Psychopharmacology and Drug Abuse Factors
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant side effect of drugs that impact opioid receptors, such as codeine or morphine?

  • Respiratory depression (correct)
  • Drowsiness
  • Nausea
  • Increased appetite

Which type of GABA receptor is associated with sedation and binds to a chloride ion channel?

  • Kainate
  • GABA B
  • GABA A (correct)
  • NMDA

What is the primary action of ketamine as an NMDA receptor antagonist?

  • Causing hallucinations (correct)
  • Enhancing memory retention
  • Reducing anxiety
  • Inhibiting pain perception

Which of the following is NOT an effect associated with endocannabinoids?

<p>Inhibition of hunger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of GABA supplements?

<p>They are used to reduce stress and insomnia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily responsible for breaking down ethanol in the liver?

<p>Alcohol dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is reported to be more likely to consume alcohol?

<p>21-25 years old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood alcohol level considered legally intoxicated in most states?

<p>.08 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT a type of spirits?

<p>Soda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of Wernicke's encephalopathy?

<p>Vitamin B deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of benzodiazepines?

<p>Direct GABA agonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is considered an example of a barbiturate?

<p>Phenobarbital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome is characterized by amnesia and confusion, often resulting from alcohol-related brain damage?

<p>Korsakoff psychosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with overdosing on sedatives?

<p>Hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does disulfiram (antabuse) have on alcohol consumption?

<p>Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the effects of GHB?

<p>It can act as both a stimulant and a sedative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group experiences flushing due to lower levels of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase?

<p>East Asians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the national minimum drinking age being set at 21?

<p>Reduce highway funding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily linked to chronic use of alcohol leading to liver damage?

<p>Cirrhosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tolerance refer to in the context of drug use?

<p>The increase in drug dosage to achieve the desired effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is physical dependence characterized by?

<p>An inability to stop using a substance without experiencing withdrawal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the therapeutic index indicate?

<p>The safety margin between doses that produce desired effects and those that cause toxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration is the fastest to reach the brain?

<p>Inhalation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the drug nicotine have on the body?

<p>Increases alertness and elevates blood pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Donepezil function in relation to acetylcholine?

<p>It inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?

<p>Influencing mood, sleep, and libido. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central nervous system excitatory neurotransmitter?

<p>Glutamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes withdrawal symptoms?

<p>They are always opposite to the drug's desired effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does norepinephrine primarily affect the body?

<p>It increases heart rate and promotes vigilance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychopharmacology?

<p>Studying how drugs affect biological systems and behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of drugs has no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse?

<p>Schedule One (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act introduced a tax law aimed at limiting narcotics purchases?

<p>Harrison Narcotics Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of astrocytes in the blood-brain barrier?

<p>To support the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter action occurs during EPSP?

<p>Influx of Na+ ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

<p>Maintains the resting potential of the neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of K+ efflux during an action potential?

<p>Cell undergoes hyperpolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of an agonist?

<p>Enhances the effect of neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug schedules, which substance belongs to Schedule Three?

<p>Tylenol with codeine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an action potential reaches an axon terminal?

<p>Calcium channels open, triggering vesicular release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the Controlled Substance Analogue Act?

<p>Allows prosecution for drugs mimicking other substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Prohibition era?

<p>Rise in organized crime linked to illegal alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter related to excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)?

<p>Glutamate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with drug abuse?

<p>Color of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

NMDA Receptor Antagonist

A drug that blocks the NMDA receptor, preventing glutamate from binding and activating it.

GABA A Receptor

A receptor that binds to the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), opening chloride ion channels and causing an inhibitory effect on neurons.

Endogenous Opioids

Neurochemicals produced naturally in the body that act as painkillers and produce feelings of pleasure and well-being.

Endocannabinoids

Lipid-based neurotransmitters produced in the brain that bind to cannabinoid receptors and influence various functions like appetite, pain perception, and relaxation.

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THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

A psychoactive compound found in cannabis that directly activates cannabinoid receptors in the brain, producing various effects like euphoria, relaxation, and increased appetite.

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Tolerance

The body needs more of a drug to achieve the same desired effect.

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Withdrawal

Unpleasant symptoms experienced when stopping a drug, often opposite to the drug's desired effects.

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Physical Dependence

A state of habituation marked by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.

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Substance Use Disorder

A disorder classified in the DSM-5, characterized by problematic patterns of drug use leading to significant impairment or distress.

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Dose-Response Curve

A graph illustrating the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effects.

