Climate Change and Biodiversity Change PDF

07/11/2024 THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE WORLD CLIMATE AND...

07/11/2024 THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE WORLD CLIMATE AND RESPONSES OF BIODIVERSITY OGRANISMS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: CHANGE Community Species are forced composition will to adapt. JAIRA ANGELINE T. BALISI be altered. Department of Environmental Science College of Science Tarlac State University 1 2 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Warmer temperature and changes in rainfall will likely alter the species composition of forests. Ranges of several plants, bird and bats could shift upward. Species that thrive better in warmer and wetter THE CLIMATE Long dry periods during El Niño events were condition could become more dominant. CHANGE IN OUR observed by local communities to be associated with increase in fire occurrences that have altered COUNTRY: grasslands, agroecosystems, and forests in central THE PHILIPPINES Luzon (Cruz et al., 2017) 3 4 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. CHANGES IN ORGANISMAL BEHAVIOR WHAT HAPPENS IF PHENOLOGY IS DISRUPTED? Phenology (Lovejoy, 2010) timing of the annual cycles of plants and animals: Species with high vulnerability are species that Tree flowering and migration have narrow climate niches, cannot shift their ranges, or are unable to change their phenology, Local communities in central Luzon noted that the evolve their physiology, or behaviorally adapt to flowering habit of several trees in the natural forests the new conditions (Pereira et al., 2012). is also prematurely triggered (Lasco et al., 2005). 5 6 1  07/11/2024 DISPERSAL: COMMUNITY TEMPERATURE INDEX TRACKS HOW THE COMPOSITION SHIFTS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES (PRIMACK 2013) OF COMMUNITIES AT EACH SITE CHANGES TOWARD HIGH- TEMPERATURE DWELLING SPECIES DIRECTIONAL SHIFTS IN THE CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF THE DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL 7 8 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. CAN ALL SPECIES MIGRATE? NICHE SHIFT AND MICROEVOLUTION No. 1. shifts in microhabitat elevation or depth and shift in life history Active translocation or assisted migration of species traits in time endangered by climate change. (Pereira, Navarro, Martins 2012) 2. phenotypic plasticity or microevolution adapting to the new conditions in their local range via 9 10 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Tropical ectotherms Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki (Corlett, 2014) CORALS AND ASSOCIATED ACCLIMATION ALGA CLIMATE REFUGIA Species in the Arctic Polar bear Ursus maritimus (Lovejoy, 2010) (MARCANTONIO, 2021) any of the numerous gradual, long- term responses of an organism to vast regions (macrorefugia) or smaller, often changes in its environment. insular, areas and habitats (microrefugia) that Species that occur at high altitude host unique combinations of environmental Ochotona princeps (Lovejoy, 2010) conditions which provide long-term Also: acclimatization environmental stability. Species in coastal areas or low-lying islands Key Deer Odocoileus virginianus clavium (Lovejoy, 2010) 11 12 2  07/11/2024 GOLDEN TOAD BIODIVERSITY UNDER THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (BUFO PERIGLENES) ∼57–70% biodiversity at risk of extinction by 2070 first species well documented to become extinct as a direct due to climate change. (Román-Palacios & Wiens, result of climate change (Lovejoy, 2010). 2020) extinction due to climate change could be changes in temperature encourage chytridiomycosis, a potentially reduced to 30% or less by niche shifting. fungal disease that affects vital functions of amphibians' success of Paris Agreement could reduce extinction skin. due to climate change to ~16% 13 14 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. CLIMATE CHANGE AND WILDLIFE HEALTH REFERENCES: Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 15(4), 365–377. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x Corlett, R. (2019). The ecology of tropical East Asia. Oxford University Press, USA. Reductions in Emissions from Deforestation Gerber, L. (2010). Conservation Biology. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):14 and Degradation or REDD+ Groom, M. J., Meffe, G. K., Carroll, C. R., & Andelman, S. J. (2006). Principles of conservation biology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Hambler, C. (2004). Conservation. Cambridge University Press. Hofmeister, E., Rogall, G. M., Wesenberg, K., Abbott, R. (2012). Climate Change and Wildlife Health: Direct and Indirect Effects. USGS The mutual reinforcing of climate change an Thierry Work, Krysten Schuler, Jonathan Sleeman, and James Winton. biodiversity loss means that satisfactorily resolving Hunter Jr, M. L., & Gibbs, J. P. (2006). Fundamentals of conservation biology. John Wiley & Sons. either issue requires consideration of the other IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the (Pörtner et al., 2021) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. Isbell, F. (2010) Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Declines. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):54 15 16 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. UNIT 3- Approaches to conservation REFERENCES: Mooney, H., Larigauderie, A., Cesario, M., Elmquist, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lavorel, S., … Yahara, T. (2009). Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1(1), 46–54. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.006 Nunez, S., Arets, E., Alkemade, R., Verwer, C., & Leemans, R. (2019). Assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: is below 2° C enough?. Climatic Change, 154(3), 351-365. Prakash, S., & Srivastava, S. (2019). Impact of climate change on biodiversity: An overview. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND CONVENTIONS FOR Roe, D. (2019). Biodiversity loss—more than an environmental emergency. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(7), e287–e289. doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30113-5 Sintayehu, D. W. (2018). Impact of climate change on biodiversity and associated key ecosystem services in Africa: a systematic review. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 4(9), 225–239. doi:10.1080/20964129.2018.1530054 CONSERVATION Sivaperuman, C., Velmurugan, A., Singh, A. K., & Jaisankar, I. (Eds.). (2018). Biodiversity and climate change adaptation in tropical islands. Academic Press. Sodhi, N. S., & Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.). (2010). Conservation biology for all. Oxford University Press. JAIRA ANGELINE T. BALISI Department of Environmental Science College of Science Subramanian, S., Gasparatos, A., Braimoh, A. K., & Elliott, W. (2011). Unraveling the drivers of Southeast Asia’s biodiversity loss. United Nations University, Tarlac State University 8. Weiskopf, S. R., Rubenstein, M. A., Crozier, L. G., Gaichas, S., Griffis, R., Halofsky, J. E., … Whyte, K. P. (2020). Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States. Science of The Total Environment, 137782. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.1377 Van Dyke, F., Lamb, R.L. (2020). Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications. Springer Science & Business Media. 17 18 3  07/11/2024 LEGISLATIONS National Museum of the Philippines first agency in supervising bioprospecting activities DENR conserving, managing, developing and properly using environment and natural resources Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) LOCAL LEGAL INSTRUMENT TO CONSERVATION “Guidelines for the collection of Biological Specimen in the Philippines” 19 20 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU MANDATED TO IMPLEMENT OTHER LEGISLATIONS: IN A NATIONWIDE SCALE Act No. 2590 – An act for the protection of game and fish. The Philippines’ Wildlife Act (RA 9147) Republic Act No. 8550 – Fisheries and Aquatic Resources National Integrated Protected Areas System (RA 7586 and 11038) RA 7308 – An act to promote and develop the seed industry in Clean Air Act (RA 8749) the Philippines and create a National Seed Industry Council and Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) for other purposes. the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (8371) RA 7611 – Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act Toxic Substances & Hazardous & Nuclear Wastes Control Act (RA RA 8485 – Promote Animal Welfare in the Philippines 6969) PD 1433 – Plant Quarantine Decree of 1978 Environmental Impact Assessment Law (PD 1586) Proc. No. 926 – Establishing Subic Watershed Forest Reserve Clean Water Act (RA 9275) DAO 02 – establishing protection for ancestral homelands. Environmental Awareness And Education Act Of 2009 (RA 9512) 21 22 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY POLICY IS CONTAINED IN THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP) INSTRUMENT TO CONSERVATION 2015- 2028 Multilateral Environmental Agreement (MEA) are international instruments states enter into, addressing the status of biodiversity particular environmental issues. the threats leading to its degradation and the outcomes of international conventions that parties (governments), and non-parties (civil society, scientists, strategies private sector, indigenous people, etc.) participate in. priority actions to ensure its conservation and Together, they forge agreements and pledge to take action to solve environmental issues. International frameworks are sustainable use within the framework of the socio- adopted at country level resulting into policies, plans, economic development of the country. programs and activities implemented across sectors of the society. DENR represents in the meeting of MEA 23 24 4  07/11/2024 MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS AMONG NATIONS (MEA) 01 02 03 04 Convention on United Nations United Nations Convention on Wetlands Biological Diversity Framework Convention Convention to Combat (Ramsar Convention) (CBD) on Climate Change Desertification, (UNFCCC) Conservation of Convention on International Trade in Basel Convention on the Control of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Migratory Species of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Transboundary Movements of Organic Pollutants. Wild Animals Fauna (CITES), Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (CMS) 25 26 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. REFERENCES Corlett, R. (2019). The ecology of tropical East Asia. Oxford University Press, USA. Gerber, L. (2010). Conservation Biology. