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Questions and Answers
What is the goal of applied genetics?
What is the goal of applied genetics?
- To create new species
- To reduce the cost of food production
- To develop new medical treatments
- To improve the quality of food and fiber products, and minimize adverse environmental effects (correct)
What is the result of a missense mutation?
What is the result of a missense mutation?
- The same amino acid is formed
- No amino acid is formed
- A different amino acid is formed (correct)
- A premature stop codon is formed
What is the purpose of selective breeding?
What is the purpose of selective breeding?
- To reduce the quality of food products
- To create hybrids of different species
- To eliminate genetic diseases
- To selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (correct)
What is the result of a deletion mutation?
What is the result of a deletion mutation?
What is inbreeding?
What is inbreeding?
What is the result of a frameshift mutation?
What is the result of a frameshift mutation?
What is a gene mutation?
What is a gene mutation?
What is the result of a nonsense mutation?
What is the result of a nonsense mutation?
What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?
What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of enzymes in living organisms?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of enzymes in living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the tertiary structure of a protein?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the tertiary structure of a protein?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the "induced fit" model of enzyme action?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the "induced fit" model of enzyme action?
What type of interaction stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins, specifically the β-pleated sheet?
What type of interaction stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins, specifically the β-pleated sheet?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
The α-helix structure of proteins is primarily stabilized by:
The α-helix structure of proteins is primarily stabilized by:
What is the main difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model of enzyme action?
What is the main difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model of enzyme action?
What does the central dogma of molecular biology state about genetic information?
What does the central dogma of molecular biology state about genetic information?
Which scientist is known as the Father of Modern Genetics?
Which scientist is known as the Father of Modern Genetics?
What role does RNA polymerase play in the central dogma?
What role does RNA polymerase play in the central dogma?
What organism did Gregor Mendel use in his genetic studies?
What organism did Gregor Mendel use in his genetic studies?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the central dogma of life?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the central dogma of life?
Which theory proposed by Aristotle relates to genetic information?
Which theory proposed by Aristotle relates to genetic information?
Which process involves copying a DNA strand into RNA?
Which process involves copying a DNA strand into RNA?
What was the focus of Oswald Avery's work in genetics?
What was the focus of Oswald Avery's work in genetics?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
Which type of amino acids are characterized by their ability to attract water?
Which type of amino acids are characterized by their ability to attract water?
What do glycogen and starch primarily serve as in living organisms?
What do glycogen and starch primarily serve as in living organisms?
How are amino acids classified?
How are amino acids classified?
What elements primarily compose proteins?
What elements primarily compose proteins?
What type of structures does chitin form?
What type of structures does chitin form?
Which of these statements about non-polar amino acids is true?
Which of these statements about non-polar amino acids is true?
What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
What is the primary role of food engineers?
What is the primary role of food engineers?
Which of the following principles is NOT a focus of food engineering?
Which of the following principles is NOT a focus of food engineering?
What is biotechnology primarily used for in food processing?
What is biotechnology primarily used for in food processing?
Which aspect of biology is a key principle in food engineering?
Which aspect of biology is a key principle in food engineering?
What type of food products do food engineers aim to manufacture?
What type of food products do food engineers aim to manufacture?
Which of the following is a benefit of biotechnology in food safety?
Which of the following is a benefit of biotechnology in food safety?
Which processes are included in food processing operations?
Which processes are included in food processing operations?
How does biotechnology aid in increasing the shelf life of food?
How does biotechnology aid in increasing the shelf life of food?
Study Notes
Cellulose and Chitin
- Structural polysaccharides composed of glucose.
- Cellulose forms wood-like structures; chitin forms hard shells.
- Provide rigid structural components for plants and some animals.
Glycogen and Starch
- Vital storage sugars for animals (glycogen) and plants (starch).
- Both grow outward from a central point in complex patterns.
Proteins
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
- Enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy, facilitating chemical reactions.
- Protein structures include:
- α-Helix: coiled shape due to hydrogen bonds between amino acids.
- β-Pleated Sheet: strands form sheets linked by hydrogen bonds.
Amino Acids
- Basic units of proteins; 20 varieties categorized as:
- Polar: Hydrophilic, found on surface.
- Non-polar: Hydrophobic, located inside proteins.
- Electrically Charged: Participate in various chemical interactions.
- Essential (obtained from diet) and non-essential (synthesized by the body).
Tertiary Structure
- Formed by interactions among R-groups of amino acids, resulting in a 3D shape.
Quaternary Structure
- Common in proteins with multiple chains, maintaining stability through R-group interactions.
Enzyme Action Models
- Lock and Key Model: Active site perfectly fits substrate like a key in a lock.
- Induced Fit Model: Substrate binding causes the enzyme's shape to adjust, enhancing fit.
Lipids and Nucleic Acids
- Lipids: Chemical compounds mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen, crucial for body functions.
Central Dogma of Life
- Genetic information flow is unidirectional: DNA → RNA → Protein.
- Key processes involve:
- Replication: DNA copying with complementary nucleotides.
- Transcription: RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase.
- Translation: Synthesizing proteins from RNA templates.
Applied Genetics
- Focuses on improving food quality, cost efficiency, and minimizing adverse environmental impacts.
Mutations
- Missense: Mutation causing one amino acid change.
- Nonsense: Mutation resulting in a premature stop signal.
- Frameshift: Alteration of the reading frame due to base addition or deletion.
- Deletion: Loss of a chromosome segment.
- Insertion: Addition of base pairs.
Selective Breeding
- Process of human-directed mating to enhance desirable traits in plants and animals.
Biotechnology in Food Engineering
- Food engineers create sustainable food production processes.
- Combines principles of engineering, math, science, and food chemistry.
- Focuses on biotechnology applications in food safety, processing operations, and packaging.
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Description
Learn about the structural polysaccharides cellulose and chitin, and the basic units of proteins, amino acids. Understand their composition and functions.