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Therapeutic Index (TI)

The ratio of a drug's toxic dose to its effective dose. A higher TI indicates a safer drug.

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Acetylcholine

The first known neurotransmitter, involved in muscle movement, memory, and other functions.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, motivation, and reward.

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Serotonin

A neurotransmitter linked to mood, sleep, and appetite.

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Glutamate

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, involved in learning and memory.

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Psychopharmacology

The study of how drugs affect biological systems and behavior.

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Drug

A chemical substance, not naturally found in the body, that affects the nervous system and alters behavior.

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Ethnopharmacology

The study of how people use plants and their chemicals for medicinal purposes.

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Exogenous

Originating from outside the body.

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Drug Abuse

A harmful pattern of drug use that leads to negative consequences.

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Opiates

Natural substances derived from the opium poppy.

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Opioids

Synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of opiates.

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Schedule One Drug

A drug with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.

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Schedule Two Drug

A drug with a high potential for abuse but also accepted medical uses.

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Schedule Three Drug

A drug with moderate potential for abuse and accepted medical uses.

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Schedule Four Drug

A drug with low potential for abuse and accepted medical uses.

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Schedule Five Drug

A drug with the lowest potential for abuse and accepted medical uses.

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Central Nervous System

The control center of the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System

The network of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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What is ethyl alcohol?

Ethyl alcohol, also known as drinking alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It's broken down in the liver into ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid.

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How is alcohol broken down?

Alcohol is broken down in the liver by two enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. These enzymes convert alcohol into less harmful substances.

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What factors influence alcohol breakdown?

A few factors can affect alcohol breakdown. Women generally have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase, leading to slower breakdown. East Asians have genetic differences in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, resulting in flushing and hangovers.

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What are the common effects of alcohol consumption?

Alcohol can cause various effects like vomiting, dizziness, and gastrointestinal irritation. It can also lead to more serious health problems like liver disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome.

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What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. It can lead to cognitive and behavioral problems, physical growth issues, and facial abnormalities in infants.

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What are some liver problems associated with heavy alcohol use?

Long-term alcohol abuse can damage the liver, leading to conditions like fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hepatitis. These conditions can cause symptoms like loss of appetite, dark urine, gastrointestinal issues, and other health problems.

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What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B) deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism. It's characterized by symptoms like uncontrollable eye movements, amnesia, ataxia.

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What is Disulfiram (Antabuse) used for?

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a medication used to discourage alcohol consumption by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. When someone takes Disulfiram and then drinks alcohol, they experience unpleasant side effects like flushing, nausea, and vomiting.

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What are sedative-hypnotics?

Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that calm the nervous system and induce sleep. They can range from mild tranquilizers to potent general anesthetics.

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What are some types of general anesthetics?

General anesthetics, which cause a full loss of sensation and consciousness, include diethyl ether, modern gas anesthetics like isoflurane and halothane, and vaporized liquids. Their mechanisms of action are still being fully understood.

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What are the effects of inhalant abuse?

Inhalant abuse, often involving products like glue, white-out, and nail polish remover, can lead to various effects including slurred speech, motor weakness, impaired judgment, and nausea. Severe abuse can lead to death.

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What are benzodiazepines?

Benzodiazepines are a class of synthetic drugs that act as direct GABA agonists, producing calming effects. They are used for treating anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, insomnia, and seizures.

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What is GHB?

GHB is a naturally occurring compound that acts as both a stimulant and a sedative depending on the dosage. It has been used for various purposes, including treating anxiety, narcolepsy, and alcoholism.

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What are barbiturates?

Barbiturates are a class of synthetic drugs that act as direct GABA agonists, producing sedative and hypnotic effects. They are used for treating anxiety, seizures, insomnia, and as anesthetics.

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What are the risks of sedative overdose?

Overdose of sedatives can be fatal, leading to respiratory depression, aspiration on vomit, and inhibition of respiratory neurons in the brain stem.

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How do tolerance and withdrawal affect sedative use?

With repeated use of sedatives, tolerance develops, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Withdrawal from sedatives can be dangerous, leading to increased excitation, tachycardia, and other symptoms.

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Study Notes

Terms

  • Psychopharmacology: Examines how drugs affect biological systems and behavior.
  • Drug: An exogenous chemical that alters the mind via the nervous system.
  • Ethnopharmacology: The study of relationships between drugs from plants and people.
  • Exogenous: Outside the body.
  • Drug abuse: A problematic relationship with drugs, causing negative consequences.
  • Opiates: Naturally occurring drugs.
  • Opioids: Synthetic drugs.
  • Psyche: The mind.
  • Droog: Dried plant.
  • Hildegard Von Bingen: A Renaissance woman who used plants medicinally.