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):14 Groom, M. J., Meffe, G. K., Carroll, C. R., & Andelman, S. J. (2006). EX-SITU CONSERVATION Principles of conservation biology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Hambler, C. (2004). Conservation. Cambridge University Press. Hunter Jr, M. L., & Gibbs, J. P. (2006). Fundamentals of conservation biology. John Wiley & Sons. JAIRA ANGELINE T. BALISI Department of Environmental Science Sodhi, N. S., & Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.). (2010). Conservation biology for all. College of Science Tarlac State University Oxford University Press. Weiskopf, S. R., Rubenstein, M. A., Crozier, L. G., Gaichas, S., Griffis, R., Halofsky, J. E., … Whyte, K. P. (2020). Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States. Science of The Total Environment, 137782. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.1377 27 28 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. IMPORTANT STRATEGIES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Unique ecosystems should be preserved first. EX-SITU CONSERVATION The useful and endangered species should be conserved in their nature (in-situ) as well as artificial habitats (ex-situ). All the economically important organisms should be identified and conserved: the varieties of food, timber plants, livestock, Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity microbes and agricultural animals should be conserved and be involves the breeding and maintenance utilized efficiently. of endangered species in artificial MINIMIZE THE THREAT: Poaching and hunting of wild ecosystems animals should be prevented, the levels of pollutants should be reduced in the environment, and the deforestation should be strictly prohibited. E.g., zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, Environmental laws should be followed strictly. gene banks, aquaria, captive breeding, Public awareness should be created regarding biodiversity cryopreservation, etc. conservation and its importance. 11/7/2024 Sample Footer Text 30 29 30 5  07/11/2024 THE ROLE OF EX SITU-CONSERVATION THE VALUE OF EX-SITU (DOBSON & KATARZYNA, 2013) CONSERVATION When the last few remaining individuals of a species are under imminent threat in the wild, the maintenance of populations in There is less competition for resources: food, captivity may be the only short-term action to prevent their water and space among the organisms. extinction. The animals are provided with a longer time While conservation objectives are clearly most effectively and and breeding activity (bred in captivity can be efficiently achieved by in situ rather than by ex situ approaches, reintroduced in the wild). es-situ conservation provide visitors with an opportunity for close Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation interaction with a wide variety of plants and animals that are Genetic techniques can be used for the otherwise out of reach for most people. preservation of endangered species. 11/7/2024 Sample Footer Text 31 31 32 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. ZOOS GENEBANKS a collection of seeds, plants, tissue cultures, etc, of potentially Zoos = Arabianoryx, the peregrine falcon (Falcoperegrinus), useful species, esp species containing genes of significance to the and the Guamrail (Rallusowstoni), captive facilities were breeding of crops used to buy time while the agents of decline were being dealt with. to promote education and research; (E.g., many captive facilities Zoos attract millions of people worldwide and are good now maintain web-based repositories of data (e.g., Taxonomy facilities for educating the man about the challenges and projects) updateable in real time. opportunities created by the present biodiversity crisis. The Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew (UK) hold about 38,000 They are also potentially important facilities for raising funds species in their collection; that can then be invested in conserving habitat in the regions where the animals and plants on display originally came Kew Gardens’e-monocot site, for which Kew employed the from Dobson & Katarzyna, 2013). emerging science of Biodiversity Informatics, is a data base of the E.g., Avilon Zoo, Manila Zoo, Ninoy Aquino Parks and world’s monocot plants and facilitates their identification and Wildlife Center, etc. classification Dobson & Katarzyna, 2013). 33 34 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. NATIONAL PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES LABORATORY (NPGRL) LIMITATION OF EX-SITU CONSERVATION The national repository of important and potentially useful agricultural crops. Not a natural habitat = X adaptation It aims to provide the Institute of Plant Breeding and the Limited number of individual national crop improvement programs of broad range of can be accommodated genetic resources for breeding superior crop varieties. Expensive to maintain 11/7/2024 Sample Footer Text 36 35 36 6  07/11/2024 REFERENCES Van Dyke, F., Lamb, R.L. (2020). Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications. Springer Science & IN-SITU CONSERVATION Business Media.. JAIRA ANGELINE T. BALISI Corlett, R. (2019). The ecology of tropical East Asia. Oxford University Press, USA. Department of Environmental Science College of Science Gerber, L. (2010). Conservation Biology. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):14 Tarlac State University Groom, M. J., Meffe, G. K., Carroll, C. R., & Andelman, S. J. (2006). Principles of conservation biology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. Hambler, C. (2004). Conservation. Cambridge University Press. Hunter Jr, M. L., & Gibbs, J. P. (2006). Fundamentals of conservation biology. John Wiley & Sons. Sodhi, N. S., & Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.). (2010). Conservation biology for all. Oxford University Press. Van Dyke, F., Lamb, R.L. (2020). Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications. Springer Science & Business Media. 37 38 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. THE IN-SITU CONSERVATION NATIONAL PARKS In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of species within their natural habitat. In this method, These are small reserves maintained by the the natural ecosystem is maintained and protected. government. Its boundaries are well demarcated and human activities such as grazing, forestry, habitat and cultivation are E.g., protected areas, national parks, wildlife prohibited. sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. E.g., Kanha National Park, Bandipur National Park. PH: Mount Arayat, Pulag, Isarog, Hundred Islands, etc. 39 40 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES BIOSPHERE RESERVES These are the regions where only wild animals are Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas found. Human activities such as timber where the wildlife, traditional lifestyle of the harvesting, cultivation, collection of woods and inhabitants, and domesticated plants and animals are other forest products are allowed here as long as protected. Tourist and research activities are permitted they do not interfere with the conservation here. project. E.g., The 1,150,800 hectares of entire Province of Also, tourists visit these places for recreation. Palawan Island, home to the Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park and the Tubattaha Reefs Natural Park (both are declared UNESCO Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, Aurora World Heritage Sites). Memorial National Park, Caramoan Peninsula 41 42 7  07/11/2024 ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES OF IN-SITU CONSERVATION RESTORATION AND It is a cost-effective and convenient method of ITS VALUE IN conserving biodiversity. A large number of living organisms can be CONSERVATION conserved simultaneously. Since the organisms are in a natural ecosystem, they can evolve better and can easily adjust to different environmental conditions. 43 44 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. PROTECTED AREAS AS BENEFICIAL TOOL TO HOW TO MANAGE ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION: CONSERVATION AS WELL AS ITS CHALLENGES AND TEN PRINCIPLES UNDERPIN GOOD ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION THROUGHOUT THE UNITED NATIONS DECADE 2021-2030 LIMITATIONS. aims at the highest promotes fair and includes a continuum Protected areas provide for life's essentials. contributes to global of restorative recovery possible to addresses the causes policy frameworks; inclusive engagement; benefit nature and of degradation; activities; people; They protect natural resources that are critical to many people on earth. tailors activities to integrates policies and incorporates all types sets ecological, local and measures results and measures for lasting of knowledge; cultural and socio- land/seascape adapts actions; and impacts (see full text economic goals; Within these areas, genetic diversity is permitted to evolve in response to natural contexts; in the publication). selection pressures. These genetic resources are a source of many new products. SOURCE: CBD 45 46 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. INDIVIDUALS AND GENES REFERENCES: (DOBSON & KATARZYNA, 2013) Corlett, R. (2019). The ecology of tropical East Asia. Oxford University Press, USA. Gerber, L. (2010). Conservation Biology. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):14 In the long term, the capacity of any species to adapt to anthropogenic and nonanthropogenic changes in the Groom, M. J., Meffe, G. K., Carroll, C. R., & Andelman, S. J. (2006). Principles of environment will be related to the existence of genetic variation. conservation biology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. In situ conservation programs are almost without exception the best option for conserving the genetic diversity Hambler, C. (2004). Conservation. Cambridge University Press. that is a component of biodiversity. Hunter Jr, M. L., & Gibbs, J. P. (2006). Fundamentals of conservation biology. John Wiley & Sons. The protection of an ecosystem and its ecological processes provides the necessary conditions for evolution and natural selection to proceed. Sodhi, N. S., & Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.). (2010). Conservation biology for all. Oxford University Press. Additionally, protecting species in the wild is much more cost-effective than maintaining them in captivity. Weiskopf, S. R., Rubenstein, M. A., Crozier, L. G., Gaichas, S., Griffis, R., Halofsky, J. E., … Whyte, K. P. (2020). Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem In the cases of some species, however, such as varieties of domesticated plants and animals and highly services, and natural resource management in the United States. Science of The Total endangered species, ex situ conservation technologies are required. Environment, 137782. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.1377 In these cases, the maintenance of genetic variation becomes a central topic of concern, especially if an Van Dyke, F., Lamb, R.L. (2020). Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications. Springer Science & Business Media.. endangered species is taken into captivity for future reintroduction into the wild. 47 48 8  07/11/2024 THE INDIGENEOUS PEOPLE IP RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DECOLONIZING CONSERVATION National Commission on Indigenous Peoples estimates that there are approximately 11.3 JAIRA ANGELINE T. BALISI Department of Environmental Science million indigenous peoples in the Philippines, College of Science for example – a figure amounting to around Tarlac State University 11- 12 per cent of the population some civil society estimates suggest they may comprise between 10 and 20% of the population. 49 50 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. THE NECESSITY OF CENTERING THE COLONIAL AND IMPERIALIST ROOTS OF INDIGENOUS PRACTICES AND VOICES IN CONTEMPORARY NOTIONS OF AND APPROACHES TO CONSERVATION TOWARDS CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE CONSERVATION IN THE NEOLIBERAL AGE. Colonialism is the establishment of a colony in a foreign land, while imperialism is one country Culture and Tradition taking over another country or region by force or coercion. Customary Laws and Practices for environmental conservation By History: Reducción for the lowlanders = sociopolitical and cultural changes which includes environmental impacts. conserving unique biodiversity relies on the knowledge, Today: Neoliberalism = late-20th century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated innovations, and practices of indigenous and local with free-market capitalism after it fell into decline following the Second World War. communities who live in direct contact with nature. An estimated 85% of the country's key biodiversity areas are within ancestral domains 51 52 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Indigenous peoples are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of living. 53 54 9  07/11/2024 REFERENCES REFERENCES Adams, W. (2017). Sleeping with the enemy? Biodiversity conservation, corporations and the green economy. Keeler, K. (2020). Colonial Theft and Indigenous Resistance in the Kleptocene. Edge Effects, 8. Adams, W. B., & Mulligan, M. (2012). Decolonizing nature: strategies for conservation in a post-colonial era. Routledge. Liljeblad, J., & Verschuuren, B. (Eds.). (2018). Indigenous perspectives on sacred natural sites: culture, governance and conservation. Routledge. Artelle, K. A., Zurba, M., Bhattacharyya, J., Chan, D. E., Brown, K., Housty, J., & Moola, F. (2019). Supporting resurgent Indigenous-led Mbaria, J., & Ogada, M. (2016). The big conservation lie: the untold story of wildlife conservation in Kenya. Lens & Pens Publishing governance: A nascent mechanism for just and effective conservation. Biological Conservation, 240, 108284. Montgomery, R. A., Borona, K., Kasozi, H., Mudumba, T., & Ogada, M. (2020). Positioning human heritage at the center of conservation practice. Conservation Biology. Brush, S. B. (2014). Seeds of Resistance, Seeds of Hope: Place and Agency in the Conservation of Biodiversity. Journal of Anthropological doi:10.1111/cobi.13483 Research, 70(4), 608-609. Plumwood, V. (2002). Decolonisation relationships with nature. PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature, (2), 7-30. Brockington, D., & Duffy, R. (Eds.). (2011). Capitalism and conservation (Vol. 45). John Wiley & Sons. Thöresson, S. (2021). The Anthropocene: An Intersectional Critique. Uncovering Narratives and Forming New Subjects in a Time of Environmental Change. Buscher, B., & Fletcher, R. (2020). The conservation revolution: radical ideas for saving nature beyond the Anthropocene. Verso Trade. Sullivan, S., Büscher, B., Neves, K., Igoe, J., & Brockington, D. (2012). Towards a synthesized critique of neoliberal conservation. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 23(2), 4-30. Garland, E. (2008). The elephant in the room: confronting the colonial character of wildlife conservation in Africa. African Studies Review, 51(3), 51-74. Tran, T. C., Ban, N. C., & Bhattacharyya, J. (2020). A review of successes, challenges, and lessons from Indigenous protected and conserved areas. Biological Conservation, 241, 108271. Green, L. (2013). Contested ecologies: dialogues in the South on nature and knowledge. HSRC Press. Tuck, E., & Yang, K. W. (2012). Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, education & society, 1(1). Guha, R. (1997). The authoritarian biologist and the arrogance of anti-humanism. The Ecologist, 27(1), 14-20. Whyte, K. P. (2017). Our ancestors’ dystopia now: Indigenous conservation and the Anthropocene. The Routledge companion to the environmental humanities, 208-215. Harper, K. (2005). “Wild capitalism” and “ecocolonialism”: a tale of two rivers. American Anthropologist, 107(2), 221-233. Zaitchik, A (2018). How Conservation became Colonialism. Foreign Policy Kimmerer, R. W. (2013). Braiding sweetgrass: Indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge and the teachings of plants. Milkweed Editions. 55 56 FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE. UNAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. 10