Module 8: Planetary Health Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main subject of Module 8?

Planetary Health: Biodiversity and Climate Change

What are the learning outcomes of this Module?

  • Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health (correct)
  • Identify the causes of climate change (correct)
  • Assess the various impacts of climate change including economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc. (correct)
  • Apply STS concepts to the issue of climate change (correct)
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the definition of Biodiversity according to the Convention on Biological Diversity?

    The variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

    Which of the following is not a main type of biodiversity?

    <p>Social diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between species diversity and genetic diversity?

    <p>Species diversity refers to the variety and abundance of different types of individuals or species in a given area, while genetic diversity focusses on the variation within a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Philippines is known as a Megadiverse country.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is biodiversity important?

    <p>Biodiversity is important because it is the foundation of human existence, providing essential resources and services that support life on Earth. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The value of biodiversity can be categorized into two main categories. Which categories are these?

    <p>Inherent value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a provisioning service?

    <p>Genetic resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three most important factors that have an influence on biodiversity?

    <p>Latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of plants that provide medicinal substances?

    <p>Common barberry, pineapple and cotton plant are examples. Berberine is a chemical derived from the common barberry and is used by people with poor heart conditions. Bromelain is an enzyme found in pineapples that can reduce swelling and inflammation. Gossypol from the cotton plant is a male contraceptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind, hydropower, and geothermal energy are all sources of energy derived from biodiversity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of cultural services provided by ecosystems?

    <p>Cultural services encompass knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supporting services are ecosystem services that are not essential for the production of other ecosystem services.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main causes of Climate Change?

    <p>Natural causes and human activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main greenhouse gases?

    <p>The main greenhouse gases are Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrofluorocarbons, and Water Vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is considered the most significant GHG directly affected by anthropogenic activity?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methane is produced by anaerobic decay of organic material, enteric fermentation in ruminant animals, and fossil fuel combustion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrous Oxide is produced by fertilizer use, animal waste management, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial activities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrofluorocarbons are synthetic chemical compounds used as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Greenhouse Effect is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industries, and the domestication of animals and rice cultivation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an impact of the Greenhouse Effect?

    <p>Increase in oxygen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) concluded that human-caused greenhouse gases are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic elements of people’s lives that are directly affected by Climate Change?

    <p>These basic elements are water, food, health, use of land, and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the effects of Climate Change on society?

    <p>Flood risks due to melting of glaciers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principles of Hopkin’s Principles of Adapting Biodiversity under Climate Change?

    <p>The principles are: conserve what we already have; reduce non-climatic pressures; develop resilient and diverse ecosystems; enhance healthy landscape linkages; make informed decisions; harmonize adaptation with mitigation and human dimension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate Change can lead to a decrease in the productivity of harvests.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 8: Planetary Health: Biodiversity and Climate Change

    • Learning Outcomes:
      • Determine the interconnectedness of society, environment, and health.
      • Identify the causes of climate change.
      • Assess the various impacts of climate change (economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc.).
      • Apply STS concepts to the issue of climate change.

    Biodiversity

    • Biological Diversity: The variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

    Main Types of Biodiversity

    • Genetic Diversity: Variability within species. Organisms of the same species differ in their genetic makeup.
    • Species Diversity: Variability between species. Variety and abundance of different species in a given area.
    • Ecosystem Diversity: Variety among ecosystems and the processes occurring in those areas.
    • Functional Diversity: Biological and functional diversity.

    Key Processes and Factors Influencing Biodiversity

    • Higher altitude = lower biodiversity; temperature extremes = lower biodiversity
    • Temperature, amount of light, latitude, and altitude affect biodiversity.
    • Rate of nutrient cycling, endemism, size of area, and topography influence biodiversity.
    • Human activities (pollution, competition with other species for resources) negatively impact biodiversity.

    Biodiversity in the Philippines

    • Megadiverse country with 52,177 described species.
    • Biodiversity hotspot.
    • High endemism (half of the species are found nowhere else on earth).

    Uniqueness of Philippine Biodiversity (Endemism)

    • High percentages of endemic species across different taxa (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, flora).
    • Specific examples of endemic species (e.g., Tamaraw, Philippine cockatoo, Philippine crocodile, big-eyed frog, pitcher plant) and their approximate percentages are provided.

    Why is Biodiversity Important?

