Midterm One PDF - History and Drug Laws

History and Drug Laws Terms 1.​ Psychopharmacology- science that examines how drugs act on biological systems and affect behavior 2.​ Drug- an exogenous chemical that has effects on the mind via the nervous system 3.​ Ethnopharmacology- the study of relationship between drugs from p...

History and Drug Laws Terms 1.​ Psychopharmacology- science that examines how drugs act on biological systems and affect behavior 2.​ Drug- an exogenous chemical that has effects on the mind via the nervous system 3.​ Ethnopharmacology- the study of relationship between drugs from plants and people 4.​ Exogenous- out of the body 5.​ Drug abuse- bad relationship with drug that causes bad consequences 6.​ Opiates-natural founding 7.​ Opioids- synthetic 8.​ Psyche- mind 9.​ Droog-dried plant 10.​ Hildegard Von Bigun- renaissance woman who uses plants as medicine Drug Abuse Fact ​ Factors of drug abuse are pharmacology, sociocultural context, route of administration, psychological context, dose ​ No hierarchy risk for drug use ​ Incarnation of drugs is not distributed evenly among gender Schedules ​ Schedule one ○​ No accepted medical use, hugh potential for abuse ○​ Heroin, THC, quaaludes, ,psychedelics, marijuana ○​ State felony to posses ​ Schedule Two ○​ High abuse potential, but there is a available for medical use ○​ Poppies, opium, cocaine, crack, meth ​ Schedule Three ○​ Less abuse potential, available for medical use ○​ Tylenol with codeine, anabolic steroids, ketamine, GHB, pseudoephedrine ​ Schedule four ○​ Less abuse potential, available for medical use ○​ Benzodiazepines, barbiturates ​ Schedule Five ○​ Less abuse potential, available for medical use ○​ Cough syrup with codeine Drug Laws ​ 1875 Opium ban- first US ban for smoking opium, largely affected chinese men in San Francisco ​ Harrison Narcotics Act- tax law to get people to stop buying narcotics, prescription needed ​ Prohibition- a ban of selling and manufacturing of alcohol, which leads to organized crime ○​ 18th amendment evokes this, 21st amendment revokes and gives the right to the states ​ Marijuana Tax Act- heavy tax on MJ possession and distribution, decrease of marijuana in pharmacy and fabrics ​ Controlled substance act- schedules drugs and wipes out all other drug laws ​ Comprehensive crime act- sentencing guidelines for type and amount in possession, stopped by supreme court in 2015 ○​ The sentencing table ​ Controlled Substance Analogue act- designer drug act, allows prosecution for unscheduled drug/making drug to mimic other drugs ​ Federal vs State regulation- all states must adopt federal schedules ○​ MJ penalties reduced in some states  Organization of Nervous System Nervous Systems 1.​ Central nervous system- brain and the spinal cord 2.​ Peripheral nervous system- autonomic and parasympathetic nervous system a.​ Autonomic- fight or flight, uses energy b.​ Parasympathetic- rest and digest, increases energy Cell Body Diagram *information travels from the cell body and down to the terminal body The Blood Brain Barrier ​ The Blood Brain Barrier- tiny and tight opening that only allows certain things to cross ​ Astrocytes- support the blood brain barrier between the blood vessels/ neurons ​ Psychoactive effects only happens when a drug crosses the Blood brain barrier Synapse ​ EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential): depolarizing graded potential in the postsynaptic neuron caused by excitatory inputs a.​ Sodium (NA) influx b.​ Increased probability that an action potential will fire ​ IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential): hyperpolarizing graded potential caused by inhibitory inputs a.​ CI- influx or K efflux b.​ Decreased probability that an action potential will fire ​ Synapse and action potential a.​ Action potential reaches an axon terminal b.​ Voltage gated calcium ion channels open c.​ Calcium accuses vesicles to move d.​ Ions bind to receptors e.​ Ions either flows in or out Cell Membrane at Rest ​ Sodium potassium pump- keeps the cell resting ○​ Three Na+ out, two K+ in ​ Cell membrane: consists of ion channels, pumps and receptors ​ Inside more negatively charged that the outside ​ Polarized: differences in charges ​ A- and Ka+ are more inside while Na+ and CI- are more outside ​ Diffusion ○​ K+ leaves the cell ○​ Na+ leaves the cell ○​ Ci- leaves the cell ​ Electrostatic Pressure ○​ K+ enters the cell ○​ Na+ leaves the cell ○​ CI- enters the cells ​ *A- cannot cross Cell Membrane with an Action Potential ​ Action potential steps ○​ Cell is at rest ○​ Depolarization ​ Na channels open, influx of Na ​ K channels open, K levels the cell ○​ Na channels shut ○​ K continues to leave the cell, K channels close ​ Extra K outside diffuse away ​ Hyperpolarization: influx of Na ​ Depolarization: efflux of K+ or Ci-  Drugs and Neurotransmitters Terms ​ Neurotransmitters: chemicals that transmit between a neuron and another cell ​ Drugs: chemicals that affect the body ​ Agonist: enhances the effects of neurotransmitters ​ Antagonist: blocks the effects of neurotransmitters ○​ Competitive: competes with neurotransmitters for the binding spot ○​ Non-competitive: does not compete with neurotransmitters, has a second binding site ○​ Direct: binds to the receptor ○​ Indirect: binds to the the enzyme, reuptake, etc. ​ Tolerance: used for increased drug to achieve the desired effect ​ Withdrawal: symptoms when drug used is stopped, always opposite of what the drugs desired effect is ​ Physical dependence: habituation to the drug, including tolerance and withdrawal ​ Substance use disorder: classified in the DSM5, depends on dose, sociocultural, route, pharmacology, context ​ Dose response curve: magnitude of the drugs effect as the function of the dose ○​ The more you take the more you feel it ​ Therapeutic Index: the ratio between the dose producing toxic effects to the dose producing desired effects ○​ The higher the TI, the safer the drug is Routes of Administration ​ Oral: twenty minutes to activate, most common ​ Sublingual intraoral: blood vessels in mouth, about three minutes ​ Insufflation (snorting): through nose, about three minutes ​ Transdermal/topical: through outer skin, minutes to hours ​ Inhalation: into the lungs, ten seconds, fastest to the brain ​ Intravenous injection (IV): veins, ten seconds or more ​ Intramuscular injection: via muscles, about three seconds ​ Intraperitoneal injection: via peritoneum, about three seconds ​ Subcutaneous injection: under skin, many minutes Neurotransmitters 1.​ Acetylcholine a.​ The first know neurotransmitter discovered by Otto Loewi b.​ Effects: in the peripheral nervous system, increases skeletal and smooth muscles and decreases cardiac muscles, causes muscle contractions c.​ Acetylcholinesterase: breaks down acetylcholine d.​ Receptors: acetylcholine/drugs bind to this i.​ Muscarinic receptor: found in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system 1.​ Increases digestion, salvation, memory and decreases heart rate 2.​ Drugs that bind: a.​ Muscarine: receptor agonist on the peripheral nervous system  i.​ Salvation, vomiting, brachycardia (slow heartbeat) b.​ Atropine: receptor antagonist i.​ Hallucinations, sleepiness, reduces salvation and increases heart rate ii.​ Nicotinic receptor: found in central nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system 1.​ Increases alertness, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, heart rate 2.​ Drugs that bind: a.​ Nicotine: receptor agonist, increases heart rate, arousal, crosses BBB b.​ Curare: receptor antagonist of nicotine at the neuromuscular junction level i.​ Decreases muscle movement ii.​ Dart poison e.​ Drugs that affect acetylcholine i.​ Donepezil: inhibits acetylcholine breakdown by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase 2.​ Monoamines a.​ Dopamine i.​ Effects: movement and addiction 1.​ L-DOPA: precursor to dopamine, taken to help Parkinson’s b.​ Serotonin i.​ Sleep, mood and libido ii.​ SSRI: inhibits serotonin reuptake, therefore it is a serotonin agonist iii.​ Psychedelics: serotonin receptor agonists, intense thoughts and feelings, hallucinations c.​ Norepinephrine i.​ Impacts the sympathetic nervous system 1.​ Increase heart rate, vigilance ii.​ Beta-blockers: Norepinephrine antagonist helped to treat anxiety d.​ Epinephrine i.​ Won’t really be tested on ii.​ Produced in adrenal gland iii.​ Adrenaline, increases heart rate 3.​ Amino acids a.​ Glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system i.​ Receptors 1.​ AMPA (sodium channel), NMDA (sodium/calcium channel). kainate(sodium channel), metabotropic (calcium channel) 2.​ Drugs that affect receptor: Ketamine a.​ NMDA noncompetitive receptor antagonist b.​ Analgesia, anesthesia c.​ Memory impairment, hallucinations b.​ GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter i.​ Receptors:  1.​ GABA A: sedative agonist, CI_ channel, each sedative binds to it’s own site 2.​ GABA B: K+ channel, anti-convulsant, agonist ii.​ Drugs that effect: supplements 1.​ Reduce stress, insonia, obesity, etc 2.​ Does not cross the BBB 4.​ Peptide and Lipids a.​ Peptide: endogenous opioids provided in the hypothalamus i.​ Receptors: does both ISPS and ESPS 1.​ Analgesia, reward, sedation, and euphoria 2.​ Drugs that impact receptors: codeine, morphine, heroin, vicodin and oxycontin a.​ Treats analgesia, cough suppression b.​ Respiratory depression as a side effect b.​ Lipids: endocannabinoids i.​ Receptors found in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, medulla, hippocampus, spinal cord 1.​ Widespread and inhibitory that makes you hungry, relaxed, sedated and pain relief 2.​ Released upon calcium influx ii.​ Drugs that impact neurotransmitters: THC is a direct agonist used to treat nausea, seizures, analgesia, etc.  