Modeling of MPPT Controller Using P&O and ANFIS (PDF)

Modeling of MPPT controller with P&O and ANFIS controller in solar Photovoltaic powered Water Pumping: Case Study at Amude oromia , Ethiopia Habtewold Abera Bikila A Thesis Proposal Submitted To Department of Power and Control Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and Computing Program in Partial Fulfillment of Master of Science in Electrical Power and Control (Power Engineering) Office of Graduate Studies Adama Science and Technology University September, 2024 Adama, Ethiopia Modeling of MPPT controller with P&O and ANFIS controller in solar Photovoltaic powered Water Pumping: Case Study at Amude oromia, Ethiopia Habtewold Abera Bikila Advisor: Dr.Negasa Thesis Proposal Submitted To Department of Power and Control Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and Computing Program in Partial Fulfillment of Master of Science in Electrical Power and Control (Power Engineering) Office of Graduate Studies Adama Science and Technology University September, 2024 Adama, Ethiopia i Approval sheet for project proposal Name of student Signature Date Advisor Signature Date Co –Advisor Signature Date Department Head Signature Date School Dean Signature Date Office of Postgraduate Studies, Dean Signature Date ii Table of Contents Approval sheet for project proposal................................................................................................ ii List of Figure................................................................................................................................... v List of Table.................................................................................................................................... v Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS………………………………………………………………………..………….vii CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Objectives............................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 General Objective........................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Specific Objectives......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Scope of the thesis.................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Limitation of the Study........................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Significance of the Study........................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................ 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND........................................ 6 2.1 Review of the literature........................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Basic theories of renewable energy...................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Overview of Photovoltaic (PV) System:...................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Types and Configurations of PV Systems:................................................................... 15 2.3 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller algorithm............................................ 16 2.3.1 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) Techniques.................................................. 16 iii 2.4 Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller................................................ 20 2.5 Water pump system............................................................................................................... 22 2.5.1 Categories of Water Pumps.......................................................................................... 23 2.6 DC to DC Converters............................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................... 26 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Methodologies....................................................................................................................... 26 4 WORK PLAN............................................................................................................................ 27 5. BUDGET.................................................................................................................................. 28 Reference...................................................................................................................................... 29 iv List of Figure Figure 2. 1: How photovoltaic solar works (Online2, 2024)................................................... 11 Figure 2.2. P-N junction in a simple circuit............................................................................ 13 Figure 2.3. PV cell formed by N- and P-layer........................................................................ 13 Figure 2.4 Monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous solids..................................... 14 Figure 2.5 Perturbs and observes technique............................................................................ 17 Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the research methodology.......................................................... 26 List of Table Table 4. 1: Time schedule for the thesis.................................................................................. 28 Table5. 1: System budget analysis........................................................................................... 29 v Abstract This thesis project has taken into consideration an investigation into the design of a photovoltaic water pumping system controller for irrigation purposes. It covers an analysis of the system's components and modeling. Mathematical modeling techniques and theoretical research on photo voltaic cause equivalent electrical circuits. There is a discussion of various tracking algorithms and their control schemes. The entire system is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the efficacy of the intended MPPT technique. Every subsystem is examined and simulated in order to simulate the entire system. The model is imported into MATLAB, where the MPPT, ANFIS, pump motor, buck converter, and photovoltaic module are all modeled using SIMULINK. Techniques known as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) are being developed in order to boost the power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems. PV generator systems have been using a lot of AI-based MPPT controllers lately. The Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is one of these many AI techniques that is frequently used to extract the most power possible from PV systems. On the other hand, acquiring accurate data for ANFIS model training and tuning poses a significant obstacle to developing a successful ANFIS-MPPT method. Each of these components has been simulated and hidden within a different subsystem in order to make it simple to control and accurately monitor. This proposed thesis' main objective is to design, mathematically model, and implement a P&O controller based on Anfis under variable irradiation conditions. Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, Photovoltaic, P&O and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. vi ACRONYMS AC Alternating Current D Duty cycle ration DC Direct Current FIS Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system Imp Maximum power point current at reference condition IRC International Rescue Committee ISE Integral of square error Ipv Output current of the solar cell Isc Short Circuit current MPP Maximum Power Point MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking PV Photovoltaic PVWPS Photovoltaic water pumping system PWM Pulse Width Modulation WHO World Health Organization vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Technological developments in food production must progress quickly due to the steady increase in food consumption. One major problem in developing nations is food insecurity. Utilizing technology to boost yields is essential in a nation like Ethiopia where agriculture serves as the primary source of income. Ethiopian agriculture is mostly dependent on rainfall. Global warming has caused climate change, which renders rain-fed agricultural systems unstable. Consequently, more land has been put under irrigation to supply food for the growing population. According to United Nation (UN) World Water Development Report in 2023, about one-fifth of the world’s population who are nearly 1.2 billion people are lived in districts where water is physically uncommon. One-quarter of the around the world population as well live in developing countries that confront water shortages. Throughout the evolution of civilization in human cultures, there has always been a necessity to supply drinking water and meet regular agricultural demands. An AC-powered system is inexpensive and low maintenance when AC power is available from a nearby grid. But in many rural areas, water sources are too remote from the current grid lines, spread out over several kilometers of land. In remote locations, the expense of installing new transformers and transmission lines is unaffordable. Currently, a number of diesel engines are used to power independent water pumping systems. These systems have similar benefits, including being portable and simple to install, but they also have drawbacks, like a limited supply, high running costs, and the need for frequent site visits for maintenance and replenishment. In addition, diesel is costly and not always accessible in rural areas of many developing nations. Even in cases where the fuel is available domestically, getting it to isolated rural villages can be challenging because most of these villages lack access to roads and other necessary infrastructure. The combustion of fossil fuels is the largest anthropogenic influence on climate change mainly caused by emitted greenhouse gasses. That makes the problem of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion of great importance nowadays. That is the reason why the amounts and the impact of emissions have to be known, and it should be strived to reduce those amounts as much as 1 possible. Renewable energy technologies, which are often already more affordable than fossil fuels, can be used to address the CO2 emissions issue. A new energy paradigm is being adopted as part of the sustainable development strategy, and carbon-free technologies are being widely deployed for the generation, transmission, and consumption of renewable energy. The development of power switching devices and digital technology is what is enabling this energy paradigm. Water resources are necessary for social, economic, and sustainable development as well as for meeting human requirements, safeguarding health, assuring food production, irrigation, drinking water, and the restoration of ecosystems. The supply of ecologically friendly technologies for the delivery of potable water is greatly needed. An essential part of satisfying this need is the use of remote water pumping devices. Additionally, it will be the first phase of the plants that create drinkable water through desalination and filtration. Future energy sources will likely come from renewable energy, particularly solar photovoltaic, and research and development in this field will be crucial for the use of solar cells to power electrical systems. Renewable energy has become an important choice to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. A sustainable development needs policies and strategies policies, which can improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is a great need to supply sustainable energy for the provision of drinking water at very low financial and environmental cost, especially in relatively poor and arid rural regions. Without basic services, such regions are likely to become aid dependent or depopulated and unproductive, especially when expectations are raised by modern information and communications technology. Remote PV water pumping and PV power generation systems, generally, seem to be an excellent solution to assist with this problem into the future. The solar-powered water pumps are used to supply water for everything from livestock irrigation to far-flung homes or entire villages. Most PV water pumping systems employ DC motor-driven pumps and are directly connected to the solar panels. Although this system is simple to use, it is inefficient and frequently needs repair. An inverter with an AC motor is used with solar pumps powered by AC drives. Better options are available with an induction motor in terms of size, toughness, efficiency, and maintainability. Today, the majority of research is devoted to improving the usage of unconventional energy sources. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most widely used non-conventional 2 energy sources since it provides so many benefits. When compared to conventional energy sources, solar photovoltaic panels have several advantages, including the ability to absorb free, perpetual solar energy, their environmental friendliness (they don't release any pollution into the atmosphere), and their low maintenance requirements. A solar cell is a device with the primary function of transforming light energy directly into electricity through photovoltaic effect. Selecting an appropriate location for the study is crucial. For a sustainable water supply strategy, site selection is essential, but many designers tend to underestimate its importance when sizing PV water pumping systems. Installing the best system available is pointless if there isn't a consistent supply of water. When selecting the research site, consideration was given to the volume of water required for the intended use as well as the type, quantity, and amount of readily available water resources. These characteristics led to the Arsi zone, which is closest to Lake Ziway, in Ethiopia's Oromia region dodota woreda, Amude kebele, being selected for this study. One of Ethiopia's largest freshwater Rift Valley lakes, Lake Batu/Ziway is located in the Oromia Region approximately 70 kilometers from Adama/Nazeret. With a length of 31 kilometers and a width of 20 kilometers, the lake occupies an astounding 440 square kilometers. With a maximum depth of nine meters, Lake Ziway is situated 1,636 meters above sea level. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The proposed application has long relied on traditional techniques like diesel-powered generators and direct-coupled DC motors for water pumping applications. Diesel pumps and DC motors have other problems besides exhaust gas leakage, like irregular fuel supply, which is especially troublesome in rural Ethiopia. Diesel is also costly and hard to come by in Ethiopia's rural areas, and even when it is, it can be challenging to deliver the fuel to isolated rural villages because most of them lack access to roads and other necessary infrastructure. It is crucial to use solar technology to increase yields in a country like Ethiopia where agriculture is the main source of income. Ethiopia's primary agricultural sector is rain-fed and reliant on the wet season. Which will impact the growth of Ethiopian agriculture? Using renewable energy sources is one technological option for creating clean energy. Since photovoltaic (PV) systems appear to be the most promising renewable energy source among all 3 of them, there has been a lot of interest in them. Because photovoltaic power generation is environmentally friendly and has a significant role to play, it is important. The only emissions associated with the production of PV power are those resulting from the manufacturing process. However, research into ways to improve the efficiency of PV systems is still challenging. Since temperature and irradiance affect a solar module's maximum power point (MPP), MPPT algorithms are crucial in PV applications. 1.3 Objectives 1.3.1 General Objective The main objective of this proposed thesis is Modeling of MPPT controller with P&O and ANFIS Controller in solar Photovoltaic powered Water Pumping application under variable irradiation conditions. