Biodiversity under Climate Change PDF

MODULE 8: PLANETARY HEALTH: BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE  Learning outcomes Determine Determine and health the interrelatedness of society, environment, Identify Identify the causes of climate change Assess the various impacts of climate...

MODULE 8: PLANETARY HEALTH: BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE  Learning outcomes Determine Determine and health the interrelatedness of society, environment, Identify Identify the causes of climate change Assess the various impacts of climate change including Assess economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc. Apply Apply STS concepts to the issue of climate change CAN YOU GUESS THE DOMINATION/ PHILIPPINE BILL? CAN YOU GUESS THE DOMINATION/ PHILIPPINE BILL? 5 CAN YOU GUESS THE DOMINATION/ PHILIPPINE BILL? 7 CAN YOU GUESS THE DOMINATION/ PHILIPPINE BILL? 8 CAN YOU GUESS THE DOMINATION/ PHILIPPINE BILL? 9  Why do you think the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas chose to feature this wildlife? BIODIVERSITY Biological Diversity is the “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. - Convention on Biological Diversity Main Types of Biodiversity: A. Genetic Diversity - diversity within species B. Species diversity - diversity between species C. Ecosystem diversity - diversity between ecosystems D. Functional diversity - biological and chemical processes Types of Biodiversity: A. Genetic Diversity - diversity within species. - Organisms of the same species differ in their genetic composition. Types of Biodiversity: B. Species diversity - diversity between species. - variety and abundance of different types of individuals or species in a given area Types of Biodiversity: C. Ecosystem diversity - variety among ecosystems and the processes occurring in those areas Types of Biodiversity: D. Functional diversity -biological and functional diversity Key processes and factors that influence biodiversity  BIODIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES Tropical Rainforest Megadiverse country 52,177 described species Biodiversity hotspot Endemism of Philippine Biodiversity The Philippines has more than 52,177 described species, half of which are endemic or found nowhere else on earth. Endemism of Philippine Biodiversity  Endemism of Philippine Biodiversity Draco bimaculatus Acerodon leucotis Sus philippensis Two-spotted Flying Lizard Palawan flying fox Philippine warty pig Endemism of Philippine Biodiversity Erythropitta kochi Buceros hydrocorax Whiskered Pita Rufous hornbill Why is biodiversity important?  Why is biodiversity important? a support system which enabled different civilizations in history to flourish foundation of human existence value of biodiversity can be grouped into two main categories: utilitarian/instrumental/extrinsic inherent value value IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY UTILITARIAN VALUE The utilitarian value of biodiversity is determined by its practical use or application. INTRINSIC VALUE The inherent right of species to exist. All species have intrinsic value and that humans are no more important than other species.  TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning services: The products obtained from ecosystems. ○ Genetic resources ○ Food and fiber ○ Fresh water ○ Timber  UTILITARIAN VALUE SOURCE OF FOOD We consume different types of food as product of our rich biodiversity  UTILITARIAN VALUE SOURCE OF MEDICINES Biodiversity provides us resources with therapeutic properties.  UTILITARIAN VALUE Examples of plant substances used as medicine Berberine Chemical derived from plant. Used by people with poor heart condition Common barberry Berberis vulgaris  UTILITARIAN VALUE Examples of plant substances used as medicine Bromelain Enzyme found in plants. Reduces swelling and inflammation  UTILITARIAN VALUE Examples of plant substances used as medicine Gossypol Male contraceptive Cotton plant Gossypium sp.  UTILITARIAN VALUE SOURCE OF ENERGY Coal Wind energy Hydropower energy Geothermal energy  TYPE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE Cultural services The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience ○ Knowledge systems ○ Social relations ○ Aesthetic values.  UTILITARIAN VALUE AESTHETIC AND CULTURAL BENEFITS Hiking Wildlife Ecotourism Pet keeping Gardening Bird watching  TYPE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE Supporting services Ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Biomass production Production of atmospheric oxygen Soil formation and retention Nutrient cycling  UTILITARIAN VALUE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Photosynthesis process by which autotrophs use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.  UTILITARIAN VALUE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Nutrient cycle Break down plant and animal debris, thus cycling nutrient and increasing their availability in the soil.  UTILITARIAN VALUE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Bioremediation Detoxifying or degrading contaminants present in the soil, wastewater, or industrial sludge by biological means.  UTILITARIAN VALUE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Protection from calamities Mangrove forests Flood prevention  UTILITARIAN VALUE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Pollination Transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to a stigma.  TYPE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE Regulating services: The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes. The regulation of climate, water, and some human diseases.  