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Spherical VIRUSES AND PROTIST Helical MICROBIOLOGY Complex Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, Structur...

Spherical VIRUSES AND PROTIST Helical MICROBIOLOGY Complex Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, Structure of a Virus archaea, fungi and protozoa. it has a protein shell called capsid it has Microorganisms genetic material inside the capsid in a form of DNA or RNA. entirety of the genetic Microbes are tiny living things that are material is called genome. found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They play critical Structure of a Virus roles invarious ecosystems and have a significant impact on our lives. some viruses have special enzymes or have an outer envelope Both have important Bacteria roles sa viral replication. Viruses WHAT IS AN OBLIGATE Archaea PARASITE? Fungi Obligate Parasites Protozoa An obligate parasite depends completely on the host for its habitat, nourishment, WHAT IS A VIRUS? reproduction, and survival. Virus a microscopic infectious agent that Viruses are obligate parasites that need a can only replicate inside the living cells of host cell to replicate. an organism it is not cell and aren't classified as a living thing sometimes They cannot live independently outside of a classified as non living host organism Common Colds ObligateParasites examples Antibiotics - Bacteria Toxoplasma gondii Antifungal - Fungi (Toxoplasmosis Parasite) Plasmodium Structure of a Virus (Malaria Parasite) measured in nanometer range in size 20nm VIRAL REPLICATION to 250-400nm TYPES OF VIRAL REPLICATION Structure of a Virus Viral Replication is a fascinating process Polyhedral essential for the survival and spread of viruses. Lytic Cycle Stressfull Conditions - If the host cell encounters stressful conditions, it might Lysogenic Cycle activate the prophage as a last resort to replicate and potentially find a new host. TYPES OF VIRAL REPLICATION Chemical Triggers - Certain chemicals, like Lytic Cycle Replication mitomycin C, can artificially induce the lytic cycle. In Lytic Replication, the hijacks the host cells machinery to produce new viral Roles of Enzymes particles rapidly Entry - enzymes that can break down the Lytic Cycle of Viral Replication host cell wall, allowing the viral genome to enter. 1.Attachment: The virus attaches to the Replication host cell's surface. Uncoating - enzymes that help shed their capsid (protein shell) to expose their genetic 2.Entry: The virus enters the host cell. material. 3.Uncoating: The virus releases its genetic Replication -enzymes are essential for copying the viral genetic material to create material inside the host cell. new viral particles. 4.Replication & Transcription: The viral Roles of Enzymes genetic material replicates and transcribes to produce new viral components. Modifying Host Environment - enzymes that can manipulate the host cell' s environment 5.Assembly: New viral components to their advantage. assemble to form complete viruses. Immune Evasion - enzymes that help them evade the host' s immune system. 6.Release: The newly formed viruses burst out of the host cell to infect other cells. Assembly and Release - enzymes that help package the newly synthesized viral Lysogenic Cycle of Viral Replication genomes into new capsids. Enzymes might be involved in the process of bursting the In the lysogenic cycle of viral replication, the host cell to release the new virus particles. virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA without causing immediate Roles of Envelope harm. Attachment and Entry - envelope plays a Lysogenic Cycle of Viral Replication vital role in helping the virus attach to host cells. The envelope provides some degree Lysogenic into Lytic Cycle of protection for the virus as it travels outside the host cell. Common Triggers Fusion - Once attached, the viral envelope DNA Damage - Events that damage the fuses with the host cell membrane. host cell's DNA can trigger the prophage to enter the lytic cycle.  respiratory viral disease include: Roles of Envelope ·runny or stuffy nose Protection - The envelope provides some ·coughing or sneezing degree of protection ·fever for the virus as it travels outside the host cell. ·body aches Immune System Evasion - Some viruses Common Viral Diseases and can leverage the Transmission Mechanisms: envelope to evade the host' Gastrointestinal Diseases: s immune system. The envelope Norovirus infection, rotavirus can act as a cloak, hiding viral proteins from immune system infection. antibodies. Common symptoms of Viral Diseases gastrointestinal viral Impact on Human diseases include: Health ·abdominal cramps Viral Diseases Impact on ·diarrhea Human Health ·vomiting Viral diseases are caused by viruses that Common Viral Diseases and invade cells in the Transmission Mechanisms: body, using them to multiply, often damaging or destroying Exanthematous Diseases infected cells. include: Common Viral Diseases and ·measles Transmission Mechanisms: ·rubella Respiratory Diseases: Influenza ·chickenpox/shingles (flu), common cold, and severe ·roseola acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ·smallpox Common symptoms of a ·fifth disease ·chikungunya virus infection ·bleeding from the mouth or ears Common Viral Diseases and ·bleeding in internal organs Transmission Mechanisms: Common Viral Diseases and Hepatic Diseases: Transmission Mechanisms: The hepatic viral diseases Neurologic Diseases: Polio, cause inflammation of the viral meningitis, rabies. liver, known as viral hepatitis. This can result in a range of Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E. symptoms, including: Common Viral Diseases and ·fever Transmission Mechanisms: ·confusion Cutaneous Diseases ·drowsiness include: ·seizures ·warts, including genital warts ·coordination problems ·oral herpes Medications/ ·genital herpes Vaccines ·molluscum contagiosum Medications Common Viral Diseases and Antiviral Medications Transmission Mechanisms: Antiretroviral medications (ARVs) Hemorrhagic Diseases: Ebola, Medications to manage symptoms dengue fever, yellow fever. Antiviral Medications Symptoms of a hemorrhagic viral These drugs specifically target viruses by interfering with their disease include: replication process. They can work in ·high fever various ways, such as: ·body aches Inhibiting the virus ·weakness ' ·bleeding under the skin s ability to attach to host cells. Blocking the enzymes the virus needs to Types of copy its genetic Protist material. Protozoa Preventing the virus from assembling new viral particles. Algae Antiretroviral medications (ARVs) Fungi - like Protist These are a specific type of antiviral Protozoa medication used These are animal-like protists that are for HIV. mostly heterotrophic and can move Medications to manage symptoms independently. Some medications don AMOEBA TRYPANOSOMA PARAMACIUM 't target the virus itself but ALGAE instead help manage the symptoms of a viral infection, These are plant-like protists that such as fever reducers or pain relievers. are primarily autotrophic and Vaccine perform photosynthesis. Vaccines introduce antigens CHLORELLA SARGASSUM SPIROGYRA Immune system activation FUNGI Antibody production Fungi are a Memory cell creation kingdom of usually PROTIST multicellular WHAT ARE PROTIST? eukaryotic Protists are simple eukaryotic organisms that are organisms that are neither heterotrophs. plants, animals or fungi. AGARICUS Protists are unicellular in BISPORUS nature but can also be found PLEUROTUS as a colony of cells. OSTERATUS RHIZOPUS Cyanobacteria STOLONIFER a blue-green algae that is a member of a class of PROTISTS: photosynthetic bacteria