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives The specific objectives of this thesis are to: To determine the power demand of the selected area. To estimate and select the size of the PV panel, DC-DC converter. To extract the optimal output power under variable irradiation conditions To analyses the simulations results and make recommendation based on the finding of this thesis. To Compare the results of ANFIS with perturb and observe under various weather conditions 1.4 Scope of the thesis The high cost of diesel and the electricity deficit have an impact on agricultural and community water supply pumping requirements. Consequently, pumping water using solar energy is a viable substitute for pumping systems that rely on diesel and conventional energy. This thesis uses MATLAB/Simulink to simulate and manage a solar-powered water pumping system for agricultural irrigation through the use of a ANFIS -based P&O controller. 1.5 Limitation of the Study This proposed thesis is limited to providing theoretical design, modeling, and simulations of a 4 PV water pumping system controller with MPPT using a Anfis-based P&O controller. The system will not include hardware implementation. That is left for future work. 1.6 Significance of the Study This study aims to illustrate the advantages of switching from diesel to photovoltaic water pumping systems for agricultural irrigation. The advantages of employing solar systems will be illustrated from an environmental standpoint, illustrating the extent of the CO2 emissions reduction. The two biggest problems facing Ethiopia and the rest of the world are air pollution and energy waste. As a result, renewable energy sources are gradually taking the place of non- renewable ones worldwide. Due to the above- stated reasons, the renewable energy is welcomed in many countries. 5 CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Review of the literature To gain a better understanding of each MPPT technique and its impact on system performance, this chapter reviews and discusses a number of widely used MPPT techniques for solar PV systems that have been reviewed in the literature, along with their benefits and drawbacks. Researchers looked for different ways to allocate and size PVWPS in the best possible way to increase system efficiency. Below are some summaries of research that have been provided by various authors. In 2020, Alice Hepzibah, A., Premkumar, K,. In this paper, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and proportional integral controller-based maximum power point tracking algorithm are presented for solar powered brushless DC motor for water pumping application. Adaptive neuro- fuzzy inference with PI controller provides control gain to maximum power point tracker. It adjusts the duty cycle of the zeta converter for extracting maximum power from solar PV array. The performance of proposed controller is compared with the conventional perturb and observe method, fuzzy perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method. In 2019, Adel ES, Rami JH, Joseph C, et al.. This paper proposes to design a small-scale photovoltaic system to regulate, store, convert and manage solar power for use in residential settings. The system utilizes a solar panel to supply power to batteries and an AC inverter. Batteries' energy is used to satisfy the power needs of a standard household. The proposed constructed system is a scaled down physical model. The system consists of a programmable controller, photovoltaic panel, a buck converter used to charge the batteries, and a single-phase inverter to supply power for the residential loads. The controller monitors every aspect of the system including battery voltage and solar panel voltage and then determines where the home needs to draw its power from. The control system also plays a vital role in the buck converter design. An input from the solar panel is connected to the system, which then determines the duty cycle needed to step down the voltage from the panel to an acceptable and safe voltage to charge the battery. This design of a Photovoltaic system is able to meet the power demanded by an average house located in Statesboro, Georgia, and thus reduce the load on the municipal power grid.. In 2022, Byung, Soo, Kim. In this work, a standalone PV topology is modeled with different 6 MPPT strategy. Total system consists of Photo-voltaic Array, MPPT Controller, and Buck Converters. For ensuring maximum output power, the most important component is the MPPT control strategy. For this action, many MPPT algorithms are used. The paper models a standalone PV system with MPPT controllers like P&O, Incremental Conductance, and Fuzzy for optimal power generation efficiency in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. In 2022, Ali JA, Ameer K, Malik RQ, et al..In this paper, Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are a practical solution to ensure the continuous operation of the photovoltaic systems, maximize the output of the PV system and overcome nonlinear characteristics under all circumstances. Different MPPT strategies were used to achieve the maximum output power of the photovoltaic system. There are conventional MPPT algorithms. Also, there are soft computing techniques to attract the maximum PowerPoint. In this paper, the MPPT approaches for solar systems are reviewed and compared in-depth with six different requirements, the comparison shows that the Incremental Conductance has an advantage over the conventional methods. Soft computing methods give high efficiency, but the effectiveness of soft computing techniques needs users for a good background on how it works, it's more complex than conventional MPPT methods, the essential variations among these approaches are digital versus analogy applications, design simplicity, sensor requirements, convergence time, effectiveness range, and hardware pricing. As a consequence, choosing the right algorithm is crucial for users since it impacts the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) module and lowers expenses by lowering the number of solar panels required to produce the necessary electricity. Ali ME, Almoataz YA, 2020.In this paper Solar photovoltaic energy systems (PVES) have been used to feed loads in remote areas as well as in central power plants connected to the electric utility. Many research works have been done to reduce the cost of the generated energy from the PVES. One of the most important factors of research work is to reduce the cost of generated energy by increasing the generated energy from the PVES by modifying its performance operations. This can be achieved by tracking the maximum power available from the PV systems which can increase the generated energy from PVES considerably and reduce its cost. The device used to track the maximum power available from the PVES is called maximum power point tracker (MPPT). MPPT uses a controlled technique to control the power electronics converters to be sure it extracts the maximum power available from the PVES. Conventional 7 MPPT techniques like perturb and observe, hill climbing, incremental conductance, etc., have been introduced a long time ago, and they were working for un shaded PVES very well. But, in case of partial shading conditions, multi-peaks in the PV curve of the PV array are generated, and these peaks may trap the conventional techniques to fall within one of the local peaks. In 2023, Simranjit, Kaur., S., Vig. In this paper , a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPTT) was used to extract the maximum power from the sunrays present in the environment, and a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) technique has also been used to improve the efficiency and accuracy of MPPT tracking. The paper discusses modeling a solar eco-system with a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), enhancing power extraction efficiency from varying environmental conditions. But it has Lack of discussion on real-world implementation challenges and it is Limited exploration of alternative MPPT control techniques. In 2020 ; V. Parimala, D. Ganeshkumar, M. Divya. This study describes the designs and simulations of an efficient photovoltaic water pumping system that uses a fuzzy logic controller and PI. The system makes use of an MPPT with P&O and increment conduction algorithms. While employing a fuzzy logic controller, the