Drug Abuse Factors

  • Pharmacology: Drug's chemical properties.
  • Sociocultural context: Social and cultural influences.
  • Route of administration: How the drug is taken (e.g., oral, injection).
  • Psychological context: Mental state of the user.
  • Dose: Amount of drug consumed.
  • Gender differences: Drug use rates may vary between genders.

Schedules of Drugs

  • Schedule I: No accepted medical use, high potential for abuse (e.g., heroin, THC, psychedelic drugs, marijuana).
  • Schedule II: High potential for abuse, but medical use available (e.g., opium, cocaine, crack cocaine, methamphetamines).
  • Schedule III: Less potential for abuse, medical use available (e.g., Tylenol with codeine, anabolic steroids, ketamine, GHB, pseudoephedrine).
  • Schedule IV: Less potential for abuse, medical use available (e.g., benzodiazepines, barbiturates).
  • Schedule V: Less potential for abuse, medical use available (e.g., cough syrup with codeine).

Drug Laws

  • 1875 Opium ban: First US ban targeting opium use, impacting Chinese communities in San Francisco.
  • Harrison Narcotics Act: Required taxing and regulating narcotics for prescription use.
  • Prohibition: A ban on alcohol production and sale (later repealed).
  • Marijuana Tax Act: Implemented heavy taxes on marijuana possession and distribution.
  • Controlled Substance Act: Established schedules for classifying and controlling substances.

Comprehensive Crime Act

  • Sentencing guidelines for drug possession: Guidelines, later challenged in court, affecting drug possession sentences (2015).
  • Controlled Substance Analogue Act: Allowed prosecution for unscheduled drugs mimicking controlled substances.

Nervous System Organization

  • Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord.
  • Peripheral Nervous System: Autonomic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) branches.
    • Autonomic uses energy for fast response. -Parasympathetic increases energy for calming and digestion.
  • Cell Body Diagram: Information travels down from the cell body to the terminal body.
  • Blood-Brain Barrier: Controls substances entering the brain.
  • Astrocytes: Support the blood-brain barrier, connecting blood vessels and neurons.
  • Synapse: Junction between neurons.
  • EPSP: Excitatory postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
  • IPSP: Inhibitory postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.
  • Synaptic Transmission: Action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters to cause a response in another neuron.
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that relay signals between nerve cells.

Drugs and Neurotransmitters

  • Neurotransmitters: Chemicals transmitting signals between neurons.
  • Drugs: Chemicals altering body functioning.
  • Agonist: Enhances neurotransmitter effect.
  • Antagonist: Blocks neurotransmitter effect.
    • Competitive: Directly competes with the neurotransmitter for binding sites.
    • Non-competitive: Binds to different sites than the neurotransmitter.
  • Tolerance: Increased drug dosage needed for desired effect.
  • Withdrawal: Symptoms upon cessation of the drug.
  • Physical dependence: Habituation to a drug.
  • Substance use disorder: Drug use causing significant impairment.
  • Dose-response curve: Relationship of drug effect to dosage.
  • Therapeutic index: Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose.
  • Routes of administration: Different ways of introducing the drug to the body.

Specific Neurotransmitters

  • Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter affecting peripheral nervous system (muscles, digestion), a major mediator of the parasympathetic nervous system.
  • Dopamine: Regulates movement and reward pathways.
    • L-DOPA as a precursor (precursor to dopamine).
  • Serotonin: Regulates mood and sleep.
  • Norepinephrine/Epinephrine: Affects the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight).
  • Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
  • GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
  • Endocannabinoids: Lipids affecting various brain areas (e.g., hunger, relaxation).

Alcohol and Sedatives

  • Alcohol Properties: Broken down in the liver into ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid.
    • Women have different breakdown processes than men due to differences in alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes.
    • East Asians have different acetaldehyde dehydrogenase levels.
  • Drug Interactions: Some drugs can affect alcohol metabolism, with varying effects.
  • Dosage Concerns: Blood alcohol level ranges from non-intoxicated to deadly.
  • Production: Alcohol is made from carbohydrates through a metabolic process using yeast.
  • Distillation: Method of separating alcohol from water to create spirits.
  • National Minimum Drinking Age: Set at 21 in the US.

Other Considerations

  • Data analysis on specific drug types might affect the way the drugs affect the body, and the way they're administered.

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