Introduction to Organic Chemistry PDF

Chem 2 Introduction to ORGANIC CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION ❑ Alchemy was practiced in China and India as early as 400 B.C. and later in the Arab work and Europe. ❑ The main goal of Alchemist is to turn common metals into gold. ❑ Look for the elixir/fountain of life. INTRODUCTION ❑ Altho...

Chem 2 Introduction to ORGANIC CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION ❑ Alchemy was practiced in China and India as early as 400 B.C. and later in the Arab work and Europe. ❑ The main goal of Alchemist is to turn common metals into gold. ❑ Look for the elixir/fountain of life. INTRODUCTION ❑ Although they failed in their quest. Alchemy contributes to the development of science through trial and error. The discovery of chemicals, the invention of laboratory apparatus, and different procedures like distillation and sublimation were developed. INTRODUCTION ❑ 13th century, an English Franciscan monk named Roger Bacon believed that an understanding of the natural world could be gained through observation and experimentation. ❑ His ideas were put into practice in the 16th and 17th centuries. INTRODUCTION ❑ Robert Boyle ( 1627 – 1692 ) emphasized the necessity of experimentation to test the ideas obtained by reason. INTRODUCTION ❑ Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) discovered the law of conservation of mass and is considered the founder of modern chemistry. INTRODUCTION ❑ Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, structure, transformation, and the energy involved in the conversion of natural resources into more complex substances. ❑ Deal with matter and changes that take place in matter. ❑ Means “change study” BRANCHES CHEMISTRY ❑ Applied Chemistry often called chemical technology refers to the application of chemistry. ❑ Pure Chemistry like any pure science, knowledge is accumulated for its own sake. Field of Chemistry ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ❑ Analytical Chemistry is the science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. ❑ Determines the identity (kind) and quantity of each element or compound present in a substance. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A. Qualitative Chemistry – deals with the determination of the nature of elements or compounds present in a given sample. It answers the question “What elements or compounds are present in a sample?” ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY B. Quantitative Chemistry – it deals with the determination of the percentage or production of those elements present in the given sample. It answers the question “How much of those elements/ compounds are present in a sample? BIOCHEMISTRY ❑ Biochemistry - the study of the chemical composition of living matter and of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms. This field is particularly important in agriculture, biology, bacteriology, pharmacology, medicine, and dentistry. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ❑ Chemical Engineering - a combination of chemistry and engineering that improves or develops industrial processes for making commercial amounts of desirable chemicals that have been produced only in small quantities or in the laboratory. COLLOID CHEMISTRY ❑ Colloid Chemistry - the study of the behavior of particles of matter that are larger than ordinary molecules but smaller than objects that can be seen with the best optical microscope. ❑ Colloid chemistry is concerned with substances such as rubber, plastics, fabrics, viruses, chromosomes, and gases. ELECTROCHEMISTRY ❑ Electrochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions that are produced by or that produce an electric current. Also studied are the electrical conductivity of solutions and the phenomena that occur at electrodes. ❑ Electrochemistry provides methods for chemical analysis and the production of chemicals by electrical means. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ❑ Inorganic Chemistry - the study of all elements and compounds that do not contain carbon. These include metals, halogens, and alkalies. ❑ Nuclear Chemistry - the study of radioactivity, the atomic nucleus, and nuclear reactions and the development of applications for radioactive isotopes in medicine and industry. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ❑ Physical Chemistry - the application of physical methods to the study of chemical problems. Included in this field are atomic and molecular structure, theory of reaction rates, mechanism of reactions, chemical equilibrium, energy changes in reactions, theories of solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and solutions INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY ❑ Industrial Chemistry - it deals with the transformation of raw materials into finished products. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ❑ Organic Chemistry - the study of carbon and its compounds. Among the carbon compounds studied by organic chemists are plants and animal tissues, petroleum, carbohydrates, proteins, plastics, and rubber. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ❑ The term organic suggests that this branch of chemistry has something to do with organisms or living things. Originally, organic chemistry dealt only with substances obtained from living matter. Chemists spend much time extracting, purifying, and analyzing substances from organisms that can be used as ingredients for medicines, dyes, and other useful products. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ❑ Most compounds in living things differ in several aspects from those that occur in nonliving matter, such as minerals. Most compounds in living matter are made up of the same few elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, and phosphorus. This fact led to the present definition of Organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1. Carbonized organic matter 2. Living organisms 3. Invention/Human ingenuity CARBONIZED ORGANIC MATTER (COIL, OIL AND NATURAL GAS ❑ Thick layers of decomposing organic matter accumulated. Over time these massive organic layers were buried under sediment, rock, or ice where they were subjected to tremendous pressures. In this way, they were transformed into various types of coal. NATURE: LIVING ORGANISMS ❑ Humans have extracted and purified thousands of useful compounds from plants and animals. ❑ Penicillin used to fight bacterial infections is extracted from a naturally occurring mold. ❑ Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, comes from the bark of a species of willow tree. INVENTION/ HUMAN INGENUITY ❑ Antibiotics and aspirin are examples of substances that no longer have to be obtained directly from nature. They are manufactured in laboratories from organic starting materials. ❑ Plastics are excellent examples of substances that are the product of invention - they are not found anywhere in nature.  Brief History of Organic Chemistry HISTORY ❑ In ancient times, When medicine men from different tribes extracted chemicals from plants and animals to treat their sick members. They didn’t label their work as “organic chemistry”, they simply kept records of the useful properties and uses of things. ❑ This knowledge serves as the basis and foundation of organic chemistry. ❑ In the early 1800’s, Jon Jacob Berzelius defined organic chemistry as a branch of modern science. HISTORY ⚫ In the early 1800’s, Jon Jacob Berzelius defined organic chemistry as a branch of modern science. HISTORY ❑ Berzelius classified chemical compounds into two groups: ❑ Organic- if they originated in living or once-living matter and; ❑ Inorganic- if they come from “mineral” or nonliving matter. ❑ Like most chemists he also believed in Vitalism. HISTORY ❑ Vitalism – the idea that organic compounds could only originate from living things through the action of some vital force. ❑ In 1828, Friedrich Wohler discovered that urea- an inorganic compound- could be made by heating ammonium cyanate( an inorganic compound). ❑ He also discovered the organic matter on meteorites. HISTORY ❑ Wohler’s discovery was a turning point in science history for two reasons: 1. Weaken the idea of Vitalism. 2. Discovery of Isomerism ❑ Compounds with identical chemical formulae, but different structures.  Field of Application 1. Biotechnology ❑ The manipulation (as through genetic engineering) of living organisms or their components to produce useful usually commercial products (such as pest- resistant crops, new bacterial strains, or novel pharmaceuticals) 2. Pharmaceutical Industry ❑ Pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications for humans or animals. 3. Consumer Products ❑ Companies make consumer products for everyday use, such as soaps, detergents, cleaning products, plastic goods, and cosmetics. 4. Petroleum Industry ❑ The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting, and marketing petroleum products. ❑ Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. THANK YOU!