suggested algorithm performs admirably with respectable accuracy; however, it is unclear how the fuzzy membership functions are adjusted to improve the efficiency of a solar water pumping system. Chandra, S. & Gaur, P, 2023. The solar photovoltaic (PV) sources presented in this paper have low voltage output, making them unsuitable for direct use in micro-grid applications. Thus, in this manuscript, a novel high gain single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) is proposed to boost the low voltage output. The high voltage gain at a low duty ratio and continuous input current of the proposed high gain SEPIC (HGS) make it suitable for PV applications. The suggested converter provides straightforward control and achieves a high gain without requiring a transformer or coupled inductor, preventing a voltage overshoot in the semiconductor switch during turn-off operation. Consequently, the converter switch's conduction losses are decreased, and the performance of the converter is enhanced. This manuscript also explores the efficacy of the suggested HGS in conjunction with the PV array. Under conditions of irradiance change, a thorough performance evaluation of the suggested HGS is examined and contrasted with various SEPIC topologies. In 2019, Quentin C. and colleagues. The development of an induction motor-powered 8 solar photovoltaic water pumping system is the aim of this work. For induction motors, an intelligent speed control method is offered to increase the recommended system's efficiency. A fuzzy-PI controller is used in the suggested method to generate torque reference and control speed. To extract as much power as possible from the PV panel, the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is applied. This MPPT method's slow tracking ability, which leads to steady-state oscillation at maximum power, is a drawback. Pathak, P. K., Anil, K. Y. & Alvi, P. A. (2023),. The solar photovoltaic (PV) system produces a discernible fluctuation in power because of the stochastic nature of the solar insulation. In order to lessen the likelihood of tracking direction loss and to lessen oscillations around the maximum power point (MPP) when the PV array is subjected to periodically varying insolation levels, this paper proposes a reduced oscillation based perturb and observe (ROP&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. With the addition of a unique structure for dynamic step sizing and a proportional-integral (PI) controller that potently modifies the duty cycle of PWM gating signals applied to the DC-DC boost power converter, the suggested technique maintains the structure of the traditional perturb and observe (P&O) technique. The incremental conductance (IC) and traditional P&O schemes are contrasted with the ROP&O MPPT technique in terms of tracking efficacy ripples in PV voltage and PV current, convergence time, and the error rates. The acquired simulation test results clearly indicate that the ROP&O MPPT method provides an enhanced with reduced oscillations Also, the proposed MPPT technique is benchmarked using three-phase grid integration, and the power quality of the grid current is observed in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD). 2021 Roy, R. B. et al. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) based Levenberg- Marquardt (LM), Bayesian Regularization (BR) and Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) algorithms are deployed in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) energy harvesting in solar photovoltaic (PV) system to forge a comparative performance analysis of the three different algorithms. A comparative analysis among the algorithms in terms of the performance of handling the trained dataset is presented. The MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to design the maximum power point tracking energy harvesting system and the artificial neural network toolbox is utilized to analyze the developed model. 9 2.2 Basic theories of renewable energy Renewable energy is defined as power generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides, geothermal heat, etc. Solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, and hydropower are a few examples of renewable electricity sources. The use of renewable energy techniques is becoming increasingly popular because of rising demand and the threat of negative carbon footprints. Wind power offers a great deal of untapped potential as an alternative source of energy. The rising demand for wind energy typically results in the generation of high-quality output electricity through grid integration.. All life on Earth receives its energy from the sun, which is a free, quiet, and clean source. For all societies, solar energy offers a convincing way to meet their future energy needs for substantial, clean sources of energy. Sunlight is readily available, unaffected by geopolitical unrest, and does not present any threat to the environment or the world's climate systems due to air pollution emissions. 2.2.1 Overview of Photovoltaic (PV) System: A photovoltaic system uses semiconductor materials to directly convert solar radiation into electricity. The fundamental idea can be summed up as follows: ✓ Photovoltaic Effect: This is the basic mechanism by which photons, or light particles, from sunlight dislodge electrons from semiconductor material atoms. Thus, electron-hole pairs are produced. ✓ Electric Field: The internal structure of the semiconductor produces an electric field inside the PV cell, also referred to as a solar cell. When sunlight enters the cell, this electric field causes electrons to flow in a specific direction. ✓ Generation of Electricity: Direct current (DC) electricity is produced when sunlight (photons) strikes a photovoltaic cell, stimulating electrons and enabling them to move through the material ✓ Collection and Conversion: The metal contacts on the cell collect the DC electricity generated and can be used to power external circuits. Because of its compact size and silent operation, the photovoltaic system is a recommended renewable energy source for distributed energy generation. As a result, solar systems are becoming more and more well-known globally. The terms "photo" and "voltaic," which are 10 both associated with the production of light and electricity, are combined to form the word "photovoltaic." As a result, solar energy is converted directly using solar cells into electrical energy. Power is produced by the solar array when it is exposed to sunlight. To convert, control, conduct, distribute, and store the electricity generated by the solar array, a multitude of interface components are required. PV Array: A group of modules in a single system is referred to as an array. A module can be connected in parallel, series, or to reach desired power ratings when the energy produced by the module is insufficient for specific purposes. PV cell: The building block of photovoltaic systems, photovoltaic cells (also known as solar cells) are covered in a protective laminate to form photovoltaic modules. PV module: A photovoltaic module, also known as a photovoltaic panel, is a collection of cells. In order to improve the voltage rating of the photovoltaic module or panel, cells are typically connected in series. When semiconducting materials in the photovoltaic cell are doped a P-N structure of photovoltaic effect is formed. The p-type or positive silicon can give up electrons and get holes while the n-type or negative silicon receives electrons. When cells are hit by sunlight, the photons in light excite a few of the electrons in the semiconductors to form negative- positive or electron-hole pairs and then the electric field is formed. The following Figure 2.1 shows how the photovoltaic solar works. Figure 2. 