that can be found in ECOLOGICAL freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ROLES ecosystems. Like PRIMARY PRODUCERS plants, these bacteria can photosynthesis, and they Protists are a major source of are essential to the production of oxygen primary production, especially in and organic aquatic habitats, and include matter in aquatic environments. many photosynthetic organisms Zooxanthellae including diatoms and algae. In Protists that order to sustain higher trophic are Primary levels, they serve as the foundation Producers of the food chain by using Diatoms photosynthesis to transform One of the most significant primary producers in aquatic sunlight into energy. environments. By use of photosynthesis, a type of photosynthetic dinoflagellates that they transform coexist well carbon dioxide and sunlight into organic with corals and other aquatic organisms. It matter, which fixes serves as the foundation for the food web. A inorganic carbon with the help of sunlight. In significant this portion of the world's oxygen is also symbiotic relationship, the protists give the produced by it. nutrients to Their contribution to the world's oxygen the coral polyps that host them, enabling the supply is corals to thought to be between 20 and 25 percent. secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton with greater DECOMPOSING AGENTS energy. There are Protists that also acts as decomposers that breaks down These organisms feed dead organic matter and, in return, on decaying organic recycles the nutrients from the material, bacteria, and organic matter back into our fungi, playing a vital ecosystem. They play a vital role in role in decomposing nutrient cycling and maintaing soil dead plant matter in and water health. forests and other Protists that are Decomposing Agents habitats. Dictyostelids Protists that are Decomposing Agents Often called cellular slime molds, they are Saprolegnia single celled, phagotrophic micropredators that inhabit soil a genus of water molds known as oomycetes that and consume organic matter and bacteria for food. In frequently exist in freshwater habitats like lakes, the majority of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, they ponds, and rivers and that aid in the breakdown of are often found as part of soil microbial communities dead organic aquatic matter—mostly dead fish—and in the humus layer of forest soils. the cycling of nutrients Myxomycetes Water Molds Myxomycetes, also known as plasmoduial slime molds, (Oomycetes are commonly found on rotting wood and an aqueous decomposing forest litter. As nutrient saprophytic species recyclers and that breaks down decomposers in the food chain, they are crucial.Their decaying organic diet consists of the bacteria which feed on matter. decomposing plant matter. WHILE THERE ARE SOME Slime Molds PROTISTS THAT ARE BENEFICIAL TO THE Trypanosomes ECOSYSTEM’S FOOD CHAIN, a genus of unicellular parasitic THERE ARE THOSE THAT ARE flagellate protozoa called PATHOGENIC/HARMFUL. kinetoplastids, which belong to a PATHOGENIC monophyletic group. Many protists are pathogenic The parasitic protist that causes African parasites, which are creatures that sleeping sickness, which confuses the live inside of other species and immune system of humans by modifying its have the potential to harm or infect thick covering of glycoproteins on the them in order to survive and surface with every infectious cycle. spread. Trypanosoma Brucei one of the known plasmodium species that A protist pathogen known as the "brain eating amoeba". This protist is found can infect people. It also causes 50% of all in cases of malaria and is the main cause of warm freshwater and enters the human death from the disease in tropical areas of body through the nose, causing a rare but the world. often fatal brain infection. Plasmodium Species Naegleria Fowleri These protists are transmitted by the bites This protist causes intestinal infections that of infected can Anopheles mosquitoes. In vertebrates, the result in symptoms including severe parasite diarrhea, develops in liver cells and goes on to infect cramping in the abdomen, and occasionally red blood even liver abscesses. It is transmitted cells, bursting from and destroying the blood through cells contaminated food or water. with each asexual replication cycle. Entamoeba Histolytica P. Falciparum Plant Parasites Protists that are Pathogenic Parasitic protists that includes agents that destroy a protein coat food crops Eukaryotic organisms Protists that are Pathogenic with a well-defined cell Plasmopara Viticola structure a parasitic protist that mostly infects Cannot reproduce grape plants and is the cause of downy independently; require mildew. a host cell for an oomycete that causes potato replication late blight, a disease that turns Can reproduce potato stems and stalks into black independently through slime mitosis or meiosis Phytophthora Infestans Very small Sample 04 (submicroscopic) Microscopic VIRUSES VS. PROTIST Considered non-living CHARACTERISTICS due to inability to self replicate Sample 02 Sample 03 Considered living CELLULAR Influenza virus Protozoans STRUCTURE REPRODUCTION FUNGI SIZE MONERA LIVING OR GROUP 2 NON LIVING and EXAMPLES Contents Not cellular; consist of 01 What is Monera and Fungi and its genetic material (DNA history or RNA) surrounded by 02 Characteristics : What are the Leeuwenhoek in characteristics of Monera and Fungi the late 1600s 03 using a simple Illustration: Cell Structure, microscope. reproduction and life cycle of He described them Monera and Fungi as "animalcules." 04 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Ecological roles, importance in 1632-1723 human life, and Examples of CHARACTERISTICS OF MONERA Monera and Fungi unicellular organism contains 70S ribosomes naked 05 Reproduction and Life cycles of CHARACTERISTICS OF MONERA Monera and Fungi rigid cell wall environmental WHAT IS MONERA? decomposers reproduced asexually Monera are single-celled Flagellum as locomotory organ. show microorganisms that different modes of lack a true nucleus and nutrition membrane-bound lacks organelles organelles. CHARACTERISTICS OF MONERA the simplest and smallest Reproduction forms of life. and life cycle Different types of bacteria under a microscope of monera History of Monera Reproduction for monera is Monera were first mostly asexual and few also observed by reproduce by sexual Antonie van reproduction. Sexual reproduction is by Monera are important key species in the conjugation, transformation, world's ecosystems. Almost all living and transduction. Asexual plants depend upon them for their reproduction is by binary nutritional elements. fission. Actinomycetes The cell wall is rigid and Nitrogen fixing bacteria (actinomycetes) made up of peptidoglycan. fix nitrogen in nodules of legume roots Flagellum serves as the and enhance soil fertility balance. locomotory organ. Heterotrophic Bacteria They show different modes Known to be potential decomposers like of nutrition such as fungi. They could help in decomposing autotrophic, parasitic, synthetic materials such as dyes, heterotrophic, or herbicides, nylon. saprophytic. Bacteria The cell wall is rigid and Acetic acid, vinegar, amino acids and made up of peptidoglycan. enzymes produced by bacteria are Flagellum serves as the sources of commercial preservatives. locomotory organ. Spilurina They show different modes An autotrophic Spirulina (a genus in of nutrition such as Cyanobacteria) is an important source autotrophic, parasitic, of protein.. Unique not only in that heterotrophic, or they are edible, but also because they saprophytic. provide many health benefits. ECOLOGY OF MONERA