Midterm One PDF

History and Drug Laws Terms 1. Psychopharmacology- science that examines how drugs act on biological systems and affect behavior 2. Drug- an exogenous chemical that has effects on the mind via the nervous system 3. Ethnopharmacology- the study of relationship between drugs from plant...

History and Drug Laws Terms 1. Psychopharmacology- science that examines how drugs act on biological systems and affect behavior 2. Drug- an exogenous chemical that has effects on the mind via the nervous system 3. Ethnopharmacology- the study of relationship between drugs from plants and people 4. Exogenous- out of the body 5. Drug abuse- bad relationship with drug that causes bad consequences 6. Opiates-natural founding 7. Opioids- synthetic 8. Psyche- mind 9. Droog-dried plant 10. Hildegard Von Bigun- renaissance woman who uses plants as medicine Drug Abuse Fact Factors of drug abuse are pharmacology, sociocultural context, route of administration, psychological context, dose No hierarchy risk for drug use Incarnation of drugs is not distributed evenly among gender Schedules Schedule one ○ No accepted medical use, hugh potential for abuse ○ Heroin, THC, quaaludes, ,psychedelics, marijuana ○ State felony to posses Schedule Two ○ High abuse potential, but there is a available for medical use ○ Poppies, opium, cocaine, crack, meth Schedule Three ○ Less abuse potential, available for medical use ○ Tylenol with codeine, anabolic steroids, ketamine, GHB, pseudoephedrine Schedule four ○ Less abuse potential, available for medical use ○ Benzodiazepines, barbiturates Schedule Five ○ Less abuse potential, available for medical use ○ Cough syrup with codeine Drug Laws 1875 Opium ban- first US ban for smoking opium, largely affected chinese men in San Francisco Harrison Narcotics Act- tax law to get people to stop buying narcotics, prescription needed Prohibition- a ban of selling and manufacturing of alcohol, which leads to organized crime ○ 18th amendment evokes this, 21st amendment revokes and gives the right to the states Marijuana Tax Act- heavy tax on MJ possession and distribution, decrease of marijuana in pharmacy and fabrics Controlled substance act- schedules drugs and wipes out all other drug laws  Comprehensive crime act- sentencing guidelines for type and amount in possession, stopped by supreme court in 2015 ○ The sentencing table Controlled Substance Analogue act- designer drug act, allows prosecution for unscheduled drug/making drug to mimic other drugs Federal vs State regulation- all states must adopt federal schedules ○ MJ penalties reduced in some states  Organization of Nervous System Nervous Systems 1. Central nervous system- brain and the spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system- autonomic and parasympathetic nervous system a. Autonomic- fight or flight, uses energy b. Parasympathetic- rest and digest, increases energy Cell Body Diagram *information travels from the cell body and down to the terminal body The Blood Brain Barrier The Blood Brain Barrier- tiny and tight opening that only allows certain things to cross Astrocytes- support the blood brain barrier between the blood vessels/ neurons Psychoactive effects only happens when a drug crosses the Blood brain barrier Synapse EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential): depolarizing graded potential in the postsynaptic neuron caused by excitatory inputs a. Sodium (NA) influx b. Increased probability that an action potential will fire IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential): hyperpolarizing graded potential caused by inhibitory inputs a. CI- influx or K efflux b. Decreased probability that an action potential will fire Synapse and action potential a. Action potential reaches an axon terminal b. Voltage gated calcium ion channels open c. Calcium accuses vesicles to move d. Ions bind to receptors e. Ions either flows in or out Cell Membrane at Rest Sodium potassium pump- keeps the cell resting ○ Three Na+ out, two K+ in Cell membrane: consists of ion channels, pumps and receptors Inside more negatively charged that the outside Polarized: differences in charges A- and Ka+ are more inside while Na+ and CI- are more outside Diffusion ○ K+ leaves the cell ○ Na+ leaves the cell ○ Ci- leaves the cell Electrostatic Pressure ○ K+ enters the cell ○ Na+ leaves the cell ○ CI- enters the cells *A- cannot cross Cell Membrane with an Action Potential  Action potential steps ○ Cell is at rest ○ Depolarization Na channels open, influx of Na K channels open, K levels the cell ○ Na channels shut ○ K continues to leave the cell, K channels close Extra K outside diffuse away Hyperpolarization: influx of Na Depolarization: efflux of K+ or Ci-  Drugs and Neurotransmitters Terms Neurotransmitters: chemicals that transmit between