1: How photovoltaic solar works (Online2, 2023) 11 Positively charged particles are forced to move in the opposite direction by the field that is formed. Since the electron flows to the n-side instead of the p-side, the hole is formed, and the free electron tends to move there. The hole is then traveling to the p-side or away from an electron. In the cell, an electric current is created by the movement of this electron. How the photovoltaic is operated in the solar cell is the name of this procedure. The main way that solar energy is transferred to the planet is through electromagnetic waves, which are also known as particles or photons. The earth functions as a vast photovoltaic power plant, absorbing vast amounts of solar radiation that come in various forms. These include direct sunlight, which is utilized by plants for photosynthesis, wind generated by heated air masses, and rain, which is created when oceans evaporate and create rivers. Large pn (also known as positive-negative) junction diodes, which use light energy (photons) to produce DC electricity, are basically what make up the majority of solar cells. When the cells light up, a current is generated in the connected load instead of a voltage being applied across the junction. The n- and p-layers that combine to form the solar cell's structure are what make it up (Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3). A pn junction is created when doped semiconductor materials, such as Si or GaAs, are combined. PV cells use semiconductors that show the photovoltaic effect to produce electricity, which is then converted from solar energy to direct current power. Amorphous silicon, copper indium gallium sulfide/selenite, cadmium telluride, mono crystalline and polycrystalline silicon, and cadmium telluride are materials used in solar energy generation. The growing demand for renewable energy sources has led to significant advancements in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and arrays in recent years. The process that generates direct electric current from solar radiation is known as the photovoltaic effect. Although materials can exhibit the PV effect in liquid, gaseous, or solid states, solids—particularly semiconductor materials—have been shown to exhibit the best conversion performance. To create solar cells, semiconductor material is expanded and specific chemicals are added. In many forms, crystalline silicon is the most widely used material for different kinds of fabrication; in fact, it makes up about 90% of the world's output of commercial PV modules. A standard silicon cell with a diameter of 10 cm has the potential to generate more than 1 W of direct current (DC) energy under full sun. A PV cell's efficiency (the type of PV cell), size (surface area), and the amount of light that 12 strikes the surface all affect how much current it can produce. A module, also called a panel, is made up of several cells that are connected and enclosed (usually with glass) because a single cell has a lower electrical output. It is possible to connect cells in parallel or series. Higher power can be achieved by connecting low-power solar PV cells in parallel and series. When connecting PV cells in parallel and series, it is believed that all cells have the same characteristics, i.e. they are identical in all aspects. When two identical cells are connected in series, the output voltage of the two cells is added, while the current flowing through the combination is the same as the current flowing through the single cell. The current from both cells is combined when two cells are connected in parallel, but the voltage of the combination stays the same as a single cell. Figure 2.2. P-N junction in a simple circuit Figure 2.3. PV cell formed by N- and P-layer Silicon materials that are single-crystal, poly-crystalline, and amorphous are frequently used in solar cells for terrestrial applications. Grain boundaries, or defects in the crystal structure brought 13 on by lattice alterations, tend to reduce the material's electrical and thermal conductivity, which makes single-crystal silicon the most efficient. With polycrystalline silicon, the sections of single crystals are visible to the human eye due to clearly defined grain boundaries. The non-crystalline, somewhat randomly arranged silicon atoms are known as amorphous silicon, or a-Si. Out of the three types of silicon, amorphous silicon has the lowest power conversion efficiency but is the least expensive to produce. Figure 2.4 shows a pictorial representation of these solid types. An ingot of single crystal silicon is cut, doped, and etched in a state-of-the-art facility to produce mono crystalline silicon cells. Industrial terrestrial modules typically have an efficiency of 15–25%. Reputable producers of this kind of PV module offer guarantees for up to 20–25 years at 80% of nameplate rating. Different silicon crystals that are formed from an ingot make up polycrystalline silicon cells. They are also sliced and, then doped and etched. They reveal conversion efficiency slightly lower than those of mono crystalline cells, generally from thirteen to fifteen percent. Reliable producers typically guarantee polycrystalline PV modules for 20 years. Amorphous silicon refers to the lack of any geometric cell structure. When compared to crystalline silicon, amorphous modules lack the ordered pattern that crystals have. Commercial modules typically have conversion efficiency from 5- 10%. Depending on the manufacturer, most products come with a 10-year guarantee. The technology has yet to achieve big acceptance for larger power applications mostly due to shorter lifetimes from accelerated cell degradation in sunlight (degradation to 80% of original output in most cases). However, amorphous PV has found wide appeal for use in consumer devices (e.g., watches and calculators). 14 Figure 2.4 Mono crystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous solids 2.2.2 Types and Configurations of PV Systems: PV systems can vary based on their application, scale, and configuration. Here are common types and configurations: A. Types of PV Systems: Grid-Tied Systems: These systems are connected to the electrical grid. They can feed excess electricity back into the grid and draw power from it when needed. Off-Grid Systems: These systems are independent of the grid and typically incorporate batteries for energy storage to provide electricity when sunlight is not available. Hybrid Systems: Combines PV with other sources such as wind or diesel generators to provide a more stable and reliable power supply. B. Configurations: PV Arrays: Arrays consist of multiple PV modules (individual solar panels) connected together. Arrays can be configured in different orientations (fixed, tilted, tracking) to optimize sunlight capture. Mounting Systems: PV modules can be mounted on rooftops, ground-mounted, or integrated into building structures (building-integrated photovoltaic, BIPV). Balance of System (BOS): Includes inverters (to convert DC to AC), wiring, mounting structures, and sometimes energy storage systems (batteries) in off-grid or hybrid configurations. 15 2.3 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller algorithm There exist multiple approaches to optimize the power output of photovoltaic modules. These include standard techniques such as the incremental conductance method, P&O method, open- circuit voltage and short-circuit current method, as well as sophisticated approaches like fuzzy control. Under typical operating conditions, they exhibit oscillatory behavior around the maximum power point; however, using the ordinary strategy, the MPP can be found for specified solar irradiation and temperature conditions. Furthermore, the system will not respond quickly to abrupt changes in either the temperature or the amount of light. Recently, a number of MPPT algorithms have been introduced for PV power systems in an effort to identify the MPP and increase system efficiency. The two types of MPPT algorithms are indirect control, also known as "quasi following techniques," and direct control, also known as "real tracking techniques". In indirect control systems, the maximum power point is calculated using mathematical formulas derived from empirical data or by measuring the photovoltaic array's current and voltage in addition to solar insolation. Consequently, current techniques are unable to monitor MPP changes in response to temperature or irradiation. Indirect control methods include the look-up table approach, constant voltage technique, fractional short-circuit current, and fractional open- circuit voltage. In any event, because they don't rely on past knowledge of or derived data from the PV array V-I characteristics, true following techniques have the ability to discover the optimum operating point even under changing atmospheric conditions. The true tracking techniques include P&O and incremental conductance. One or two variables from the tracking process are used to determine the MPP. The PV array output voltage or current is used in only one variable in the fractional open-circuit voltage and fractional short-circuit current techniques, whereas the MPP is calculated using both variables in the P&O and INC methods. 