Monera’s Importance in Monera Human Life MONERA their own nutrients either by *Nitrogen fixation: The Monera photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. classification are essential in Cyanobacteria - photosynthesis transforming atmospheric nitrogen into usable for plants. Nitrosomonas - Chemosynthesis *Digestion: Some bacteria live in the Heterotrophic Bacteria intestines of animals, including Saprophyte - they obtain their nutrients humans, and aid in digestion. They help break down complex food by breaking down complex organic substances and produce essential compounds. vitamins. Parasitic - they live on other *Bioremediation: Certain bacteria can break down pollutants and organisms. toxic waste, a process known as Groups of Monera bioremediation. They help clean up 1.Eubacteria - includes typical oil spills, degrade synthetic materials, bacteria that exist today. and detoxify areas 2.Archaebacteria - include primitive contaminated with heavy metals. anaerobic bacteria EXAMPLES OF MONERA 3.Cyanobacteria - contain chlorophyll Kingdom Monera which represents and other pigments and are aquatic the earliest group of organisms. in nature. Most numerous of all organisms Archaebacteria Monerans are unicellular, Methanogens - produce methane gas microscopic prokaryotic organisms and live in like bacteria. swamps, sewage, animal gut or other Some monerans show autotrophic anaerobic nutrition and some show habitat. heterotrophic nutrition. Halophiles - salt lovers, they live in high salinity Autotrophic monerans can produce habitats - brackish ponds, salt lakes, ASCOMYCOTA and near sea Fungi were recognized as a floor volcanic vents. separate group of organisms in the Extreme thermophiles - are heat lovers that lives late 18th century by scientists in hot springs, acidic soil, and near studying molds and mushrooms. hydrothermal BASIDIOMYCOTA vents where temperatures are usually 2500 Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the degree celsius. systematic study of fungi, including their Cyanobacteria genetic and Cyanobacteria are blue-green algae biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use which contain chlorophyll and other to humans as a source of medicine, pigments and are aquatic in nature. food, and WHAT IS FUNGI? psychotropic substances consumed for religious Fungi are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms purposes, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. infection. They have a complex cell structure with ZYGOMYCOTA a true There are more than 75,000 different nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. species of true fungi. Fungi play critical roles in ecosystems CHARACTERISTICS as The bodies of decomposers and in symbiotic relationships most true fungi with plants (mycorrhizae). are made up of Fungal Cell Structure Illustrations branching HISTORY OF FUNGI filaments HYPHAE germinate, grow into mature CHARACTERISTICS fungi which eventually form The hyphae of many fungi are divided mycelium. This mycelium then into cells by cross walls. forms the fruiting bodies that In other fungi, the hyphae are not divided by walls. Each hypha is a single produce and disperse spores, tube containing starting the cycle anew. several nuclei. The whole mass of hyphae formed by a fungus is known as ECOLOGY OF FUNGI the mycelium. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs CHARACTERISTICS Fungi rely on other organisms for Do not contain chlorophyll. energy. Secrete enzymes into their food Many fungi are saprobes (saprophytes), supply. which are organisms that obtain food Do not require light, and many from decaying organic matter. grow best in darkness. Other fungi are parasites, which harm Requires moisture and warm other organisms while living directly on temperatures or within them. Reproduce asexually Other fungi are symbionts that live in Reproduction close and mutually beneficial association and life cycle with other species. of fungi Fungi as Decomposers Reproduction for fungi is The Fungi maintain equilibrium in nearly general steps of the fungi life every ecosystem, where they recycle cycle involve spore production, nutrients by breaking down the bodies either sexually or asexually, and and wastes of other organisms. dispersal. The spores then Fungi as Parasites  Parasitic fungi cause serious plant *Nutrient Cycling: and animal diseases. A few fungi Fungi are essential in breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients in cause diseases in humans. ecosystems, Plant Diseases contributing to soil fertility and plant growth. Fungal diseases are responsible for the *Food Production: loss of approximately 15% of the crops Fungi are used in food production grown in temperate regions of the world. processes like fermentation In tropical areas, where high humidity (e.g., bread, cheese, beer), making them vital in the food industry. favors fungal growth, the loss of crops is *Medicinal Purposes: sometimes as high as 50%. Some fungi produce antibiotics and Symbiotic Relationships other bioactive compounds used 1.Lichens - The algae or cyanobacteria in medicine, contributing to human health and pharmaceuticals. carry out photosynthesis, providing the EXAMPLES OF FUNGI fungus with a source of energy. The Phycomycetes - Phycomycetes is an fungus provides the algae or bacteria extinct polyphyletic taxon for fungus with water and minerals and protects with aseptate hyphae. Lesser fungi are the green cells from intense sunlight. those that belong to the phycomycetes Symbiotic Relationships family. 2. Mycorrhizae - Fungi also form Ascomycetes - Ascomycetes are mutualistic relationships with plants. The characterised by having septate associations of plant roots and fungi are hyphae with simple septal pores called mycorrhizae. showing characteristic Woronin bodies Fungi’s Importance in Types of Fungi Human Life Examples of Phycomycetes: FUNGI 1.Rhizopus - Rhizopus are saprophytic widespread species, produces bakery and parasitic fungi. mold, or They are commonly known as bread red bread mold. It has been used mould. extensively in 2.Albugo - Albugo is a plant-parasitic genetic and biochemical investigations. oomycetes genus. Examples of Ascomycetes: Albugo candida, often known as white rust, is an 3. Aspergillus - is a complex group of ascomycete molds oomycete species belonging to the Albuginaceae comprising several hundred species, some of which are family. pathogenic to humans and animals. 3.Mucor - Mucor is a filamentous fungus found in soil, 4. Penicillium - is an opportunistic invader, a fast growing fungus, a strong plants, decaying fruits and vegetables. spore producer, a source of As well as being several enzymes, and economically ubiquitous in nature and a common important fungi in laboratory the food and drug industry. contaminant. 