a neuron and another cell Drugs: chemicals that affect the body Agonist: enhances the effects of neurotransmitters Antagonist: blocks the effects of neurotransmitters ○ Competitive: competes with neurotransmitters for the binding spot ○ Non-competitive: does not compete with neurotransmitters, has a second binding site ○ Direct: binds to the receptor ○ Indirect: binds to the the enzyme, reuptake, etc. Tolerance: used for increased drug to achieve the desired effect Withdrawal: symptoms when drug used is stopped, always opposite of what the drugs desired effect is Physical dependence: habituation to the drug, including tolerance and withdrawal Substance use disorder: classified in the DSM5, depends on dose, sociocultural, route, pharmacology, context Dose response curve: magnitude of the drugs effect as the function of the dose ○ The more you take the more you feel it Therapeutic Index: the ratio between the dose producing toxic effects to the dose producing desired effects ○ The higher the TI, the safer the drug is Routes of Administration Oral: twenty minutes to activate, most common Sublingual intraoral: blood vessels in mouth, about three minutes Insufflation (snorting): through nose, about three minutes Transdermal/topical: through outer skin, minutes to hours Inhalation: into the lungs, ten seconds, fastest to the brain Intravenous injection (IV): veins, ten seconds or more Intramuscular injection: via muscles, about three seconds Intraperitoneal injection: via peritoneum, about three seconds Subcutaneous injection: under skin, many minutes Neurotransmitters 1. Acetylcholine a. The first know neurotransmitter discovered by Otto Loewi b. Effects: in the peripheral nervous system, increases skeletal and smooth muscles and decreases cardiac muscles, causes muscle contractions c. Acetylcholinesterase: breaks down acetylcholine d. Receptors: acetylcholine/drugs bind to this i. Muscarinic receptor: found in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system 1. Increases digestion, salvation, memory and decreases heart rate 2. Drugs that bind: a. Muscarine: receptor agonist on the peripheral nervous system  i. Salvation, vomiting, brachycardia (slow heartbeat) b. Atropine: receptor antagonist i. Hallucinations, sleepiness, reduces salvation and increases heart rate ii. Nicotinic receptor: found in central nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system 1. Increases alertness, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, heart rate 2. Drugs that bind: a. Nicotine: receptor agonist, increases heart rate, arousal, crosses BBB b. Curare: receptor antagonist of nicotine at the neuromuscular junction level i. Decreases muscle movement ii. Dart poison e. Drugs that affect acetylcholine i. Donepezil: inhibits acetylcholine breakdown by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase 2. Monoamines a. Dopamine i. Effects: movement and addiction 1. L-DOPA: precursor to dopamine, taken to help Parkinson’s b. Serotonin i. Sleep, mood and libido ii. SSRI: inhibits serotonin reuptake, therefore it is a serotonin agonist iii. Psychedelics: serotonin receptor agonists, intense thoughts and feelings, hallucinations c. Norepinephrine i. Impacts the sympathetic nervous system 1. Increase heart rate, vigilance ii. Beta-blockers: Norepinephrine antagonist helped to treat anxiety d. Epinephrine i. Won’t really be tested on ii. Produced in adrenal gland iii. Adrenaline, increases heart rate 3. Amino acids a. Glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system i. Receptors 1. AMPA (sodium channel), NMDA (sodium/calcium channel). kainate(sodium channel), metabotropic (calcium channel) 2. Drugs that affect receptor: Ketamine a. NMDA noncompetitive receptor antagonist b. Analgesia, anesthesia c. Memory impairment, hallucinations b. GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter i. Receptors:  1. GABA A: sedative agonist, CI_ channel, each sedative binds to it’s own site 2. GABA B: K+ channel, anti-convulsant, agonist ii. Drugs that effect: supplements 1. Reduce stress, insonia, obesity, etc 2. Does not cross the BBB 4. Peptide and Lipids a. Peptide: endogenous opioids provided in the hypothalamus i. Receptors: does both ISPS and ESPS 1. Analgesia, reward, sedation, and euphoria 2. Drugs that impact receptors: codeine, morphine, heroin, vicodin and oxycontin a. Treats analgesia, cough suppression b. Respiratory depression as a side effect b. Lipids: endocannabinoids i. Receptors found in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, medulla, hippocampus, spinal cord 1. Widespread and inhibitory that makes you hungry, relaxed, sedated and pain relief 2. Released upon calcium influx ii. Drugs that impact neurotransmitters: THC is a direct agonist used to treat nausea, seizures, analgesia, etc.