Cellulose, Chitin, and Amino Acids
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Questions and Answers

What is the goal of applied genetics?

  • To create new species
  • To reduce the cost of food production
  • To develop new medical treatments
  • To improve the quality of food and fiber products, and minimize adverse environmental effects (correct)

    • What is the result of a missense mutation?

  • The same amino acid is formed
  • No amino acid is formed
  • A different amino acid is formed (correct)
  • A premature stop codon is formed

    • What is the purpose of selective breeding?

  • To reduce the quality of food products
  • To create hybrids of different species
  • To eliminate genetic diseases
  • To selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (correct)

    • What is the result of a deletion mutation?

    <p>A part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inbreeding?

    <p>Breeding between individuals that are closely related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a frameshift mutation?

    <p>Different amino acids are formed due to a change in the reading frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene mutation?

    <p>A change in a single gene or allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nonsense mutation?

    <p>A premature stop codon is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>To bind to a specific substrate molecule, facilitating the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of enzymes in living organisms?

    <p>Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the "induced fit" model of enzyme action?

    <p>The substrate binds to the enzyme, causing a conformational change in the enzyme's active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins, specifically the β-pleated sheet?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?

    <p>They are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The α-helix structure of proteins is primarily stabilized by:

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one amino acid and the carbonyl group of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model of enzyme action?

    <p>The lock and key model involves a rigid active site, while the induced fit model involves a flexible active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central dogma of molecular biology state about genetic information?

    <p>It flows only in one direction from DNA to RNA to protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known as the Father of Modern Genetics?

    <p>Gregor Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does RNA polymerase play in the central dogma?

    <p>It initiates transcription by building RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism did Gregor Mendel use in his genetic studies?

    <p>Pisum Sativum (Pea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the central dogma of life?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposed by Aristotle relates to genetic information?

    <p>Pangenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves copying a DNA strand into RNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Oswald Avery's work in genetics?

    <p>Transformation of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amino acids are characterized by their ability to attract water?

    <p>Polar amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do glycogen and starch primarily serve as in living organisms?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amino acids classified?

    <p>By their characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What elements primarily compose proteins?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures does chitin form?

    <p>Rigid shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about non-polar amino acids is true?

    <p>They repel water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?

    <p>Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of food engineers?

    <p>To design sustainable and safe food manufacturing processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles is NOT a focus of food engineering?

    <p>Astrophysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biotechnology primarily used for in food processing?

    <p>To increase crop production and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of biology is a key principle in food engineering?

    <p>Microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of food products do food engineers aim to manufacture?

    <p>Nutritious, safe, and tasty food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of biotechnology in food safety?

    <p>Development of pest-resistant crop varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processes are included in food processing operations?

    <p>Production, preservation, and packaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does biotechnology aid in increasing the shelf life of food?

    <p>By developing better packaging methods and safety protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellulose and Chitin

    • Structural polysaccharides composed of glucose.
    • Cellulose forms wood-like structures; chitin forms hard shells.
    • Provide rigid structural components for plants and some animals.

    Glycogen and Starch

    • Vital storage sugars for animals (glycogen) and plants (starch).
    • Both grow outward from a central point in complex patterns.

    Proteins

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
    • Enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy, facilitating chemical reactions.
    • Protein structures include:
      • α-Helix: coiled shape due to hydrogen bonds between amino acids.
      • β-Pleated Sheet: strands form sheets linked by hydrogen bonds.

    Amino Acids

    • Basic units of proteins; 20 varieties categorized as:
      • Polar: Hydrophilic, found on surface.
      • Non-polar: Hydrophobic, located inside proteins.
      • Electrically Charged: Participate in various chemical interactions.
    • Essential (obtained from diet) and non-essential (synthesized by the body).

    Tertiary Structure

    • Formed by interactions among R-groups of amino acids, resulting in a 3D shape.

    Quaternary Structure

    • Common in proteins with multiple chains, maintaining stability through R-group interactions.

    Enzyme Action Models

    • Lock and Key Model: Active site perfectly fits substrate like a key in a lock.
    • Induced Fit Model: Substrate binding causes the enzyme's shape to adjust, enhancing fit.

    Lipids and Nucleic Acids

    • Lipids: Chemical compounds mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen, crucial for body functions.

    Central Dogma of Life

    • Genetic information flow is unidirectional: DNA → RNA → Protein.
    • Key processes involve:
      • Replication: DNA copying with complementary nucleotides.
      • Transcription: RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase.
      • Translation: Synthesizing proteins from RNA templates.

    Applied Genetics

    • Focuses on improving food quality, cost efficiency, and minimizing adverse environmental impacts.

    Mutations

    • Missense: Mutation causing one amino acid change.
    • Nonsense: Mutation resulting in a premature stop signal.
    • Frameshift: Alteration of the reading frame due to base addition or deletion.
    • Deletion: Loss of a chromosome segment.
    • Insertion: Addition of base pairs.

    Selective Breeding

    • Process of human-directed mating to enhance desirable traits in plants and animals.

    Biotechnology in Food Engineering

    • Food engineers create sustainable food production processes.
    • Combines principles of engineering, math, science, and food chemistry.
    • Focuses on biotechnology applications in food safety, processing operations, and packaging.

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    Modern Bio Group PPT PDF

    Description

    Learn about the structural polysaccharides cellulose and chitin, and the basic units of proteins, amino acids. Understand their composition and functions.

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