5. Claviceps - a species widely used in Examples of Ascomycetes: the 1.Yeast - Many yeast species are of pharmaceutical industry for its ability to commercial produce ergot importance to humans, of these the alkaloids. species Saccharomyces cerevisiae is possibly the most notable for its role in the production of CARBOHYDRATES alcoholic drinks, like wine and beer, as AND well as PROTEINS its use in bread making (baker's yeasts). GROUP3 2.Neurospora - Neurospora, a genus of CARBOHYDRATES most abundant biomolecules in are the simplest units of nature carbohydrates and the biological molecule consisting of simplest form of sugar. carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen They are also classified as a triose, (O) tetrose, pentose, hexose, or heptose on provides energy the basis of whether they contain three, major components of four, five, six, or seven carbon atoms cell wall MONOSACCHARIDE lubricants in skeletal Number of C’s (n) General Name joints triose fibers promotes good tetrose digestive health pentose stored energy hexose FUNCTIONS heptose CARBOHYDRATES 3 Monosaccharides 4 Disaccharides 5 Polysaccharides 6 MONOSACCHARIDE 7 MONOSACCHARIDE Blood sugar Monosaccharides are also Nourishes the brain called "simple sugars“ GLUCOSE ; GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE common base unit of all Fruit sugar carbohydrate molecules. Commonly found in honey, fruits, and in yet another different way. root vegetables. LACTULOSE Milk sugar Found in cellulose, the main MONOSACCHARIDE component of plant cell walls. GALACTOSE Used in bacteriology, the DISACCHARIDES study of bacteria, to perform DISACCHARIDES chemical analyses. Disaccharides are carbohydrates found Formed from fructose and in many foods and are often added as galactose. sweeteners. Can be used to treat When disaccharides like sucrose are constipation and liver disease digested, they are broken down into and may also be used to test their for overgrowth of bacteria in simple sugars and used for energy. the small intestine. SUCROSE POLYSACCHARIDES LACTULOSE Polysaccharides are complex MALTOSE carbohydrates composed of long chains CELLOBIOSE of monosaccharide units bound together LACTOSE by glycosidic linkages. COMMON DISACCHARIDES WHAT IS POLYSACCHARIDES? SUCROSE These sugar polymers contain more LACTOSE than 20 monosaccharide units; some MALTOSE can CELLOBIOSE have hundreds or even thousands of Made up of two glucose units. molecules, but they are linked FUNCTION Polysaccharides are complex cell walls (e.g., glycosaminoglycans, carbohydrates that play crucial peptidoglycans). roles in nature. They store energy, with FOOD SOURCE starch in plants and DIGESTIBLE glycogen in animals serving as reserves. They provide structural Cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley, corn, rice...) and support, like cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods. their products (bread, pasta, pastries, cookies) Polysaccharides are also involved in cellular communication and Potatoes, tapioca, yam, legumes protection, forming structures like Shellfish, animal liver bacterial capsules. NON-DIGESTIBLE TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES Whole grains, green leafy vegetables, Homo-polysaccharides, or beans, peas, homoglycans, are complex lentils carbohydrates made up of repeated units of a single type of Carrots, sweet potatoes monosaccharide. They serve various Additives: roles depending on Hemicellulose found in cereal bran their structure, such as storage (e.g., starch, glycogen) or Pectin found in various fruits structural support (e.g., cellulose, chitin) Polydextrose made from glucose in organisms. GLYCOGENESIS Hetero-polysaccharides are complex Glycogen is created from glucose to carbohydrates store energy in the liver and muscles composed of different types of monosaccharides or when blood sugar is high, this process is modified monosaccharide units linked called glycogenesis. together. They When the body needs energy, glycogen exhibit diverse structures and functions, found in breaks down into glucose through extracellular matrices, connective glycogenolysis. tissues, and bacterial CELLULOSE AND CHITIN AMINO ACIDS Cellulose and chitin are structural Amino acids are the basic units of proteins, which are chains polysaccharides made of glucose made from these molecules. monomers in long fibers. Cellulose forms There are 20 amino acids grouped by their characteristics: wood-like structures, while chitin forms polar, non-polar, and electrically harder structures like shells. They charged. convert glucose molecules from energy They are essential (from diet) or non-essential (made by the storage into rigid structural components. body). GLYCOGEN AND STARCH How amino acids are arranged in Glycogen and starch are vital storage proteins determines their sugars on Earth. Animals make specific roles in the body. glycogen, POLAR, NON-POLAR AND and plants make starch. They grow ELECTRICALLY CHARGED AMINO outward from a central point in complex ACIDS patterns. Proteins help form clusters of Polar amino acids: Attract water these large, branched molecules. (hydrophilic), PROTEINS found on protein surfaces. PROTEINS Non-polar amino acids: Repel water Composed of CARBON, HYDROGEN, (hydrophobic), found inside proteins. OXYGEN, NITROGEN and SULFUR. Electrically charged amino acids: Carry positive They are the most versatile of all the or negative charges, crucial for protein biomolecules, as they are crucial interactions. element in almost everything that POLAR NON-ESSENTIAL happens within the cell AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACID Sources: Meats, Soybean and Soybean Seafood, Eggs, Dairy, Products, Peanuts Asparagus, Soybeans Function: and Soybean Products, “Food Whole Grains source” of the brain Function: Maintenance SERINE TYROSINE of the nervous system Sources: Seafood, ASPARAGINE CYSTEINE GLUTAMINE Poultry, Dairy, Sources: Meats, Bananas, Seafood, Eggs, Dairy Function: Fight-or Flight Response Chili Peppers, Oats protein; Precursor of Function: Body adrenaline and alertness, Collagen dopamine and Keratin synthesis, NON-POLAR NON-ESSENTIAL skin tensile strength AMINO ACIDS maintenance Sources: Meats Sources: Meats, Dairy, (animal), spinach, Cheese, Spinach, avocado (plant). Cabbage, Celery Function: Supports Function: Stress glucose metabolism protein, immune and provides energy to booster muscles. POLAR NON-ESSENTIAL ALANINE GLYCINE PROLINE AMINO ACIDS Sources: Pork, chicken Sources: Meats, (animal), beans, spinach (plant). fatigue reduction Function: Aids in Sources: Beef, Pork, protein synthesis and Poultry, Eggs, Dairy, acts as an antioxidant. Cheese Sources: Meat (especially Function: Nervous connective tissues), system overall health wheat germ, asparagus maintenance (plant). THE STRUCTURE OF Function: Essential for PROTEINS collagen formation, THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS maintaining skin, joints, The structure of a protein is defined by its and connective tissues. CONFORMATION ELECTRICALLY CHARGED NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS Conformation – arrangement of the amino Sources: Meats, Dairy, acids in the protein megastructure Eggs, Beans, Levels of protein structure: (1) Primary Whole Grains, Peanuts, structure; (2) Secondary structure; (3) Corn Tertiary Function: Blood structure; and (4) Quaternary structure pressure maintenance PRIMARY STRUCTURE ARGININE ASPARTIC ACID Simplest level of a protein’s structure. GLUTAMIC ACID It is simply the arrangement of amino Sources: Beef, Pork, acids in a chain. Poultry, Seafood The DNA, and subsequently the RNA Function: Energy transcript, defines the specific maintenance and sequence of the chain. structure together. SECONDARY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS OF Dependent on the interactions of the PROTEINS functional ENZYMES groups. Enzymes are proteins Can be in either of the following: which reduce α-Helix – the carbonyl of one amino acid activation energy becomes linked to the amino group of another allowing chemical amino acid 4 units down the chain, reactions to occur in forming a living things. helical shape. act as biological β-Pleated Sheet – segments of the chain line catalyst upside by side and become linked via The active side of the hydrogen enzyme fits with only bonds, forming a sheet. one type of molecule TERTIARY STRUCTURE known as the Dependent on the interactions of the substrate. R-group in the amino acids. TWO IDEAS ABOUT ENZYMES Forms the 3D structure of the protein, ACTION: and is oftentimes the final folded 1. Lock and Key Model structure of proteins. substrate fits into the active QUATERNARY STRUCTURE site like a key into a lock Common in proteins whose primary enzyme puts stress on the structure is made up of multiple chains. bond which reduces the R-group interactions also keep this amount of energy needed to break apart the substrate LIPIDS & 2. Induced Fit Model NUCLEIC ACID substrate doesn’t quite fit Group 4 into the active site Lipids substrate causes the These are chemical compounds in our body enzymes to change shape - composed primarily of carbon and allows the substrate to fit hydrogen. into the active site Characteristics of Lipids FACTORS THAT AFFECTS ENZYME 1.Insolubility in Water (Hydrophobic) ACTIVITIES: 2.Functional Diversity Environmental 3.Structural Diversity (Fatty, waxy, or oily Conditions compounds) 1. 