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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1948) LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO MIL PART 1 COMMUNICATION - The act or process of using words, soun...

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1948) LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO MIL PART 1 COMMUNICATION - The act or process of using words, sounds, sign, or behavior to express or RECEPTION MODEL exchange information or to express your idea, thoughts, feeling, etc. to someone else OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1954) - The exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1960) Sign Symbol Colors Gestures Body Language Facial Expressions VERBAL COMMUNICATION Oral Written HOW IS COMMUNICATION AFFECTED BY MEDIA AND INFORMATION TRANSMISSION MODEL MEDIA LASSWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1948) - Communication tool INFORMATION - Data, knowledge derived from study, experience or instruction, signs or symbols - Knowledge of specific events or situation 1 0  - According to archaeologists, the Prehistoric Age occurred some 4.5 million years ago or approximately 30,000 years TERMS TO UNDERSTAND ago. - Stone Age and the Metal Age. MEDIA LITERACY - They are called as such because of the - The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and kind of tools that the prehistoric people produce communication in a variety of used during those times. media forms. - As the tools were relatively crude, INFORMATION LITERACY archeologist believe that a system of - The ability to recognize when information writing had not yet existed during this era. is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate - As prehistoric men learned how to information in its various formats sharpen their tools and use them for hunting, they also acquired the knowledge TECHNOLOGY DIGITAL LITERACY on how to use these materials in carving stones. - The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to - Eventually, this paved the way for them to locate, evaluate, use, and create create a system of writing, which marked information the start of the historic period. Prehistoric Art as the Earliest Form of Traditional Media - Prehistoric men learned how to etch on caves. - Prehistoric men drew on caves what they see around them, such as animals and nature. - Prehistoric Art as the Earliest Form of Traditional Media - During the Stone Age, prehistoric people also used these crude stone tools to create objects, which are now considered rock art. - Two kinds of rock art during the Stone Age are petroglyphs and pictographs. LESSON 2: - THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW PREHISTORIC ART AS THE EARLIEST FORM MEDIA OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA PREHISTORIC AGE PETROGLYPHS - Prehistoric refers to the time before the - Can be carving or engravings in rocks or existence of written or recorded history. caves PICTOGRAPHS 1 0  - Represent words or phrases through they took advantage of the poor economic symbols condition of the working class. - When the steam press was invented, the printing of materials like newspapers - Used to refers to sketches or paintings became much faster, cheaper and easier. that usually deplict nature, early people’s way of life. - Communication during the Industrial Age MEGALITHIC ART also became viable because of the - Apart from cave paintings, prehistoric invention of the telegraph. men also created ELECTRONIC AGE - There is no concrete system of writing during the Prehistoric Age so people - Electronic refers to an object that has communicated their way of life, beliefs, electronic components, such as sensors, and other practices through music and microchips, which functions once it is dance. connected to an electrical outlet. Ex. Oyayi - song Ex. Cañao – dance (Cordillera) Offering - Industrial Age and Electronic Age are quite similar – they thrived in the manufacturing industries. PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE - Industrial Age and Electronic Age are - Most people associate factories and machines to industries. different because of the equipment. Ex. Transportation and Communication. - The Industrial Age began in the 18th century in Great Britain when the country made drastic reforms to improve their economy. Technology shifted from using INFORMATION AGE hand tools to operating power-driven machines.toric Art as the Earliest Form of - The Information Age has upgraded what it Traditional Media can offer to consumers in terms of gadgets and devices that can make their way of life not only functional and comfortable, but also offer endless INDUSTRIAL AGE possibilities. - Selling of goods boosted during the Industrial Age. The concept of mass production or manufacturing of goods in RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL large quantities was introduced, MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA increasing the demand for