    • Support system that enabled different civilizations to flourish.
    • Foundation of human existence..
    • Has utilitarian/instrumental/extrinsic value (practical use/application); for example food, medicine, energy (coal, wind energy, etc.).
    • Has inherent value (existence).

    Types of Ecosystem Services

    • Provisioning Services: Products from ecosystems (e.g., genetic resources, food, fiber, fresh water, timber).
    • Utilitarian Value: Examples include:
      • Source of food
      • Source of medicines (e.g., Berberine, Bromelain, Gossypol)
      • Source of energy (e.g., coal, wind, hydropower, geothermal energy)
    • Cultural Services: Non-material benefits from ecosystems (e.g., spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, aesthetic experience, knowledge systems, social relations, aesthetic values).
    • Examples of Aesthetic/Cultural Benefits: Hiking, wildlife viewing, ecotourism, pet keeping, gardening, bird watching.
    • Supporting Services: Necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Includes biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, and nutrient cycling.
    • Examples of ecosystem services includes photosynthesis and nutrient cycling.
    • Regulating Services: Regulation of climate, water, and some human diseases.

    Threats to Biodiversity

    • Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Building of structures impacting biodiversity.
    • Overexploitation: Overharvesting of resources faster than species can reproduce.
    • Pollution: Toxic chemicals enter ecosystems; nutrient loading.
    • Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced threatening local biodiversity.
    • Climate Change: Increase in greenhouse gas emissions causing global warming and extreme weather events.
    • Species Extinction: Failure to adapt to changing environment.
    • IUCN's Red List Categories: Provides classifications of species based on risk of extinction. These classifications include Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), and Data Deficient (DD). Not Evaluated (NE) is a category for species not yet assessed.

    Conservation of Biodiversity

    • In Situ Conservation: Protecting and conserving species in their natural habitat.
    • Example: Mt. Pulag National Park.
    • Ex-Situ Conservation: Protecting and conserving species outside their natural habitat.
    • Example: Botanic garden.
    • International Agreements: Conservation and biodiversity protection measures (e.g., Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol, and Cartagena Protocol) and Philippine laws exist to conserve wildlife (e.g., Republic Act No. 9147 for Wildlife Resource Conservation and Protection Act; Republic Act No. 2590 on the protection of game and fish).
    • National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (1992): Establishes and defines the protected areas system.

    Climate Change

    • Long-term changes in the Earth's weather patterns. Refers to statistically significant changes in climate for continuous periods (e.g. decades).
    • Weather: Condition of the air or atmosphere at different regions of Earth.
    • Climate: General weather pattern for a given region.

    Causes of Climate Change

    • Natural Causes:

      • Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic gases and ash block sunlight, causing temporary cooling.
      • Orbital Changes (Milankovitch Cycles): Changes in Earth's orbit and tilt affect the amount of solar radiation received.
      • Carbon Dioxide Theory: Increased CO2 levels due to the burning of fossil fuels.

    • Human Activities (Greenhouse Gases):

      • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
      • Methane (CH4)
      • Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
      • Hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons
      • Water Vapor

    Impacts of Climate Change

    • Rising average temperatures, rising sea levels, changes in rainfall patterns, expansion of disease carriers, destruction of coral reefs, increased pressure on groundwater supplies, and disruption of food supplies.

    IPCC Conclusion

    • Scientific consensus that human-caused greenhouse gases are the dominant cause of observed warming since the 20th century. Anthropogenic drivers are also influential in this conclusion.

    Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions (2005)

    • A breakdown of emissions by sector (e.g., International Bunkers, Waste, etc.).

    Adapting Biodiversity Under Climate Change

    • Hopkin's principles: Conserving existing biodiversity, reducing pressures, resilient ecosystems, landscape linkages, informed decisions, and adaptation-mitigation harmonization.

    Effects of Climate Change in Society

    • Impacts on basic elements of people's lives.
    • Impacts on food resources (declining yields, water shortages).
    • Impacts associated with melting glaciers, declining crop yields, vector-borne diseases, and species extinction.
    • Also includes mentions of El Niño and La Niña phenomena.

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    Biodiversity under Climate Change PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the interconnectedness of society, environment, and health in relation to biodiversity and climate change. This quiz covers the causes of climate change and its impacts across various sectors while applying science, technology, and society (STS) concepts.

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