2. Cofactors and Types of Lipids Coenzymes Fatty Acids Triglycerides 3. Enzymes Inhibitors 4. pH Phospholipids Glycolipids Wax protect the body Steroids from infection Functions of Lipids chemical Lipids play a role in our biological systems messengers mainly for: ANTIBODIES HORMONES 1.Energy Storage/Source STRUCTURAL PROTEINS 2. Cell membrane component cytoskeleton, hair, nails, 3.Insulation and Protection muscles, spider web, silk, 4.Absorption of vitamins feathers, horns, hoovers, Note: The functions of lipids vary etc... significantly on its types adipose tissue (body fat) and are major Glycerol aka Glycerin constituents of sebum (skin oils) It is an essential building blocks of many Functions: lipids Energy Storage Fatty Acids Energy Source They are the simplest form of lipids and are crucial Thermal Insulation building blocks for more complex lipids Metabolic Function Fatty acids can be classified as: Leptin Secretion Saturated (no carbon-carbon double Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins bonds) Wax Unsaturated (one or more C-C double bonds) are esters made of long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid 1.Monounsaturated Fats - only one double bond Functions of Wax 2.Polyunsaturated Fats - more than one Protection double bond Water Proofing Omega Fatty Acids - acquired only through Surface Coatings ingestion Phospholipids 3.Cis Fats These lipids contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty 4.Trans Fats acid tails, and a phosphate group. Cis Fats Trans Fats Have amphipathic nature Monounsaturated Function of Phospholipids fats Selective permeability Polyunsaturated Fats Omega Fatty acids Surface Tension Reduction Triglyceride Lipid Transport These are the primary components of Cell Membrane Structure Steroids It is the most important macromolecules for These do not resemble other lipids due to their the continuity of life four-ring structure. Serves as the blueprint for the structure and Functions of function of all living organisms. Steroids Nucleic Acids Hormone Regulation Two primary types: Modulating inflammation and immune 1.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) responses 2.Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Cholesterol Types of Nucleic Acids is the most common steroid Nucleotides synthesized in liver It is the basic building blocks of nucleic precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, acids estrogen, and other hormones. Components of Nucleotides: Types of Cholesterol 1. Nitrogenous base LDL (low-density lipoprotein) Purines - Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) HDL (high-density lipoprotein Pyrimidines - Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) Glycolipids DNA, and Uracil (U) in RNA are type of lipids that consists of a 2. Five-carbon sugar (Pentose) carbohydrate (sugar) attached to a lipid 3.Phosphate group (fat). Deoxyribonucleic Acid Functions of Glycolipids Contains each person’s unique genetic code. Cell Recognition It is a double helix structure, where two Membrane Stability strands are. held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A-T and 2.transfer RNA (tRNA) C-G). 3.ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Brief History of Note: The functions of RNA varies on its DNA types DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Functions of Nucleic Acids Miescher 1.Genetic Information Storage and in 1869 from white blood cells Transfer Its structure was elucidated by James 2.Protein Synthesis Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Central Dogma Rosalind Franklin in the early 1950s. illustrates the flow of genetic Functions of information from DNA to RNA to DNA protein Genetic information Storage Central Dogma Replication Template for RNA Synthesis INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Ribonucleic Acid TO GENETICS AND TO GENETICS AND (RNA) CENTRAL DOGMA IN CENTRAL Typically single-stranded and consist of DOGMA IN a LIFE LIFE chain of nucleotides with ribose as the sugar GROUP 5 Contains information that has been WHAT IS GENETICS? copied MEANING from DNA The term GENETICS was introduced TYPES OF RNA by Bateson. It was derived from the There are three main types of RNA. Greek word “Gene” which means “to 1. messenger RNA (mRNA) become” or “to grow into” health. WHAT DOES THAT 9. GENOMICS MEAN? study of all of a person Children inherit their biological parents’ 's genes (the genome), genes that express specific traits, such including interactions of those genes as with each some physical characteristics, natural other and with the person talents, and genetic disorders. 's environment. THERE ARE KEY POINTS IN WHERE DO OUR GENETICS: GENES LIVE? GENES 1. Genes are segments of DNA located on DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC structures called chromosomes. ACID) Chromosomes are long, thread-like 2. structures made CHROMOSOMES 3. up of DNA and proteins. They carry many genes INHERITANCE PATTERNS 4. and are found inside the nucleus of our MUTATION 5. cells. 6. GENETIC DISORDERS WHY DO WE NEED GENES? 7. GENETIC ENGINEERING We need genes because they contain 8. EPIGENETICS the instructions for building and How our environment influences our maintaining our bodies. genes by They also play a crucial role in changing the chemicals attached to them. What we passing traits from parents to eat, our physical activity level, access to children through reproduction. resources and SCIENTISTS WHO more affect those chemicals, in turn shaping our CONTRIBUTED IN GENETICS THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF LIFE CHARLES DARWIN The central dogma of life or the central dogma of Idea of natural evolution molecular biology states that genetic Origin of Species information Pangenesis Theory flows only in one direction from DNA to RNA and ARISTOTLE RNA to PROTEIN. also contributed in CENTRAL DOGMA IN Pangenesis Theory LIFE Gemmules REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION GREGOR MENDEL TRANSLATION He used Pisum Sativum (Pea) in REVERSE his study. TRANSCRIPTION There are 7 characteristics of pea CENTRAL DOGMA IN in his study LIFE Father of Modern Genetics REPLICATION PISUM SATIVUM (PEA) Each strand of the parental DNA duplex SCIENTITSTS WHO CONFIRMED DNA is copied by base pairing with OSWALD AVERY complementary nucleotides COLIN MUNRO CENTRAL DOGMA IN MACLYN McCARTY LIFE ROSALIND FRANKLIN TRANSCRIPTION CENTRAL DOGMA IN RNA polymerase - main transcription LIFE anzyme and build a new RNA molecule WHAT IS CENTRAL trough base pairing. DOGMA OF LIFE? Occurs in the nucleus RNA TRANSCRIPTION a polymer with a ribose Initiation, Elongation and Termination and phosphate backbone CENTRAL DOGMA IN with four varying bases: LIFE uracil, cytosine, adenine TRANSLATION and guanine. Information transcribed from DNA into (Deoxyribonucleic acid) (Ribonucleic acid) mRNA to ordered polymerization of DNA amino acids next is protein synthesis. transmission of genetic In ribosomes information. It acts as a CENTRAL DOGMA IN medium for long-term LIFE storage. REVERSE TRANSLATION (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA RNA can be transcribed into DNA by the is critical for the enzyme reverse transcriptase. transmission of the genetic TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID code that is necessary for DIFFERENCES BETWEEN protein creation from the DNA & RNA nucleus to the ribosome. DNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a long polymer. It has a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone having four distinct bases: thymine, TYPES OF DNA adenine, cytosine and guanine.  