Midterm 1 Study Guide BIOL 1216 PDF

Midterm 1 – Study Guide BIOL 1216 F24 Midterm Details 54 marks ◦ 43 MC (scantron) ◦ 11 SA marks (5 questions) 80 minutes ◦ Please show up early so we can start on time Content – week 1 to 4 ◦ No brain content on test The Scientific Method Know what the scientific method is, and identify what...

Midterm 1 – Study Guide BIOL 1216 F24 Midterm Details 54 marks ◦ 43 MC (scantron) ◦ 11 SA marks (5 questions) 80 minutes ◦ Please show up early so we can start on time Content – week 1 to 4 ◦ No brain content on test The Scientific Method Know what the scientific method is, and identify what is done in each stage Homeostasis Via Feedback Homeostasis – Be able to identify examples of each of the following: ◦ Negative feedback – returns to set point ◦ Positive feedback – reinforces change ◦ Feedforward – anticipates change Feedback loop Given a feedback loop example, identify each of the following: ◦ Receptor: ◦ Senses change ◦ Control centre: ◦ Evaluates whether outside the set point ◦ Output when needed ◦ Effector ◦ Produces response to change the controlled variable  Selective permeability Identify whether a solute can Permeable to Impermeable to pass though a membrane or not Identify why it can/cannot pass through Less permeable to water Why solutes move across the membrane Given a diagram, identify gradients across the plasma membrane ◦ Concentration gradient Electrochemical gradient: Combined ◦ Electrical gradient Explain why solutes want to move DOWN a gradient Area A Area B Area A Area B + -- - + -- + - - + Concentration gradient + + - - - Electrical gradient + - + - + + Rate of Diffusion Identify factors that increase or decrease the rate of particle flow (diffusion) 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐷 Fick’s Law 𝐽= 𝑋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐽 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝐶1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐶2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑋 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒…) Membrane Transport Know the properties and identify differences between each of the following: ◦ Diffusion – down electrochemical gradient without using ATP ◦ Simple ◦ Facilitated (channel mediated, carrier mediated) ◦ Osmosis ◦ Active transport (uses ATP) ◦ Primary ◦ Secondary (explain the role of ATP and gradients) Depict and interpret how each of the following factors impact the transport of solutes: Specificity Affinity Competition Saturation Receptors Identify different types of extracellular communication Receptor Second ◦ Hormones – through blood messenger ◦ Neurotransmitters - neurons Inactive relay  protein ◦ Local mediators Extracellular Use receptor location to identify ECMs chemical messenger (first messenger) Active relay ☺ ◦ Inside cell – lipid soluble messengers protein (protein  Effector ◦ Outside cell – water soluble messengers kinase) protein Identify each step of signal transduction Effector protein P (phosphorylated) ☺ Cellular response Blood Describe how a disruption to homeostasis might impact erythropoiesis via negative feedback Identify which blood types are safe for transfusion  Organization of the Nervous System Trace the general organization of the nervous system Identify to role of different types of neural circuits Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Myelin Sheath Explain the role of the myelin sheath on action potential propagation. And describe the differences between saltatory conduction and continuous conduction ◦ Increases speed of conduction ◦ Reduces ATP requirement Know why we have Nodes of Ranvier ◦ Gaps in the myelination ◦ Contain ions and ion channels Membrane Potential Describe how a resting membrane potential of -70 mV is established using Na+ and K+ leak channels ◦ Know the role of the sodium-potassium pump Problem solve how a change in permeability to a solute would impact membrane potential Action potentials and graded potentials Identify the location and magnitudes of graded versus action potentials Draw an action potential and label when changes begin Spinal cord and spinal nerves: White matter Dorsal roots Trace the path of electrical excitation as in travels to and from the spinal cord Dorsal gray horns Roots - 2 bundles ◦ Dorsal root: sensory ◦ Ventral root: motor ◦ Grey matter: ◦ dendrites and cell bodies of neurons ◦ White matter Ascending ◦ Myelinated axons of neurons Descending ◦ White matter contains bundles of axons called tracts ◦ Ascending tracts – send signals toward the brain ◦ Descending tracts – send signals away from brain Ventral gray horns Ventral roots Other Questions and Comments Neurotransmitters ◦ Know what they could cause post-synapse. Don’t need to memorize types. No brain on test