Psychopharmacology and Drug Abuse Factors
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant side effect of drugs that impact opioid receptors, such as codeine or morphine?

  • Respiratory depression (correct)
  • Drowsiness
  • Nausea
  • Increased appetite

    • Which type of GABA receptor is associated with sedation and binds to a chloride ion channel?

  • Kainate
  • GABA B
  • GABA A (correct)
  • NMDA

    • What is the primary action of ketamine as an NMDA receptor antagonist?

  • Causing hallucinations (correct)
  • Enhancing memory retention
  • Reducing anxiety
  • Inhibiting pain perception

    • Which of the following is NOT an effect associated with endocannabinoids?

    <p>Inhibition of hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of GABA supplements?

    <p>They are used to reduce stress and insomnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is primarily responsible for breaking down ethanol in the liver?

    <p>Alcohol dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is reported to be more likely to consume alcohol?

    <p>21-25 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood alcohol level considered legally intoxicated in most states?

    <p>.08</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT a type of spirits?

    <p>Soda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Wernicke's encephalopathy?

    <p>Vitamin B deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Direct GABA agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is considered an example of a barbiturate?

    <p>Phenobarbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is characterized by amnesia and confusion, often resulting from alcohol-related brain damage?

    <p>Korsakoff psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with overdosing on sedatives?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does disulfiram (antabuse) have on alcohol consumption?

    <p>Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the effects of GHB?

    <p>It can act as both a stimulant and a sedative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group experiences flushing due to lower levels of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase?

    <p>East Asians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the national minimum drinking age being set at 21?

    <p>Reduce highway funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily linked to chronic use of alcohol leading to liver damage?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tolerance refer to in the context of drug use?

    <p>The increase in drug dosage to achieve the desired effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is physical dependence characterized by?

    <p>An inability to stop using a substance without experiencing withdrawal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapeutic index indicate?

    <p>The safety margin between doses that produce desired effects and those that cause toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration is the fastest to reach the brain?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the drug nicotine have on the body?

    <p>Increases alertness and elevates blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Donepezil function in relation to acetylcholine?

    <p>It inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?

    <p>Influencing mood, sleep, and libido.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a central nervous system excitatory neurotransmitter?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>They are always opposite to the drug's desired effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does norepinephrine primarily affect the body?

    <p>It increases heart rate and promotes vigilance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychopharmacology?

    <p>Studying how drugs affect biological systems and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of drugs has no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse?

    <p>Schedule One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act introduced a tax law aimed at limiting narcotics purchases?

    <p>Harrison Narcotics Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of astrocytes in the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>To support the integrity of the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter action occurs during EPSP?

    <p>Influx of Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

    <p>Maintains the resting potential of the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of K+ efflux during an action potential?

    <p>Cell undergoes hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristics of an agonist?

    <p>Enhances the effect of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug schedules, which substance belongs to Schedule Three?

    <p>Tylenol with codeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an action potential reaches an axon terminal?

    <p>Calcium channels open, triggering vesicular release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the Controlled Substance Analogue Act?

    <p>Allows prosecution for drugs mimicking other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Prohibition era?

    <p>Rise in organized crime linked to illegal alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurotransmitter related to excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with drug abuse?

    <p>Color of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Terms

    • Psychopharmacology: Examines how drugs affect biological systems and behavior.
    • Drug: An exogenous chemical that alters the mind via the nervous system.
    • Ethnopharmacology: The study of relationships between drugs from plants and people.
    • Exogenous: Outside the body.
    • Drug abuse: A problematic relationship with drugs, causing negative consequences.
    • Opiates: Naturally occurring drugs.
    • Opioids: Synthetic drugs.
    • Psyche: The mind.
    • Droog: Dried plant.
    • Hildegard Von Bingen: A Renaissance woman who used plants medicinally.

    Drug Abuse Factors

    • Pharmacology: Drug's chemical properties.
    • Sociocultural context: Social and cultural influences.
    • Route of administration: How the drug is taken (e.g., oral, injection).
    • Psychological context: Mental state of the user.
    • Dose: Amount of drug consumed.
    • Gender differences: Drug use rates may vary between genders.