CONTENTS: II. Applied Genetics a. Selective Breeding, Inbreeding, Breed, Hybrid b. Genotype & How do we Determine Genotypes? TYPES OF RNA c. Genetic Engineering d. How to Produce a Transgenic Organisms? e. Restriction Enzymes, Types of Vectors, Cloning, & Sequencing GENE MUTATATIONS GENE DNA MUTATATIONS f. Recombinant Bacteria, Transgenic AND AND Plants & Animals, & The APPLIED GENETICS APPLIED Human Genome GENETICS 01 GROUP 6 GENE CONTENTS: MUTATIONS I. Gene Mutations A mutation is the permanent a. Mutations (Causes, & Types) alteration of the nucleotide b. Chromosomal Mutations & Types of Chromosomal sequence of the genome of an Mutations organism, virus, or extra c. Numerical Disorders, Aneuploidy, chromosomal DNA or other genetic Down Syndrome, elements. Polyploidy, MUTATIONS & Structural Disorders CAUSES d. Gene Mutation (Point Mutation & Frameshift Mutation) OFMUTATION 1. Mistakes in cell replication the genetic material is inverted. 2. Environmental Factors DELETIONS CAUSES Deletion is a type of structural mutation that OFMUTATION occurs due to the loss of a part of a 1. Mistakes in cell replication chromosome as a result of the breakage CAUSES of the OFMUTATION chromosome 2. Environmental factors STRUCTURAL DISORDERS TYPES OF MUTATION DUPLICATION Chromosomal Mutation TRANSLOCATION Gene Mutation A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, CHROMOSOMAL resulting in extra genetic material MUTATION Chromosome translocation is caused by TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL rearrangement of parts between MUTATION nonhomologous chromosomes. NUMERICAL GENE MUTATION DISORDERS GENE MUTATION ANEUPLOIDY POINT DOWN SYNDROME MUTATIONS POLYPLOIDY FRAMESHIFT STRUCTURAL DISORDERS MUTATIONS INVERSIONS SILENT A portion of the chromosome has broken off, MISSENSE turned upside down, and reattached, NONSENSE therefore DELETION 02 INSERTION APPLIED GENE MUTATION GENETICS POINT MUTATION What is Applied is a change in a single nucleotide in Genetics? DNA. Applied genetics is directed at changing SILENT the genomes of organisms, to increase mutated codon codes for their utility to humans. the same amino acid Applied Genetics MISSENSE The goals of applied genetics include: mutated codon codes for 1.Improving the quality of food and a different amino acid fiber products. NONSENSE 2. Improving the cost efficiency of a a mutated codon is a given product, and premature stop codon 3. Minimizing adverse environmental FRAMESHIFT MUTATION effects of food or fiber production. Addition or deletion of an entire base leading to Selective Breeding different amino acid formation. Selective breeding (also called artificial DELETION selection) is the process by which humans use a part of a chromosome or a animal breeding and plant breeding to sequence of DNA is lost selectively develop particular phenotypic INSERTION traits (characteristics) by choosing which addition of one or more typically animal or plant males and nucleotide base pairs females GENE MUTATION will sexually reproduce and have entirety of an organism offspring 's genes. The together. phrase can also be used more Inbreeding specifically Inbreeding is a mode of breeding to describe the various variants of a between gene, or alleles, that an organism individuals or organisms that are closely carries. related. HOW DO WE DETERMINE Examples of inbreeding are mating A GENOTYPE? between 1.Observational Methods father and daughter, brother and sister, or 2.Molecular Methods first cousins. 3.Cross Experiments (in Organisms) Breed and Hybrid 1. Observational Methods: Breed Phenotypic Observation A specific group of domestic animals Family Pedigree Analysis within a species that has been Example of a Family Pedigree Analysis: selectively bred for particular traits. 2. Molecular Methods: Breed and Hybrid DNA Sequencing Hybrid Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Offspring resulting from the mating Restriction Fragment Length of individuals from different breeds Polymorphism (RFLP) or species. 3. Cross Experiments (in What is a Genotype? Organisms): The term "genotype" broadly refers to an Test Cross organism's genetic composition, or to What is Genetic the Engineering? Genetic engineering is a process that create proteins, like insulin, or blood uses laboratory-based technologies to sugar, for diabetic patients by putting alter the DNA makeup of an organism. DNA for insulin in bacteria, which This may involve changing a single base quickly make the protein. pair, deleting a region of DNA or adding How to Produce a a Transgenic Organism? new segment of DNA. 1.Isolate the foreign DNA fragment GENETIC ENGINEERING IS APPLIED IN and cleave the DNA with restriction MANY WAYS: enzymes. 1. In Agriculture 2. Attach the fragment to a vehicle 2. In Industry called a vector so it can be transported 3. In Medicine into the host cell. 1. In Agriculture: How to Produce a Genetic engineers have produced Transgenic Organism? several types of new bacterias that help 3. Transfer the vector to the host and increase crop production. A genetically reconnect the vector with the host DNA altered bacterium helps some plants by gene splicing (rejoining DNA). resists frost damage. 4. After the DNA is transferred now it can replicate 2. In Food Industry: every time the host DNA replicates Recombinant DNA techniques can making clones be used to improve quality of (identical copies) of the recombinant DNA. products by people who make Restriction Enzymes bread, wine, cheese, and paper. A restriction enzyme is a protein isolated 3. In Medicine: from Scientists use genetic engineering to bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA Recombinant bacteria are used extensively in fragments with a known sequence at each end. various industrial applications due to their ability to Types of Vector produce a wide range of valuable Biological Vectors products. Mechanical Vectors what are some key uses of recombinant Cloning bacteria? Cloning is a technique scientists use Pharmaceuticals to make exact genetic copies of living Insulin Production: used to produce human things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even insulin, which is essential for diabetes whole animals can all be cloned. management. Types of Cloning Human Growth Hormone: used for Gene Cloning treating Reproductive Cloning growth disorders. Therapeutic Cloning Antibiotics: can enhance the production of Sequencing DNA antibiotics and create novel antibiotics to DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory combat resistant strains. technique for determining the exact what are some key uses of recombinant sequence of bacteria? nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. The Enzymes sequence of the bases encodes the Industrial Enzymes: Used in detergents, biological food processing, and textile information that cells use to develop and operate. manufacturing. What