bigger and better machines. - In the present time, new media is undeniably very useful, but this does not mean that traditional media has already become obsolete. - Special equipment were fabricated to meet the specific needs of different - Traditional media is still valuable and factories. influential because it has a wider reach and market. - In a lot of ways, the Industrial Age has improved the people’s way of living as Ex. People who live in remote areas People new inventions such as steamboats and opted to traditional media steam locomotives, made transportation faster. - The choice of media is based on one’s needs, interests, ad lifestyle as both - However, some business owners during traditional media and new media can this era focused only on earning profit so carry out their purpose of keeping the 1 0  people informed and helping everyone to stay connected. - With the massive reach of media, it can greatly influence people’s views and actions. ROLES AND FUNCTION OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY SELECTED THEORIES ON MEDIA AND INFORMATION COLONIAL PERIOD - Accessing information and - people had been restricted to express communicating with other people are fast their ideas and fight for their rights. and easy because there are different forms of media we can use. - people had been restricted to express their ideas and fight for their rights. MEDIA RICHNESS MEDIA RICHNESS THEORY - On the other hand, in the United States, - Introduced by Richard L. Draft and Robert novel like H. Lengel in the 1980s. communication serves as a medium that can reproduce - Democracy comes from the Greek information. words? - demo (people) and kratos (rule) = Rule of - Media Richness Theory can be used to the People assess the richness or multifunction capabilities of specific means of - In a democratic society, the welfare of the communication, such as phone calls, public is important and their rights are video conferences, and e-mails protected by the government. -.According methods, like e- mails and video calls, are generally more effective - The Philippines’ 1986 and 2001 People than other forms of media as the desired Power Revolutions perfectly show the message is sent directly to the receiver.to importance of the role of media in today’s this theory, personal communication society. INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY - Prior to People Power I, local - Suggests that humans process the newspapers, such as: have reported information they receive instead of merely about the pervasive protests of people responding to the stimuli. against the government because of its inability to respond to issues regarding - also, the mind is like a computer that labor, poverty, and education. analyzes the information it gets from its environment. - Prior to People Power I, local newspapers, such as: Hence, news reporters from TV and radio stations CONTINGENCY THEORY exposed illegal abductions of citizens who were tortured for criticizing the - based on Joan Woodward’s work in 1958. government. - this theory argued about the influence of - This proves that in democratic society, the technology and other variables in media’s role is very crucial as it becomes organizations. a reliable source of information. - Contingency theory notes that a variable - People in democratic society also use can change the behavior and the different media platforms as a means to structure of an organization in order to express their opinion on social issues. complete a task. 1 0 MEDIA NATURALNESS THEORY about the plight of workers regarding unjust wages were also exposed. - was proposed by Nereu “Ned” Kock based on the concept of human evolution. - Technology was primarily used to assist experts on how to process figures and - suggests that face-to-face communication data accurately during Electronic Age. is the most natural method of communication. - The Information Age gave ordinary citizens the opportunity to become instant - Media Naturalness Theory proposes that reporters by posting current issues on communication is better established and their social media accounts. that the message is more clearly understood if people talk in person. it agues that the farther the sender is from LESSON 3: the receiver, the hard it is to process information and comprehend the TYPE OF MEDIA message. 