INTRINSIC VALUE - Inherent right of species to exist - Moral duty to pass on our biological resources in good form to our future children - Life forms should be conserved simply because they exist THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY HABITAT LOSS AND FRAGMENTATION Building of different structures may threaten biodiversity THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY OVEREXPLOITATION Overharvesting of natural resources and plant and animal species at a rate faster than they can reproduce. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY POLLUTION Toxic synthetic chemicals and products enter ecosystems Nutrient loading THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY INVASIVE SPECIES Non-native species that are accidentally or intentionally introduced threatening local biodiversity. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY CLIMATE CHANGE Increase in greenhouse gas emission causes world temperature to rise. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY SPECIES EXTINCTION Failure of the species to adapt with the changing environment brought by different environmental factors.  WHAT WILL THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY COST US IN THE LONG RUN?.  SPECIES EXTINCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES In 2004, the Philippines listed 42 land mammal species, 127 avian species, 24 reptile species, and 14 amphibian species as endangered species.  SPECIES EXTINCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES An administrative order was issued on 2007 by the DENR creating a list of threatened plant species in the nation. This states that 99 species are critically endangered, 187 endangered, 176 vulnerable, and 64 threatened.  IUCN’s RED LIST Extinct (EX) - species in which the last individual has died or where systematic and time-appropriate surveys have been unable to log even a single individual Extinct in the Wild (EW) - species whose members survive only in captivity or as artificially supported populations far outside their historical geographic range  IUCN’s RED LIST Critically Endangered (CR) - species that possess an extremely high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 80 to more than 90 percent over the previous 10 years (or three generations), a current population size of fewer than 50 individuals, or other factors  IUCN’s RED LIST Endangered (EN) - species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 50 to more than 70 percent over the previous 10 years (or three generations), a current population size of fewer than 250 individuals, or other factors  IUCN’s RED LIST Vulnerable (VU) - species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 30 to more than 50 percent over the previous 10 years (or three generations), a current population size of fewer than 1,000 individuals, or other factors Near Threatened (NT) - species that are close to becoming threatened or may meet the criteria for threatened status in the near future by the IUCN.  IUCN’s RED LIST Least Concern (LC) - a category containing species that are pervasive and abundant after careful assessment Data Deficient (DD) - a condition applied to species in which the amount of available data related to its risk of extinction is lacking in some way. Consequently, a complete assessment cannot be performed. Thus, unlike the other categories in this list, this category does not describe the conservation status of a species.  IUCN’s RED LIST Not Evaluated (NE) - a category used to include any of the nearly 1.9 million species described by science but not yet assessed by the IUCN.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY It is the protection, upliftment and scientific management of biodiversity so as to maintain it at its threshold level and derive sustainable benefits for the present and future generation  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Conservation: is the management or regulation of usage so that it does not exceed the capacity of the species or the system to renew itself. Sustainable: natural resources will be used in a manner where it does not succeed the capacity of the resource to reproduce and replace itself.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Preservation: ensures the continuity of an organism, regardless of their potential utility. Intrinsic value: it is valuable in itself by existing.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Montreal Protocol - protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Kyoto Protocol - limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Cartagena Protocol - safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY PHILLIPINE LAWS REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147: Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act An act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY REPUBLIC ACT NO. 2590: The protection of game and fish Provisions to protect fish and game from indiscriminate hunting, fixing season whereas hunting is restricted or species which cannot be hunted, taken or killed.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7586 OF 1992: National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992. An Act providing for the establishment and management of national integrated protected areas system, defining its scope and coverage, and for other purposes.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN SITU CONSERVATION On site Conservation and protection of species, especially the endangered ones, in their natural habitat, either by cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. - Declaring an area as a protected area  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY EXAMPLE OF IN SITU CONSERVATION Mt. Pulag was proclaimed National Park by virtue of Pres. Proclamation No. 75 on February 20, 1987. It covers an area of 11,550 hectares.  