is Recombinant Bacteria? Biofuels: Used in the production of biofuels by breaking down plant Bioremediation: Recombinant bacteria biomass are into fermentable sugars. engineered to degrade pollutants and toxic what are some key uses of recombinant wastes, aiding in environmental bacteria? cleanup. Agriculture Bioleaching: Used in mining to extract Pesticides: Recombinant bacteria, such metals from ores by using bacteria that can as Bacillus thuringiensis, produce solubilize metal compounds. insecticidal proteins used as what are some key uses of recombinant biopesticides. bacteria? Nitrogen Fixation: Recombinant Research and Biotechnology Rhizobium species improve nitrogen DNA Cloning and Gene Expression: fixation, enhancing crop yields. Recombinant bacteria are fundamental what are some key uses of recombinant tools bacteria? in molecular biology research for cloning Food Industry genes and studying protein functions. Food Additives: Production of vitamins, Synthetic Biology: Creation of novel amino acids, and flavor enhancers using biological systems and pathways for various recombinant bacteria. industrial applications. Fermentation: Improved strains for What is transgenic plants? fermenting dairy products, alcoholic Also known as genetically modified beverages, and other fermented foods. (GM) plants, are what are some key uses of recombinant plants that have been genetically engineered to express bacteria? traits that are not naturally present. This Environmental Applications is typically achieved by inserting specific genes sustainable industrial processes. Their from other development and use must be carefully organisms into the plant's genome. managed to address safety, regulatory, herbicide resistant and Have revolutionized modern public acceptance issues. agriculture by providing powerful tools What is transgenic ANIMALS? for weed management. However, their Transgenic animals are organisms that have had their long-term success depends on careful genetic material intentionally altered to management to mitigate the risks of possess one or herbicide resistance and more genes from another species. This genetic environmental impact. modification is achieved through Produce internal pesticides techniques such as Like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, gene transfer or gene editing. The goal of creating represent a significant advancement in transgenic animals is primarily to study agricultural biotechnology, providing gene function, effective pest control and contributing to model human diseases, produce pharmaceuticals, or sustainable farming practices. However, their improve agricultural traits. development and use require careful what are some key uses of transgenic management to address potential animals? challenges mouse, worm, and drosphilia and maximize benefits. transgenic techniques in mice, worms increase protein production (C. Hold significant potential for enhancing elegans), and fruit flies (Drosophila nutrition, producing valuable melanogaster) have revolutionized biomedical biopharmaceuticals, and supporting research by allowing scientists to plans. manipulate human genome(Forensic Identification:) genes and study their effects on development, DNA Fingerprinting physiology, and disease, thereby DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA advancing our profiling, is a technique used to identify understanding of fundamental biological individuals based on unique patterns in processes and human health. their human genome(Uses, DNA DNA. Fingerprinting) Sample Collection: Obtaining a DNA Biomedical Research: sample from Genetic Diseases: Studying the human blood, hair, skin, or other tissues. genome DNA Extraction: Isolating the DNA from helps identify genes responsible for the sample. genetic PCR Amplification: Using polymerase disorders. This knowledge aids in chain reaction understanding (PCR) to amplify specific regions of the disease mechanisms and developing DNA. treatments. DNA Fingerprinting Drug Development: Genome information is used Analysis: Comparing the DNA profiles by looking at to identify drug targets and predict individual the unique patterns of bands, known as short responses to medications, leading to tandem repeats (STRs), which vary personalized medicine approaches. between Cancer Research: Genome sequencing individuals. helps characterize mutations in cancer cells, leading to targeted therapies and personalized APPLICATION OF treatment BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD ENGINEERS DO? ENGINEERING Food engineers design GROUP 7 sustainable and environmentally Contents responsible food processes for 01 manufacturing safe, nutritious Introduction t and tasty food products. a Food engineering combines o Food Engineering principles of: nd Biotechnology Engineering (fluid mechanics, 02 heat transfer and mass transfer) 03 Math and Science (biology, Biotechnology for Increasing Shelf chemistry and physics) Life Food Chemistry Biotechnology in the Development of Microbiology Food Pack 04 aging Food Processing Operations 05 Biotechnology in Food Safety and Engineering Design Role of Biotechnology in Food PLANT AGRICULTURE Processing Increased crop production, Cross WHAT IS FOOD breeding, herbicide/pesticide ENGINEERING? resistant plants, use of soil bacteria Food Engineering is a multidisciplinary as an insecticide field of applied physical science which FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY combines science, microbiology, and ANIMAL AGRICULTURE engineering education for food and Reproduction, Selection and related industries. breeding, animal health, feeding WHAT DO FOOD and nutrition. Genetically Modified Organisms FOOD PROCESSING is a living plant, animal or microorganism that has been Converting raw, perishable food into subjected to biotechnology. GMO sustainable, palatable products developers use biotechnology Biotechnology has numerous to alter that living organism's fundamental characteristics. applications in food Biotechnology has numerous production, including: applications in food production, FERMENTATION including: process where microbes FLAVOR AND AROMA BOOST convert sugars to other By influencing fermentation processes, scientists can compounds, to enhance food enhance the natural flavors and aromas qualities. of foods like ENZYME PRODUCTION cheese and yogurt. Microbes are used to create BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR INCREASING enzymes that help process food SHELF LIFE faster, improve texture, and GENETIC MODIFICATION achieve other desired effects. is the modification and manipulation of an Biotechnology has numerous applications in food production, organism's genes using technology. including: COMBATING ENHANCED FOOD TRAITS MICROORGANISMS Scientists can modify genes in plants to Biotechnology helps control spoilage create tastier caused and longer-lasting fruits and vegetables. by microorganisms. Examples Using beneficial microbes to suppress include seedless watermelons and harmful sweeter tomatoes. ones. Biodegradable Materials Producing natural antimicrobials to kill Active and Intelligent Packaging unwanted bacteria. Sustainable Production FOOD ADDITIVES Examples of Biotechnology AND ENZYMES Application in Food Packiging Biotechnology helps create food Chitosan Films additives and Derived from chitin, a natural enzymes that slow down spoilage. polysaccharide Enzymes can prevent oxidation, a major found in the shells of crustaceans like cause crabs and of spoilage. shrimps. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE Examples of Biotechnology DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD Application in Food Packiging PACKAGING Biodegradable Coatings BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE Plant-based materials like starches from corn or DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD potatoes, or cellulose from wood pulp. PACKAGING Examples of Biotechnology Biotechnology in the development of food Application in Food Packiging packaging involves using biological Polylactic Acid (PLA) processes Derived from fermented plant starch, and materials to create innovative, sustainable, primarily corn and functional packaging solutions. Examples of Biotechnology Role of Biotechnology in Application in Food Packiging Developement of Food Polyhydroxyalkanoates Packaging (PHA) Produced by microbial fermentation of reaction), genetic engineering, amplified fragment length polymorphism, sugars or lipids. recombinant DNA technology, random Examples of Biotechnology amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Application in Food Packiging etc., are being used, and they tend to aid in the authentication of meat Biosensors in and checking its speciation. Packaging Biotechnology can be used to improve Produced by microbial fermentation of the safety of the food supply and sugars or lipids. nutritional quality, as well. The food industry is the lifeline connection BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD SAFETY between the farmer and the BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD supermarket. Many agricultural products SAFETY are processed after leaving the farm, except vegetables and fruits Ensuring food safety is important to provide generally eaten raw. Biotechnology can be used to improve the safety of appropriate safeguards for a consumer and the food supply and nutritional quality. encourage trade. Contamination of FOOD SAFETY, SAFETY FOOD microorganisms is monitored in the final Food Safety product and during the production Concept that food will not cause harm to process, the consumer when sanitation, and cleaning and is one of it is prepared and/or consumed the according to its intended use. important factors in the process of Safe Foo manufacturing food and biotechnology. A pr BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD d SAFETY oduct that is free of microbiological, chemical, or physical Various tools of biotechnology, including PCR (polymerase chain hazards OR human beings through food and water; A product that does not cause illness or caused by an infectious agent or injury when consumed poisonous as intended. substance arising from microbial toxins, 01 poisonous chemicals or other harmful 02 substances. WHY FOOD SAFETY? Foodborne illness = Food poisoning i THANK YOU! ii METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING iii APPLICATION OF iv BIOTECHNOLOGY i PRESENTED BY GROUP 8 ii What is iii Metallurgy? iv Metallurgy is the science and technology of Some of the reasons for concern about food extracting metals from their ores, refining them, safety? and creating useful alloys. It involves the Changes in food habits study Food handling practices of the physical and chemical properties of Changing products, processes etc. metals, as well as the processes used to Globalization of trade in food produce and manipulate them. Foodborne microorganisms can cause illness for the body Key aspects Definition to Foodborne illness: illness transmitted to Metallurgy 01 products. It encompasses a wide range of 02 applications and technologies that ORE EXTRACTING AND harness the PROCESSING capabilities of biological systems, such as cells, SMELTING AND REFINING microorganisms, and biomolecules. Key aspects Biotechnology to Genetic Engineering Metallurgy Agricultural 03 Biotechnology ALLOYING Biomanufacturing 04 Tissue Engineering CASTING AND SHAPING What is the Key aspects importance of to Biotechnology to Metallurgy Metallurgy? 05 By integrating biotechnological HEAT TREATMENT approaches with 06 traditional metallurgical practices, the industry can SURFACE TREATMENT develop more sustainable, efficient, and What is environmentally responsible solutions Biotechnology? for metal Biotechnology is the field of science that extraction, processing, and waste management, involves the use of living organisms, or their contributing to the advancement of the field of components, to develop or create useful metallurgy. METHODS OF Thiubacillus thiooxidans BIOTECHNOLOGY IN Thiubacillus ferrooxidans METALLURGY Types of Bioleaching Bio-Leaching 01 Biosorption & 02 Bioaccumulation Direct Bioleaching Biobenefication Indirect Bioleaching Bioremediation uses minerals that are easily receptive to oxidation to create a direct Biofabrication enzymatic strike using the Bio-Leaching microorganisms to separate the metal and the a process in mining and biohydrometallurgy that extracts ore. valuable metals from a low grade microorganisms are not in direct contact ore with the help of microorganisms with minerals during the such as bacteria or archaea. process. However, leaching agents are Metals extracted from bio-leaching: created by microbes, which still Gold oxidize the ore. Silver Biosorption & Nickel Bioaccumulation Cobalt involve interactions and concentration of toxic metals or organic pollutants in the Zinc biomass, Uranium either living or nonliving. Copper Biosorption Microorganism used in bioleaching -“ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from 01 wastewater through 02 metabolically mediated (by the use of 01 ATP) or spontaneous physicochemical pathways of 02 uptake (not at the cost of ATP), or as a Bioflotation property of certain types of inactive, non-living microbial Bioflocculation. biomass which bind and concentrate uses the microorganisms and their heavy metals from even very dilute products (such as biomass and EPS) aqueous solutions” as flotation reagents. BIo-accumulation, refers how pollutant (metals) enter food -a - process by which the organsim chain and relates to the accumulates chemical or heavy metals in thier tissues accumulation of contaminants. over time. Bioremediation - When microbes are utilized for cleaning a contaminated region, this process is Biosorption mechanisms called 01 bioremediation. It is cost-effective and completely natural. 02 a technique for removing/converting Metabolism dependent biosorption harmful contaminants like heavy metals into less Metabolism independent biosorption harmful substances; and/or removing -is exhibited by living biological material. toxic elements from the contaminated environment; or -mostly occurs in biomass consisting of dead cells degrading organic substances and ultimate mineralization of organic Biobenefication substances into carbon defined as employing microorganisms dioxide, water, nitrogen gas, etc., (including bacteria, fungi, algae, and employing dead or alive biomass. yeast) in mineral - processing and related industries. Biofabrication - -involves the use of biological systems, 2 Main Categories such as bacteria, algae, or fungi, to fabricate or modify materials at the nanoscale level. In 05 metallurgy, biofabrication techniques can be used to Research and Scientific synthesize nanoparticles, create Understanding/Needs biocompatible coatings for metal implants, or improve the Microbial Diversity Exploration properties of metal alloys. Understanding Different Mechanisms CHALLENGES/LIMITATIONS Continuous Research OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN Scale-up Issues METALLURGY Monitoring Implementations 01 Scalability and Implementation 02 BENEFITS OF 03 BIOTECHNOLOGY Technical Constraints IN METALLURGY Selectivity 01 Slow Process 02 Technological Maturity 03 Waste Management It reduced energy consumption Unintended Consequences harmfu