PSY 331 Projective Personality Tests PDF

PSY 331 Projective Personality Tests  PERSONALITY TESTING characterized by lack of characterized by structured projective ambiguity ambiguity...

PSY 331 Projective Personality Tests  PERSONALITY TESTING characterized by lack of characterized by structured projective ambiguity ambiguity stimulus is clear stimulus is vague response options are response options are not clear specified e.g. e.g. I’m easygoing What might this picture ☐Always be? ☐Sometimes ☐Never  PERSONALITY TESTING STRUCTURED PROJECTIVE Non-pictorial Pictorial Stimulus Stimulus Word Association Rorschach Sentence Completion TAT Figure Drawing  The Projective Hypothesis When people attempt to understand ambiguous or vague stimulus, their interpretation of that stimulus reflect their needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, thought processes, etc. (Frank, 1939) The Projective Hypothesis Response 1: Ball / Sphere - You accurately perceive and/or - You are willing to give a conventional response Response 2: Square peg in a round hole - Your perception is not accurate and/or - You are unwilling to give a conventional response  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST ✳widely used in clinical settings & research (3rd after MMPI and NEO) ✳widely debated “a psychological x-ray” Piotrowski, 1980 “the most powerful psychometric instrument ever envisioned” BPA, 1998 “bears a charming resemblance to a party game” Wood et al., 2003 “should be banned in clinical and forensic settings” Garb, 1999  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST ✳Inkblot technique first discovered by Kerner (1857) ✳Binet proposed to use it to assess personality functioning (1896) ✳First set of standardized inkblots published by Whipple (1910) ✳Rorschach suggested using inkblots to diagnose mental disorders (1921) Beck Hertz Klopfer Piotrowski Rapaport Schafer Exner Each developed a unique system of administering, scoring, and interpreting.  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Stimuli, Administration, Interpretation ✳Stimuli: 10 images 5 Black-gray 2 Black-gray-red 3 Pastel colors ✳Administration: - sit side by side - hand the card to the person - keep silent! 1. Response phase 2. Inquiry phase (location, determinant, form quality, content, frequency of response) RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring: Location RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring: Developmental Quality RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring: Determinant * Movement superscript Form F Form a active p passive Movement* M / FM / Human / Animal / Inanimate a-p active-passive M Chromatic C / CF / Pure C.Color / C.Color-Form / Form- Color FC / Cn C.Color / Color naming Achromatic C’ / C’F / Pure A.Color / A.Color-Form / Form- Color FC’ A.Color Shading- T / TF / FT Pure Texture / Texture-Form / Form- Texture Texture Shading- V / VF / Pure Vista / Vista-Form / Form-Vista Dimension FV Shading- Y / YF / FY Pure Shading / Shading-Form / Form- Diffuse Shading Form FD Form-based Dimensional Response Dimension Pairs and 2 / rF / Fr Pair / Reflection-Form / Form- Reflection Reflection RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring: Form Quality  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring: Content H Whole Human Bt Botany (H) Whole Human (fictional) Cg Clothing Hd Human Detail Cl Clouds (Hd) Human detail (fictional) Ex Explosion Hx Human experience Fi Fire A Whole Animal Fd Food (A) Whole Animal (fictional) Ge Geography Ad Animal Detail Hh Household (Ad) Animal Detail (fictional) Ls Landscape An Anatomy Na Nature Art Art Sc Science Ay Anthropology Sx Sex Bl Blood Xy X-ray  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Exner Scoring: Others ✳Popularity → If popular, Code P ✳Organizational Activity → Location & Developmental Quality ✳Special Scores → Code unusual characteristics Unusual DV Deviant Verbalization (Neologism, Redundancy) Verbalizations DR Deviant Response (Inappropriate Phrase, Circumstantial Response Inappropriate INCOM Incongruous Combination A fish flying in the sky. Combinations FABCOM Fabulized Combination A dragon breathing flowers. CONTAM Contamination A blood cloud in the sky. ALOG Inappropriate Logic This is justice, it’s fair Perseveration & PSV Perseveration (Within Card, Content, Mechanical) Integration Failure CONFAB Confabulation Special Content AG / COP / MOR Aggressive / Cooperative / Morbid Other AB / PER / CP Abstract / Personalized / Color Projection  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Psychometric Properties ✳Clinical Validation - Early Method - Blind Analysis Problematic: People tend to overestimate uniqueness & precision of statements ✳Norms - Exner’s norms are used ✳Reliability - Overall internal reliability.83 / split-half.55 -.88 / Scoring reliability.61 -.74 ✳Validity: Overpathologizing - Old system & Exner both identify half of the subjects as pathological ✳Validity: Lack of relationship to diagnosis ✳Validity: Lack of incremental validity ✳The problem of R - As the # of responses increase, so do some other scores  RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Psychometric Properties Against Rorschach In favor of Rorscach 1. Lacks standards 1. Can be corrected 2. is Subjective 2. They are all subjective 3. is Unstable 3. It is more stable than believed 4. is Unscientific 4. Has a large empirical basis 5. is inadequate by traditional standards 5. Do not judge on the poor evidence  HOLTZMAN INKBLOT TEST ✳Developed as an alternative to Rorschach to solve the problems of: - Response number - Standard procedures - Lack of an alternative form ✳Form A & Form B ✳45 Cards ✳22 dimensions ✳Well-established norms ✳Reliability high / Validity Low  THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) ✳Introduced by Morgan & Murray in 1935 ✳2nd most used Projective Test ✳Better received by scientific community ✳Designed to evaluate personality (not to diagnose) ✳Based on Murray’s needs theory ✳Needs theory developed using TAT evidence  TAT Stimuli, Administration, Interpretation ✳Stimuli: 30 images – 20 shown ! Not vague, designed to elicit something All Subject cards Male/Female cards Older/Younger cards 1 Blank Card ✳Administration: Ask the person to tell you a story about the picture including: - What has led up to the event shown - What is happening at the moment - What the characters are feeling / thinking - What the outcome of the story was Original → Show 10 in an hour and another 10 in another 1-hour session. Typical → Just use 10-12 cards, and complete in 1 session  TAT Scoring ✳Many scoring systems. 1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative ✳Almost all systems code: HERO → Character with whom the subject identifies NEEDS → Motives and needs of the hero PRESS → Environmental force that interfere with or facilitate the needs THEMES → The theme of the story (e.g. Depression) OUTCOMES → How does the story end (e.g. Failure)  TAT Assumptions  TAT Psychometric Properties ✳Clinical Validation - Conflicting evidence ✳Reliability - Specific needs achive high reliability - Test-retest fluctuate - Split-half poor  TAT Psychometric Properties Problems with TAT: – Administration is not standardized – Scoring is not standardized – There are no well-established norms  ALTERNATIVE APPERCEPTION PROCEDURES ✳Southern Missisipi TAT (SM-TAT) ✳Children’s Apperception Test (CAT) ✳Tell Me a Story Test (TEMAS) – for minority children ✳Gerontological Apperception Test – for elderly ✳Senior Apperception Test – for elderly  NON-PICTORIAL PROJECTIVE PROCEDURES Word Association Test ✳Tester says a word – subject says the first word that comes to his/her mind Hat Lamp Love Father Paper Masturbation Chair … ✳Rapaport (1968) developed a 60-item test. Collected norms on college students and schizophrenics. He deemed his own test as unsuccessful.  NON-PICTORIAL PROJECTIVE PROCEDURES Sentence Completion Tasks ✳Subjects are asked to complete incomplete sentences I am _____________________ I enjoy ___________________ What annoys me ___________.... ✳Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank is widely used. 40 stems, scored on 7-point system. ✳Incomplete Sentences Tasks of Lanyon & Lanyon. 39 items, scored on 3-point scale. Norms are available. ✳Washington Uni. Sentence Completion Test. 36 items, scored on Loevinger’s stages of ego development  NON-PICTORIAL PROJECTIVE PROCEDURES Figure Drawing Tests ✳Give a blank paper, ask the subject to draw ✳Draw-a-Person Test ✳House-tree-person Test ✳Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test ✳Scored on absolute size, relative size, ommissions, disproportions - Correlate more with IQ ! - Usually over-interpreted !  PERSONALITY TESTING STRUCTURED PROJECTIVE Non-pictorial Pictorial Stimulus Stimulus Word Association Rorschach Sentence Completion TAT Figure Drawing