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY EX SITU CONSERVATION Conservation and protection of species, especially the endangered ones, outside their natural habitat Some ex-situ methods include captive breeding programs for animals, artificial propagation of plants, collection of species for protection in zoos, botanical gardens or aquaria, gene banks, and seed banks  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY EXAMPLE OF EX SITU CONSERVATION Botanical Garden CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE Long term changes in the Earth’s weather patterns. Climate change refers to the statistically significant changes in climate for continuous period of time. Weather - Condition of air or atmosphere at different regions of Earth. Climate – General weather pattern for a given region. What are the causes of climate change?  CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1. NATURAL CAUSES A. Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic emissions such as CO2 SO2, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or dust, block a certain percentage of solar radiation causing a cooling effect to the lithosphere. - This cooling effect can last for one to two years.  CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1. NATURAL CAUSES B. Orbital Changes Milankovitch theory Slight changes in movement of Earth affects the climate of our planet. Variations that affects climate: 1. Eccentricity 2. Obliquity 3. precession  CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1. NATURAL CAUSES C. The Carbon Dioxide Theory CO2 is added when power and heat are produced by burning coal, oil, and other fossil fuels.  CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES: Green House Gases Main Greenhouse Gasses 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Methane 3. Nitrous oxide 4. Hydrofluorocarbons 5. Water vapor  Main Greenhouse Gasses 1. Carbon dioxide the most significant GHG directly affected by anthropogenic activity. The Keeling Curve is a graph that plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since the 1950s. 2. Methane produced by anaerobic decay a. organic material in landfills, wetlands, and rice fields b. enteric fermentation in the digestive tracts of ruminant animals such as cattle, goats, and sheep c. manure management d. wastewater treatment e. fossil fuel combustion f. leaks from natural gas transportation and distribution systems and abandoned coal mines. 3. Nitrous oxide produced by fertilizer use, animal waste management, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial activities. 4. Hydrofuorocarbons and perfluorocarbons synthetic chemicals that are used in a variety of industrial production processes. Both groups of chemicals are finding increasing use as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – Montreal Protocol on Substances 5. Water vapor most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere The surface warming caused by human production of other greenhouse gases leads to an increase in atmospheric water vapor. Causes of Greenhouse Effect: a. Burning of fossil fuel b. Deforestation c. Industries d. Domestication of animals and rice cultivation a. Burning of fossil fuel fossil fuels are high in carbon and when burned, produce major amounts of carbon dioxide the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities b. Deforestation the second largest source of carbon dioxide the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities c. Industries industry creates chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halocarbons for use in various products d. Domestication of animals and rice cultivation methane is produced by cattle, dairy cows, buffalo, goats, sheep, camels, pigs, and horses. enteric fermentation" of food by bacteria and other microbes in the animals' digestive tracts livestock account for about one-quarter of the methane emissions from human activities WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?  Impacts of Greenhouse Effect 1. Increase in average temperature 2. Increase in sea level 3. Change in rainfall patterns 4. Changes in seasonal characters 5. Expansion of disease carriers 6. Destruction of coral reefs 7. Increased pressure on ground water supplies 8. Disruption of food supplies Impacts of Greenhouse Effect 1. Increase in average temperature 2. Increase in sea level Impacts of Greenhouse Effect 3. Change in rainfall patterns The increase of average temperature substantially affect pressure region and so the wind direction and ultimately affect the rainfall pattern. Impacts of Greenhouse Effect 4. Changes in seasonal characters 5. Expansion of Disease carriers Impacts of Greenhouse Effect 6. Destruction of coral reefs 7. Increased pressure on groundwater supplies Impacts of Greenhouse Effect 8. Disruption of food supplies  IPCC Conclusion: “Their effects [those of human-caused greenhouse gases], together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant Source: Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, World Resources Institute  Basic Hopkin’s Principles of Adapting Biodiversity under Climate Change Conserve what we already Awarenes have s and capacity Reduce non-climatic building pressures Go for Restore Develop of resilient and intensive d diverse ecosystems agricultur degrade Enhance healthy landscape e Adaptatio d areas linkages n Make informed decisions Plant sustainable Harmonize adaptation with trees in use of mitigation and human availabl timber, not a dimension e destructive manner spaces Effects of climate change in society directly affects the basic elements of people's lives - water, food, health, use of land, and the environment glaciers will continue to melt faster - will increase flood risks during the wet season and strongly reduce dry-season water supplies Declining crop yields - malnutrition Depleting fish stocks due to ocean acidification Heat stress, water shortage, spread of diseases  EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Flood risks due to melting of glaciers Decline in crop yields due to drought Vector-borne diseases may become more widespread Extinction of some species El Niño and La Niña END OF PRESENTATION