2.3.1 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) Techniques To ensure optimal operation and cost-effectiveness, it is imperative to maximize the power extraction efficiency from solar panels when applying photovoltaic (PV) systems for water pumping applications. In order to accomplish this, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) techniques are essential. They work by continuously modifying the PV system's operating point to maintain maximum power output under variable solar conditions. This is a thorough analysis and comparison of several intelligent and classical control strategies for MPPT methods, with 16 a focus on solar PV water pump applications. 1. Classical control A. Perturb and Observe (hill climbing method) Because of its straightforward design and simplicity of application, the perturb and observation algorithm is thought to be the most widely used MPPT algorithm among the other approaches. Its foundation lies in the idea that, as seen in Figure 2.5 below, at the top of the power-voltage curve, the change in the PV array output power is equal to zero (ΔPPV = 0). Figure 2.5 Perturbs and observes technique The P&O operates by varying the PV array terminal current or voltage on a regular basis and comparing the PV array's corresponding output power. A perturbation in terminal voltage should be maintained in the same direction if it results in an extension of PV power (ΔPPV > 0); if not, it should be moved in the opposite direction. The cycle of perturbation is continued until the maximum power or ΔPPV = 0, is attained. This technique's benefits include its simplicity, ease of application, and lack of need for prior knowledge of the PV array. However, P&O will continue to disturb and oscillate around the MPP even after it is reached, causing needless power loss. Operation: Incrementally adjusts the operating voltage or current of the PV panels. Monitors the power output after each adjustment. Determines the direction in which power increases and adjusts accordingly. Advantages: Simple to implement and understand. Suitable for applications with relatively stable solar conditions. 17 B. Constant voltage method (CV) The constant voltage method, which is a straightforward control scheme, can be used if the PV system is implemented without a battery to tie the bus voltage to a roughly constant level. In this method, the PV voltage feedback is compared to a predetermined reference voltage. The resultant signal modifies the DC-DC converter's duty ratio to maintain the PV array operating point as near to the MPP as feasible. The drawback of this method is that, instead of using the MPP, it fixes the reference voltage to a best-fixed voltage value and maintains it there regardless of operating conditions. This means that it is not sensitive to changes in temperature or irradiation. C. Incremental conductance (INC) method The basic idea of the incremental conductance is that the slope of P-V curve (the derivative of PV array output power with respect to its output voltage) becomes zero at the MPP. It is also possible to find a relative location of the operating point to the MPP by looking at the slopes. The slope is the derivative of the PV modules power with respect to its voltage. It is negative on the right of MPP and positive on the left of the MPP. The INC method performs erratically during transient conditions. Also, the computational time is increased due to the slowing down of the sampling frequency as a consequence of the algorithm's high complexity in contrast to the P&O technique. Based on the review of the performance comparison made on different MPPT techniques, it is recommended that the P&O and INC techniques have the potential to perform better than other MPPT techniques. However, because of the higher implementation cost of the INC technique, its use would not be justified by the relatively small improvement in performance. This makes the P&O technique more attractive than the INC technique in this thesis work. Operation: Continuously compares the ratio of change in power to change in voltage with the instantaneous conductance. Adjusts the operating voltage to track the MPP. Advantages: More accurate than P&O, especially under varying and dynamic solar conditions. Faster response in tracking MPP changes. Disadvantages: 18 Requires more computational effort. Sensitive to noise and may require filtering. D. Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) It is a method used in photovoltaic (PV) systems' Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). It's a fairly straightforward technique that uses a ratio of the ideal operating current to the short circuit current (Isc) to determine the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic array. FSCC is appropriate for low-cost photovoltaic systems where high accuracy is not as important as simplicity and quick response time. Additionally, it can serve as a foundation for more intricate MPPT algorithms. E. Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) This is an additional MPPT method for determining a photovoltaic (PV) array's maximum power point (MPP) that is comparable to fractional short circuit current (FSCC). As a percentage of the open circuit voltage (Voc), it calculates the ideal operating voltage. FOCV is appropriate for low-cost photovoltaic systems where high accuracy is not as important as simplicity and quick response time. Operation: Uses a fixed fraction of the Voc to estimate the MPP voltage. Adjusts the operating point to maximize power output based on this estimation. Advantages: Simple to implement with low computational overhead. Generally robust under steady solar conditions. Disadvantages: Accuracy depends on the chosen fraction of Voc. Less effective under rapidly changing solar conditions. 2. Intelligent control A. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) An adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a type of artificial intelligence that combines the benefits of both neural networks and fuzzy logic systems. ANFIS is able to learn and make decisions based on data, just like a neural network, but it can also handle imprecise or incomplete data, like a fuzzy logic system. B. Fuzzy logic controller 19 A fuzzy logic-based control system is called a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). It provides a different approach to mapping inputs to outputs than standard Boolean logic. It works especially well with systems that have information that is ambiguous or subjective, or that are too complex for mathematical modeling and analysis. Moreover, FLC employs fuzzy logic to manage nonlinearities and uncertainties in the PV system for MPPT. C. Artificial neural network (ANN) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computational models inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. They are a subset of machine learning and are at the core of deep learning. ANNs are simplified computational models inspired by this biological architecture. While they don't replicate the brain's full complexity, they capture the essence of parallel processing and adaptive learning. D. Sliding mode controller (SMC) Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is a nonlinear control method that is renowned for its robustness against uncertainties and disturbances. The core idea is to force the system's state trajectory to reach and stay on a predefined surface in the state space, known as the sliding surface. Once the system is on this surface, its behavior is determined by the dynamics of the surface itself, which is designed to achieve the desired system performance. 