cycle 5. Use of breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) -- Through exclusive breastfeeding, the woman is able to suppress ovulation 6. Coitus interrruptus (withdrawal or pulling method) -- this is the oldest method. The couple proceeds with coitus; however, the man must release his sperm outside of the vagina. xii. Hormonal contraception/ Artificial family planning 7. Oral Contraceptives (pill) - contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone 8. Transdermal contraceptive patch -- medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into bloodstream 9. Vaginal ring -- it is a birth control inserted into the vagina & slowly release hormones through vaginal wall into the blood stream to prevent pregnancy 10. Subdermal Implants -- involve the delivery of a steroid progestin from the polymer capsules or rods placed under the skin. 11. Hormonal Injections -- It is a contraceptive injection given once every three months. It typically suppresses ovulation, keeping the ovaries from releasing an egg. xiii. Barrier methods 12. Intrauterine device -- small, t-shaped device wrapped in copper or contains hormones. A doctor inserts the IUD into the uterus. IUD prevents fertilization of the egg by damaging or killing the sperm. 13. Chemical barriers -- such as spermicides, vaginal gels, creams and glycerin films are used to cause the death of sperm before they can enter the cervix 14. Diaphragm -- dome shaped barrier methods of contraception that blocks sperms from entering the uterus 15. Cervical cap -- silicone cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix and keep sperm out of the uterus 16. Male condom- is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath placed on erect penis before vaginal penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation 17. Female condoms -- thin pouch inserted into the vagina before sex serving as protective barrier to prevent pregnancy and protection from STD 18. Surgical methods/ Permanent contraception 19. Vasectomy -- Surgical operation wherein the tube carries the sperm to a man's penis is cut. It is a permanent male contraception method 20. Tubal Ligation -- It is a surgical procedure for female sterilization involving severing and trying the fallopian tube. A tubal ligation disrupts the movement of the egg to the uterus for fertilization and blocks sperm from travelling up to the fallopian tubes to the egg