Alcohol and Sedatives Alcohol ​ Ethyl alcohol= drinking alcohol ​ Broken down: in the liver and travels from stomach to liver ○​ Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid ​ Is broken down by Alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrase ​ Statistics: women have a slower breakdown of alcohol because estrogen and lower levels of alcohol dehydrase ○​ East asians have lower levels of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ​ Produces flushing/ hangover ​ Due to genetics ○​ 21-25 year old college students more likely to drink ○​ Men are more likely to drink and drive ​ Drug interactions ○​ Antiacides (zantac) inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase ○​ Oral contraceptives may inhibit alcohol metabolism ○​ No specific interactions with antidepressants, but on the depression itself ​ Dosages ○​ Blood alcohol level: grams of ethanol/100ml of blood ​.01 (threshold), 0.8 (legally intoxicated),.40 (death ○​ Standard drinks: 10oz spirit, 12oz beer, 4oz wine ​ Production: an ancient practice, produced by yeast metabolism of carbs in plants ○​ Distillation: boil off alcohol to concentration ○​ Spirits: distilled alcohol beverages ​ Types of spirits: brandy (grapes), whiskey (roasted grain), vodka (grain/potatoes), gin (vodka with herbs), rum (sugar cane), tequila (blue agave) ​ Higher risks of alcohol poisoning ​ National Minimum Drinking Age: 1984, congress withholds highway funding to get this enacted, no purchasing alcohol until 21 years old ​ Diseases/ effects ○​ Vomiting caused by disturbed vestibular activity, changes in fluid density in inner ear, dizziness, build up of acetaldehyde, gastrointestinal irratint ○​ Fetal alcohol syndrome ​ 2-5% of babies ​ Cognitive behavioral problems ​ Loss of bbb integrity ​ Low weight and height ​ Atypical facial features ​ Loss of brain tissue  ○​ Liver problems ​ Fatty liver, cirrhosis, hepatitis ​ Years of day drinking ​ Symptoms: loss of appetite, dark urine, ​ Gastrointestinal issues, hypertension, perpetual neuropathy , amnesia, loss of vitamin B ○​ Wernikes-korsakoff syndrome ​ Wernike’s encephalopathy: uncontrollable eye movement, amnesia, ataxia ​ Cause: vitamin B deficiency ​ Korsakoff psychosis: amnesia and confusion ​ Treatment: thiamine infusion ​ Psychosis never recovers ​ Treatment for drug use ○​ Disulfiram (antabuse): inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrase to give people a negative association with drinking ○​ Benefits to drinking: increase of HDL and a decrease of LDL and heart attack ​ But too many risks Sedatives ​ Sedative hypnotics: sedative (calm), hypnos (sleep) ​ General anesthetics ○​ Full body loss of sensation and consciousness ○​ Types of general anesthetics ​ Diethyl ether ​ Highly explosive and violate ​ Used for recreation and surgery ​ Modern general anesthetics ​ Gasses: isoflurane, halothane ​ Non-flammable ​ Reversible loss of consciousness ​ Vaporized liquids ​ Not well understood: (GABA agonism NMDA antagonism) ​ Inhalants and huffing ○​ Glue, white-out, nail polish remover, duster ○​ Products of oil distillation ○​ Effects: slurred speech, motor weakness, impaired judgement, nausea ​ Death: hypoxia, cardiac failure ​ weight loss, depression, disorientation, hearing loss, limbic spasms, brain damage, liver/kidney damage, confusion, personality changes ​ Benzodiazepines ○​ Synthetic  ○​ Direct GABA agonist ○​ Safer than barbiturates ○​ Schedule four ○​ Treatment for: anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, insomnia, seizures ○​ Examples: roofie, cause anterograde amnesia (no accepted use) ​ GHB: ○​ Non-synthetic, we produce this ○​ Both a stimulant (GHB receptor agonist) and a sedative (GABA receptor direct agonist) ​ Stimulant in low, sedative in high ○​ Used for: anxiety, childbirth, narcolepsy, alcoholism, aphrodisiac ​ Barbiturates ○​ Synthetic ○​ Schedule two ○​ Direct GABA agonist ○​ Used for: anxiety, seizures, insomnia, anesthesia ○​ Examples: phenobarbital, amobarbital, sodium pentothal (truth serum) ​ Drug Interations ○​ Oral contraceptives and antibiotics: inhibit enzyme in liver that break down sedatives ○​ Other sedatives: overdose more likely ​ Other kinds of sedatives: sleeping aids, ambien, sonata, valerian root ​ Overdose, Tolerance and Withdrawal ○​ overdose= death ​ Aspiration on vomiting, hypoxia, inhibition of respiratory control neurons on brain stem ○​ Overdose =/= death ​ Drowsiness, amnesia, slurred speech, ataxia, Respiratory depression ○​ Tolerance ​ GABA receptors are downregulated with an increase of glutamate receptors and excitatory neurons ○​ Withdrawal= deadly ​ Extra excitation, tachycardia. vaso constructions, seizures, delirium, hallucinations ​ Absinthe ○​ Wormwood distilled spirit ​ Treatment for worms ​ Gothic English Lore ○​ Chemistry of Absinthe  ​ First believed that thujone, but was proven it was caused by high alcohol levels ​ This is because wormwood caused animals to seize ​ Thujone: found in wormwood, GABA competitive antagonist ○​ Absinthe prohibition ​ First drink that was banned ​ First was banned in switzerland, and then the US ​ Appealed in 2007 in the US