2.4 Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is a hybrid intelligent system that combines the learning capabilities of neural networks with the reasoning capabilities of fuzzy logic. ANFIS is particularly useful for complex system modeling and control, making it suitable for applications like solar PV water pumping systems. Classification of ANFIS ANFIS can be classified based on various criteria: 1. Architecture: Single Layer: Basic structure with input and output layers. Multi-Layer: More complex structures that include multiple hidden layers. 2. Learning Mechanism: 20 Supervised Learning: Uses labeled data to train the model. Unsupervised Learning: Learns from unlabeled data and finds patterns. 3. Rule-Based Systems: Static Rules: Fixed rules that do not change. Dynamic Rules: Rules that adapt based on input data. How ANFIS Works with MPPT Controller The MPPT controller based on artificial intelligence techniques for a PV system has been widely used in recent years. This is because it can solve the significant issues associated with the classical MPPT methods. Moreover, these techniques do not need complex mathematics or accurate parameters when managing the system. In particular, the ANFIS-MPPT is one of the most powerful controllers for a PV system due to experiencing less fluctuation around the optimized MPP point, fast tracking speed and low computation time. However, the main disadvantages are the lack of accurate training data and tuning of the ANFIS model. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the power output from solar panels. ANFIS can enhance the performance of MPPT controllers in solar PV water pumping systems through the following steps: 1. Data Collection: The system collects data on solar irradiance, temperature, and output voltage/current from the solar panels. 2. Fuzzy Rule Generation: Based on the collected data, fuzzy rules are generated. For example, if the solar irradiance is high, then increase the duty cycle of the PWM signal to the pump. 3. Neural Network Training: ANFIS uses a neural network to adjust the fuzzy rules based on real-time data. This training helps optimize the system's performance by adapting to changing environmental conditions. 4. Control Action: The ANFIS controller processes the inputs (irradiance, temperature, etc.) and applies the appropriate control actions (e.g., adjusting the voltage or current) to ensure the system operates at the maximum power point. 21 5. Feedback Loop: Continuous feedback from the system allows ANFIS to refine its rules and improve efficiency over time. Benefits of Using ANFIS in MPPT Adaptability: Adjusts to varying environmental conditions, ensuring optimal performance. Efficiency: Increases energy harvest from solar panels by continuously tracking the maximum power point. Robustness: Handles uncertainties and nonlinearities in the system effectively. 2.5 Water pump system The motor, the pump, and the couplings are all included in the water pump framework. Different types of couplings are used for different purposes, depending on the application and water demand. Different motors and pumps are used based on the daily water requirement, the suction head (for surface-mounted), the pumping head, and the water resource. The more popular are direct current (DC) motors, alternative current (AC) motors, or BLDC motors. Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives have garnered a lot of attention since their performance is superior to that of traditional brushed DC and AC motors. In order to move or enhance liquids in this case, water between two different sites, pumps use more energy. Typically, these are used in home, commercial, and agricultural applications. The choice of a certain pumping system for a given application is a pretty crucial choice that will be influenced by the required energy demand and discharge, head, performance, and financial costs. The most common forms of pumps are centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pump. Motors are generally grouped into two types DC-motors and AC-motors. Wound-field DC motors and permanent magnets are the two types of DC motors (brushed and brushless). One of the earliest promising concepts for solar applications is photovoltaic pumping. Pump technologies are available in a range of sizes and shapes. The application determines the kind of pump to be used. Positive displacement (volumetric), centrifugal and floating-point motor pumps is the most widely used configurations of motor pump subsystems that are available 22 commercially. An impeller rotates in the centrifugal pump, forcing water into the tube. In positive displacement pumps, the water flow is controlled by a screw or piston; pressure and water velocity are determined by the total dynamic head and the mechanical power of the rotating impeller. In low- power scenarios, the positive displacement pump performs significantly better than the centrifugal pump. The water pumps can be driven by a variety of driving systems. 2.5.1 Categories of Water Pumps. Pumping water can be accomplished with a variety of pump types. They can be grouped according to their location (surface or submersible pumps), their design (rotational or positive displacement pumps), or the type of motor they use (AC or DC). Centrifugal pumps are often advised for deep wells and high water demands. Usually, displacement pumps are limited to low volume applications. Solar-powered water pumps are becoming increasingly popular for irrigation due to their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. They can be categorized based on their design and application : Based on Pump Type: Centrifugal Pumps: ✓ Most common type for irrigation. ✓ High flow rates, ideal for large-scale irrigation. ✓ Suitable for both surface and submersible applications. Submersible Pumps: ✓ Designed to be submerged in water. ✓ Ideal for deep wells. ✓ Offers high efficiency and prevents water contamination. Surface Pumps: ✓ Located above the water source. ✓ Suitable for shallow wells or open water bodies. ✓ Generally less efficient than submersible pumps. Positive Displacement Pumps: ✓ Less common in irrigation but used for high-pressure applications or viscous fluids. Based on Power Supply: 23 DC Pumps: ✓ Directly powered by solar panels. ✓ Simple design and lower cost. ✓ Suitable for smaller systems. AC Pumps: ✓ Require an inverter to convert DC power from solar panels to AC. ✓ Wider range of pump options available. ✓ Suitable for larger systems. Based on Application: Solar Borehole Pumps: ✓ Used for extracting water from deep underground sources. ✓ High-capacity pumps required. Solar Open Well Pumps: ✓ Used for pumping water from shallow wells or open water bodies. ✓ Lower capacity pumps compared to borehole pumps. Solar Lift Pumps: ✓ Used to lift water to higher elevations for irrigation or domestic use. Selection of Piping Material: The following factors need to be taken into account while choosing piping materials [23[. The pipe must be cost-effective, have adequate corrosion resistance, and satisfy the mechanical requirements of the system. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping is the most frequently used material for water pumping applications, according to the various piping handbook (McGraw-Hill), because of its many benefits, including good chemical resistance and favorable operating pressure ratings. 