1. Print (Newspapers, magazines, opinion journals) MEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION THEORY - The two most common print media are - it is better if people who need to newspapers and magazines, but print communicate are all present and media also include outdoor billboards, available in real time. transit posters, the yellow pages, and direct mail. - in this way, they will be able to note immediate feedback and responses since 2. Broadcast (network TV, radio) they are fully engaged in the conversation. - Broadcast media involves electronically and simultaneously sending information - emphasizes that communication involves containing signals, print messages and interaction as it has two processes: audio or video content to a vast group of convey and converge. recipients using television, radio, newspapers, magazines and digital media - convey mans to make something known including the Internet, emails and texts. to another person, which converge means to come together to set a common interest, purpose, or goal. 3. Internet – blogs, Twitter, etc. CHANNEL EXPANSION THEORY - Internet media comprise such services as email, social media sites, websites, and - Suggests that an individual chooses a Internet-based radio and television. Print type of media to use for communication media transmit information via physical based on his experience in handling that objects, such as books, comics, type of media alongside the person he magazines, newspapers, or pamphlets. needs to speak with and what their topic Event organizing and public speaking can is all about. also be considered forms of mass media. INFORMATION BITS - Cave paintings from the Prehistoric Age New media are forms of media that are can be considered as the oldest form of computational and rely on computers for media. redistribution. Some examples of new media are computer animations, computer games, human- - During the Industrial Age, the invention of computer interfaces, interactive computer the steam press allowed the faster installations, websites, and virtual worlds. printing of newspapers, which became an important source of information about the disputes in old factories. Some news 1 0 According to Neuman, "We are witnessing the - Live Streaming Will Become the New evolution of a universal interconnected network of Norm. audio, video, and electronic text communications that will blur the distinction between interpersonal - Technology Adoption Will Be at an All- and mass communication and between public and Time High. private communication" - Higher Adoption of Augmented Reality. Neuman argues that new media will: AMERICAN BROADCAST MEDIA - Alter the meaning of geographic distance. Versus other countries: privately owned, not government owned Implications of private ownership: Neuman argues that new media will: More freedom, less government control over - Allow for a huge increase in the volume of content communication. Priorities strongly influenced by dependence on ad Neuman argues that new media will: revenue: need to attract big audiences, keep them - Provide the possibility of increasing the entertained speed of communication. How does federal government regulate the Neuman argues that new media will: media? - Provide opportunities for interactive Federal Communication Commission (created communication. 1934) Neuman argues that new media will: Equal time rule: any broadcast station that give/sells time to candidate must make equal time - Allow forms of communication that were available to opponent(s) previously separate to overlap and interconnect. Fairness doctrine – broadcasters must give time to opposing views if broadcast a program slanted to TRENDS one side of a controversial issue (no longer in effect) - Newspapers and TV are declining as news sources, Internet rising 2009 - But when Americans go on Internet, the In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television majority of the sites they go on are owned stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM by “old” media: major TV network news radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, sites, local and national newspaper sites. 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in Blogs are less than 25% of the news circulation consumed online. Social Media Trends for 2021 and Some media outlets, such as RPN/IBC (television) Beyond: and the Philippine Broadcasting Service (radio), are government-run. Most outlets are privately - Ephemeral Content Will Keep Gaining owned Popularity. The newspapers are the Manila Bulletin, The - TheTraditional Social Platforms Will Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Business Continue to Perform Well. Mirror, and BusinessWorld - Social Commerce Will Continue to Expand. Much media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and businesses. - Video Content Will Dominate. Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided presentations favoring special interests. The 1 0 privately-owned press also tends toward manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept sensationalism at times for use but not for sale 4 MAJOR TYPES OF LIBRARIES FUNCTIONS OF MEDIA - ACADEMIC LIBRARY - PUBLIC LIBRARY - SCHOOL LIBRARY - SPECIAL LIBRARY 1. Reporting the news 2. Interpreting the news 3. Influencing citizens’ opinions ACADEMIC LIBRARY - serves colleges and universities 4. Setting the political agenda 5. Gatekeeper function (channels the news flow that reaches the public) PUBLIC LIBRARY - serves cities and towns of all types How does media influence public opinion? SCHOOL LIBRARY - Agenda setting – telling citizens what to - serves students from Kindergarten