    Schedules of Drugs

    • Schedule I: No accepted medical use, high potential for abuse (e.g., heroin, THC, psychedelic drugs, marijuana).
    • Schedule II: High potential for abuse, but medical use available (e.g., opium, cocaine, crack cocaine, methamphetamines).
    • Schedule III: Less potential for abuse, medical use available (e.g., Tylenol with codeine, anabolic steroids, ketamine, GHB, pseudoephedrine).
    • Schedule IV: Less potential for abuse, medical use available (e.g., benzodiazepines, barbiturates).
    • Schedule V: Less potential for abuse, medical use available (e.g., cough syrup with codeine).

    Drug Laws

    • 1875 Opium ban: First US ban targeting opium use, impacting Chinese communities in San Francisco.
    • Harrison Narcotics Act: Required taxing and regulating narcotics for prescription use.
    • Prohibition: A ban on alcohol production and sale (later repealed).
    • Marijuana Tax Act: Implemented heavy taxes on marijuana possession and distribution.
    • Controlled Substance Act: Established schedules for classifying and controlling substances.

    Comprehensive Crime Act

    • Sentencing guidelines for drug possession: Guidelines, later challenged in court, affecting drug possession sentences (2015).
    • Controlled Substance Analogue Act: Allowed prosecution for unscheduled drugs mimicking controlled substances.

    Nervous System Organization

    • Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System: Autonomic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) branches.
      • Autonomic uses energy for fast response. -Parasympathetic increases energy for calming and digestion.
    • Cell Body Diagram: Information travels down from the cell body to the terminal body.
    • Blood-Brain Barrier: Controls substances entering the brain.
    • Astrocytes: Support the blood-brain barrier, connecting blood vessels and neurons.
    • Synapse: Junction between neurons.
    • EPSP: Excitatory postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
    • IPSP: Inhibitory postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.
    • Synaptic Transmission: Action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters to cause a response in another neuron.
    • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that relay signals between nerve cells.

    Drugs and Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters: Chemicals transmitting signals between neurons.
    • Drugs: Chemicals altering body functioning.
    • Agonist: Enhances neurotransmitter effect.
    • Antagonist: Blocks neurotransmitter effect.
      • Competitive: Directly competes with the neurotransmitter for binding sites.
      • Non-competitive: Binds to different sites than the neurotransmitter.
    • Tolerance: Increased drug dosage needed for desired effect.
    • Withdrawal: Symptoms upon cessation of the drug.
    • Physical dependence: Habituation to a drug.
    • Substance use disorder: Drug use causing significant impairment.
    • Dose-response curve: Relationship of drug effect to dosage.
    • Therapeutic index: Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose.
    • Routes of administration: Different ways of introducing the drug to the body.

    Specific Neurotransmitters

    • Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter affecting peripheral nervous system (muscles, digestion), a major mediator of the parasympathetic nervous system.
    • Dopamine: Regulates movement and reward pathways.
      • L-DOPA as a precursor (precursor to dopamine).
    • Serotonin: Regulates mood and sleep.
    • Norepinephrine/Epinephrine: Affects the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight).
    • Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
    • GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
    • Endocannabinoids: Lipids affecting various brain areas (e.g., hunger, relaxation).

    Alcohol and Sedatives

    • Alcohol Properties: Broken down in the liver into ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid.
      • Women have different breakdown processes than men due to differences in alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes.
      • East Asians have different acetaldehyde dehydrogenase levels.
    • Drug Interactions: Some drugs can affect alcohol metabolism, with varying effects.
    • Dosage Concerns: Blood alcohol level ranges from non-intoxicated to deadly.
    • Production: Alcohol is made from carbohydrates through a metabolic process using yeast.
    • Distillation: Method of separating alcohol from water to create spirits.
    • National Minimum Drinking Age: Set at 21 in the US.

    Other Considerations

    • Data analysis on specific drug types might affect the way the drugs affect the body, and the way they're administered.

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