2.6 DC to DC Converters DC-DC converters are essential electronic circuits that play a critical role in modern power management systems. Their primary function is to convert the voltage of a direct current (DC) source from one level to another, ensuring stable and efficient power delivery to various electronic devices and systems. The power electronic circuit that changes a DC voltage from one voltage level to another is known as a DC-DC converter. Different conversion techniques exist, including linear, electrical, magnetic, switched-mode, and capacitive. Switched-mode DC-DC converters are one of them, and they are the circuits that this thesis work describes. When switching direct current electrical power from one voltage level to another is required, this device is employed. Because DC cannot 24 be simply stepped down or up using a transformer, DC-DC converters is particularly crucial. Thus, a transformer is created using a DC-DC converter. Essentially, they do is transform the supplied power into different impedance levels (Online4, 2024). Therefore, regardless of the output voltage levels, power is produced from the input. Different types of DC-DC converters are available and can be used to shift one voltage level to another. Some of them are discussed below. The buck converter: Depending on its needs, the buck converter is employed in circuits to step down the voltage level from the input voltage. Buck converter is easy and inexpensive. When a buck converter is operating, the switch is initially open, which means that no current is flowing through any section of the circuit. When the switch is closed, however, a gradual buildup of current begins to flow through the inductor. The voltage at the inductor's output is lower than the first when the switch is closed because the inductor pulls current through the diode. Boost Convertor: A power converter with a higher output DC voltage than its input DC voltage is referred to as a boost converter or step-up converter. The source current is greater than the output current where power must be conserved. The buck converter's components are the same in this converter, but the output voltage is higher than the source voltage. Buck-Boost Converter: Another popular switched-mode converter is the buck-boost converter. The output voltage of this buck-boost converter will either be higher or lower than the input voltage. 25 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter deals with the data collection, designing process of solar-powered water pumping system, modeling for photovoltaic cells, designing and modeling of boost converter, Anfis - based P&O MPPT. 3.2 Methodologies As shown in Figure 3.1, the general and specific objectives of the study are accomplished through the use of the techniques and procedures listed below. The data needed for the study is gathered and reviewed after the pertinent literature has been reviewed. Once the load demand of the system is determined, the PV module is selected. Reaching the intended output voltage is the aim of the DC-DC boost converter. Specific data are Problem Literature collected from Modeling of identification reviewed different PV, DC-DC, sources. will be done. Developing of the Design of Finally, the result is proposed system in P&O and discussed and the MATLAB/Simulink and ANFIS MPPT conclusion is drawn comparison analysis controller will implemented Figure 3. 1: Block diagram of the research methodology 26 4 WORK PLAN Tasks are divided in its proper time period in order to finish work efficiently and effectively. Considering this I have divided my task of work with in my thesis in table format as follows. Table 4. 1 Time schedule for the thesis Months and weeks Activities May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 Title adjustment Proposal writing Proposal defense Literature review Data formulation Modeling and design Simulation Finishing and checking Thesis Submission and thesis defense Table 4.1:Time schedule for the thesis 27 5. BUDGET Considering different financial requirement for the ongoing working of the thesis different parts ofwork in the thesis needs cost, considering this step I have ordering budgets in table format. No. Material No of unit Quantity Unit price Total price require (birr) (birr) Paper Pad 3 500 1500 Photocopying Pages 80 5 400 printing pages 1000 5 5,000 Stapler Pcs 1 400 400 Binding rings Pcs 10 80 800 1 Hard cover and Pcs 15 40 600. transparent paper Pen Pkt 1 400 400 Subtotal 9,100 For transportation Trip 2 600 1200 data gathering Second 8800term 1 9,000.00 9,000 total 2 Subtotal 10200. Grand total 19,300 Table5. 1: System budget analysis 28 Reference UNESCO, "The UN World Water Development Report," viewed on www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2023/en/download), 2023. CEO Alicia Barton, "Green strategic Outlook: Towards a clean energy Future," Newyork State of Opportunity, 2023 Kenu E. Sarah , Uhunmwangho Roland , Okafor Ephraim N. C., 2020, A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 09, Issue 07 (July 2020), (PDF) CO2 emissions calculation from steam generator during combustion of different fueltypes, 2021 (researchgate.net) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352296041 Li, Li, et al. "Review and outlook on the international renewable energy development." Energy and Built Environment 3.2 (2022): 139-157. Alice Hepzibah, A., Premkumar, K. ANFIS current–voltage controlled MPPT algorithm for solar powered brushless DC motor based water pump. Electr Eng 102, 421–435 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00885-8 Adel ES, Rami JH, Joseph C, et al. (2019) Solar-powered house system design. In: 2019 SoutheastCon, Huntsville, AL, 11–14 April 2019, pp. 1–4. New York: IEEE. Byung, Soo, Kim. (2022). Modeling Solar Photo-Voltaic Power Generation System with MPPT Controller. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-5868-7_68 Ali JA, Ameer K, Malik RQ, et al. (2022) Review on MPPT techniques in solar system. In: 2022 8th international engineering conference on sustainable technology and development (IEC), Erbil, Iraq, 23–24 February 2022, pp. 1–5. New York: IEEE. Ali ME, Almoataz YA (2020) Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Cham: Springer. Simranjit, Kaur., S., Vig. (2023). Modeling of MPPT-Based Solar Eco-System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller. IOP conference series, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012079 V. Parimala, D. Ganeshkumar and M. Divya, "Implementation of Solar Water Pumping System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller," 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2020 Chandra, S. & Gaur, P. An efficient switched inductor–capacitor-based novel non- isolated high gain SEPIC for solar energy applications. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 51(3), 29 1286–1312 (2023). E. Mustapha and and et.al, "Fuzzy-PI Controller for Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems," 2019 7th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), DOI: 10.1109/IRSEC48032.2019.9078318, 2019. Pathak, P. K., Anil, K. Y. & Alvi, P. A. Reduced oscillations based perturb and observe solar maximum power point tracking scheme to enhance efficacy and speed of a photovoltaic system. J. Eng. Res. https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.13569 (2023). Roy, R. B. et al. A comparative performance analysis of ANN algorithms for MPPT energy harvesting in solar PV system. IEEE Access 9, 102137–102152 (2021). Hannan, M. A., et al. "Wind energy conversions, controls, and applications: a review for sustainable technologies and directions." Sustainability 15.5 (2023): 3986. Solar PV cell materials and technologies: Analyzing the recent developments – Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.003 Online1, https://www.google.com/imgres the most common types of solar panel, [Accessed 19, 08, 2024] O. V. Shepovalova and and et.al, "Review of photovoltaic water pumping system research," Energy Reports Volume 6, Supplement 6, November 2020, 2020. Mao, M.; Cui, L.; Zhang, Q.; Guo, K.; Zhou, L.; Huang, H. Classification and summarization of solar photovoltaic MPPT techniques: A review based on traditional and intelligent control strategies. Energy Rep. 2020, 6, 1312–1327. Online2, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61802295. DC to DC converter pdf, [Accessed 19, 08, 2024]. G. E. Ahmad, "Photovoltaic Powered Rural Zone Family House in Egypt," Renewable Energy, vol. 26, pp. 379-390, 2019. Online3, 9 Types of Water Pumps & Their Uses (kdpumps.co.uk) 30

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