to think about -studies by Iyengar and Grade 12 Kinder SPECIAL LIBRARY - Priming – affect standards people use to evaluate political figures or problems - are in specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and the - Framing – what you emphasize or de- government. emphasize in a story Bias INDIGENOUS MEDIA - Partisan? Old days/today… Indigenous - Ideological bias: liberal or conservative? (surveys … but… - native; local; originating or produced - Negativity and cynicism naturally in a particular region/locality - Emphasis on conflict - Emphasis on the president and personalities v. policy Indigenous Knowledge - knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society; most often it is not LESSON 4 written down MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES Indigenous Media - Indigenous - may be defined as forms of media - Library expression conceptualized, produced, - Internet and circulated by indigenous peoples - Others around the globe as vehicles for communication LIBRARY FORMS OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA: - A place in which literary, musical, artistic, 1. FOLK OR TRADITIONAL MEDIA or reference materials (such as books, 1 0  2. GATHERINGS AND SOCIAL - Information is said to be of value if it aids ORGANIZATIONS the user in making or improving decisions. 3. DIRECT OBSERVATION 4. RECORDS (WRITTEN, CARVED, ORAL) Authority of the Source 5. ORAL INSTRUCTION - Who authored or published the information? INTERNET - - Is the source credible? - a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication Timeliness Reliability, accuracy, and value of facilities, consisting of interconnected information may vary based on the time it was networks using standardized produced or acquired. communication protocols. EVALUATING INFORMATION FOUND ON - It may become irrelevant and inaccurate THE INTERNET: with the passing of time (thus making it less valuable). -Authorship -Publishing body Timeliness Other information - may be timeless, proven to be the same -Accuracy and Verifiability in reliability, accuracy, and value throughout history. -Currency Skills in determining the Reliability of Information: Things to Consider in Evaluating a. Check the Author b. Check the Date of Information: Publication or of update c. Check for Citations d. Check the Domain or owner of the site/page..com -Reliability -.edu -.mil -.gov -.org - commercial educational -Accuracy military government nonprofit organization. -Value -Authority Skills in Determining Accurate Information: a.Look for facts. b.Cross-reference with other source for -Timeliness consistency. c.Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information. Reliability of Information LESSON 5 - Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. Others refer to MEDIA AND CONVENTIONS the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of information. IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA LANGUAGE Accuracy of Information Accuracy - medium has its own language that is uses to communicate meaning - refers to the closeness of the report to the - Uses familiar codes and conventions that actual data. Measurement of accuracy are generally understood varies, depending on the type of information being evaluated. Forecasts - similar to the actual data. Financial - MEDIA LANGUAGE values are correct. - It is the way in which the media text is Value of Information conveyed to the audience. 1 0 TYPES OF MEDIA LANGUAGES for an audience, producers, & other stakeholders. - VISUAL - AURAL - WRITTEN WHAT MAKEUP CODES AND CONVENTIONS - VERBAL - NON-VERBAL THEME CHARACTERS VISUAL LANGUAGE SETTING - Most used out of five in music video as it PROPS was based on the visuals. Within these NARRATIVE AND PLOT vistuals we included a variety of different locations in the music video SOUND - Mise-en-scene CONVENTION AURAL LANGUAGE - Media texts includes a mixture of sound help generate text includes spoken language any sound in the world of the chosen media - Language also needs to linked to other media languages such as visual so that it makes sense in the piece of media in which it is being used with DIEGETIC SOUND - Visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film - Voice of characters - Sounds made by objects in the story - Music represented as coming from instrument in the story space CONVENTIONS - Sound presented as originated from source within the film’s world. Can be either screen or off screen depensing on whatever its source is within the frame or outside frame MEDIA TEXT - utilized to depict any media item. e.g. TV programs, photos, adverts, film, radio CODES AND CONVENTION programs, web pages, etc. - Systems of signs, which create meaning to communicate ideas and impressions 1 0  WRITTEN CODES - The way titles/headlines are presented. e.g. headlines, captions, speech bubbles, style CODES HUMAN MIDS AS MACHINE - A system of signs which can be detected to create meaning TECHNICAL CODES - Focus on how media frames in visual media are presented. e.g. camera angle, lens choice, framing, shutter speed, depth of field, lighting & exposure, juxtaposition Extreme long shot Medium shot Close-up Bird’s eye view AGENDA SETTING FUNCTION THEORY Worm’s eye view Depth of field shallow deep CAMERA MOVEMENTS 1. PAN – SHORT FOR PANORAMA. THE CAMERA MOVES HORIZONTALLY FROM A STATIC POSITION. 