AQA Chemistry A-Level 3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Notes PDF
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These are detailed notes on A-Level AQA Chemistry 3.3.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry. The notes cover key topics such as nomenclature, reaction mechanisms, and different types of isomerism.
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AQA Chemistry A-level 3.3.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Detailed Notes https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc This work by PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc 3.3.1.1 - Nomenclature There are different way...
AQA Chemistry A-level 3.3.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Detailed Notes https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc This work by PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc 3.3.1.1 - Nomenclature There are different way of writing and representing organic compounds: 1. Empirical Formula - The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. 2. Molecular Formula - The true number of atoms of each element in a compound. 3. General Formula - All members of a homologous organic series follow the general formula. Example: 4. Structural Formula - Shows the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule. Example: 5. Displayed Formula - Shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound. Example: 6. Skeletal Formula - Shows only the bonds in a compound and any non-carbon atoms. - Vertices are carbon atoms. - Hydrogen is assumed to be bonded to them unless stated otherwise. Example: https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Homologous Series Organic compounds are often part of a homologous series, in which all members follow a general formula and react in a very similar way. Each consecutive member differs by CH2 and there is an increase in boiling points as chain length increases. Example: 3.3.1.2 - Reaction Mechanisms These show the movement of electrons within a reaction, shown with curly arrows. Example: Mechanisms are used to show the reactions of organic compounds. https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc 3.3.1.3 - Isomerism Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule. Structural Isomers These have a different structural arrangement of atoms. They can be straight chains or branched chains but will have the same molecular formula. Example: Position Isomers These have the functional group of the molecule in a different position of the carbon chain. Example: https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Functional Group Isomers These have a different arrangement of the same molecular formula so that the molecule has a different functional group. Example: Stereoisomers These have a different spatial arrangement. A type of stereoisomerism is E-Z isomerism, where limited rotation around a double carbon bond means that groups can either be ‘together’ or ‘apart’. The E isomer (german for entgegen meaning apart) has these groups apart. The Z isomer (german for zusammen meaning together) has these groups together on the same side of the double bond. Example: https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules There is a priority of different groups in molecules that can display E-Z isomerism. The atom or group on each side of the double bond with the higher Ar or Mr is given the higher priority. These groups are used to determine if it is the E or Z isomer. Example: Therefore this molecule is the Z isomer as the highest priority atoms are on the same side. https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