2. TILT – THE CAMERA MOVES VERTICALLY FROM A STATIC POSITION. 3. ZOOM – THE CHANGE OF FOCAL LENGTH – THEORY MAXWELL MCCOMBS & DONALD CLOSER OR FARTHER AWAY. SHAW THE MEDIA HAS THE TENDENCY TO 4. DOLLY – TRACKING SHOT. CAMERA MOVES MANIPULATE ITS WAY OF PRESENTING ON TRACKS/WHEELS TO GIVE A SMOOTH MESSAGES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE MOVEMENT. DESIRED RECEPTION FROM THE AUDIENCE. THIS IS CALLED MEDIA AGENDA. 5. HANDHELD – GIVES THE FRAME A SHAKY LOOK; POV SHOT SYMBOLIC CODES 1 0  - the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. HACKING - refers to the practice of modifying or altering computer software and hardware to accomplish a goal that is considered to be outside of the creator's original objective. Hacking Those individuals who engage in computer hacking activities are typically referred to LESSON 6 as “hackers”. LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN PHISHING MEDIA AND INFORMATION - is the attempt to obtain sensitive - Republic Act No.10175 information such as usernames, - Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 passwords, and credit card details (and, research indirectly, money), often for malicious - September 12, 2012 reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy REPUBLIC ACT NO, 10175 entity in an electronic communication. - Or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 - is a law in the Philippines approved on ILLEGAL DOWNLOADING September 12, 2012 which aims to address legal issues concerning online - refers to obtaining files that you do not interactions and the Internet have the right to use from the Internet. DIGITAL PIRACY - Among the cybercrime offenses included - the practice of illegally copying and selling in the bill are cybersquatting, cybersex, digital music, video, computer software, child pornography, identity theft, illegal etc. access to data and libel. IDENTITY THEFT CYBER - is the deliberate use of someone else's identity, usually as a method to gain a - Means relating to, or involving computers financial advantage or obtain credit and or computer networks (such as the other benefits in the other person's name, Internet) and perhaps to the other person's disadvantage or loss CYBERSPACE CYBER DEFAMATION - refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, is an electronic medium - is an unprivileged false statement of fact used to form a global computer network to which tends to harm the reputation of a facilitate online communication person or company. CYBERCRIME 2 TYPES OF DEFAMATION - refers to the criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the Internet LIBEL CYBERBULLYING - Written 1 0 SLANDER - is a legal concept that allows the reproduction of copyrighted material - Verbal for certain purposes without obtaining permission and without CYBERSEX paying a fee. Purposes permitting the - lso called computer sex, Internet sex, application of fair use generally netsex is a virtual sex encounter in which include review, news reporting, two or more people (connected remotely teaching, or scholarly research. via internet) send each other sexually COMPUTER ADDICTION explicit contents or sexually explicit acts. - the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This excessive use may for example interfere with work or sleep, CHILD PORNOGRAPHY result in problems with social interaction, or affect mood, - is a form of child sexual exploitation. relationships and thought processes. CYBERSQUATTING DIGITAL DIVIDE - is registering, trafficking in, or using an - An economic inequality between Internet domain name with bad faith intent groups in terms of access to, use of, to profit from the goodwill of a trademark or knowledge of ICT. The divide belonging to someone else. within countries can refer to inequalities between individuals, - The cybersquatter then offers to sell the households, businesses, and domain to the person or company who geographic areas at different owns a trademark contained within the socioeconomic (and other name at an inflated price. demographic) levels. VIRTUAL SELF COPYRIGHT - The persona you create about - a legal device that gives the creator of a yourself virtually literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work the sole right to publish and sell that NETIQUETTE work. - the correct or acceptable way of communicating on the Internet. - Copyright owners have the right to control the reproduction of their work, including the right to receive payment for that reproduction. - Violation of a copyright is called infringement. PLAGIARISM - an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author. FAIR USE 1 0