History & Evolution of Intelligence Assessment

• Intelligence originates from the Latin "intellegere," meaning "to understand".

Assessment of Intelligence: History and Evolution

• Clinical Psychology emerged with the question, "What is Intelligence?"
• Edward Lee Thorndike founded the concept of "connectionism," that learning occurs if the reaction is strong, and weak reactions yield no learning; his ideas form the basis for BF Skinner's Reinforcement Theory.
• Thorndike believed intelligence is a collection of independent abilities rather than a single entity.
• Charles Spearman created the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, used for ranking and hierarchy, and Spearman's Rho, measuring the association strength between monotonic variables.
• Spearman believed in "General Intelligence" or "factor G," suggesting someone excelling in one area likely excels in most.
• In 1905, the French Government, led by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, conducted major testing across children to identify those needing special educational support.
• Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon created the "Binet-Simon Scale," measuring a child's ability compared to peers, also called "norming".
• The Binet-Simon scale revolutionized concepts like "Mental Age" and "Intelligence Quotient".
• Intelligence Quotient is calculated: (Mental Age/Chronological Age) * 100.
• In 1937, Lewis Terman revised the Binet test, naming it Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
• The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale lacked tests for adults, only measuring children's intelligence.
• David Wechsler developed the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale for adults and divided intelligence into verbal and performance abilities, rather than providing a single IQ score.
• Wechsler's approach led to several versions: WAIS (Adult Intelligence Scale), WISC (Intelligence Scale for Children), and WPPS (Preschool & Primary Scale).
• Factors affecting IQ testing scores include differences in educational systems, language barriers, and cultural aspects.

Evolution of Personality: Assessment Through Time

• James McKeen Cattell introduced "mental test" in 1890, focusing on basic abilities like reaction time and perception, later expanding to include intelligence and personality tests.

Early Personality Testing

• Hermann Rorschach introduced the Inkblot Test in 1921.
• His test based on the projective hypothesis, where individuals "project" their unconscious thoughts onto ambiguous stimuli.
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray in 1935.
• TAT used ambiguous human scenes, asking clients to create stories to reveal emotions, motivations, and interpersonal themes.
• The House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) is a projective personality assessment designed to reveal underlying emotions, thoughts, and personality traits through drawing.
• Rotter's Incomplete Sentence Blank evaluates personality through sentence completion exercises
• Objective personality assessments arose from concerns about projective test reliability and validity, offering structured, standardized, and easily scored tests.
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was created by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley in 1943
• The MMPI uses true/false statements, providing insights into clinical conditions and included validity scales to detect inconsistent or deceptive responses.
• The updated MMPI-2 (1989) included more representative norms and revised outdated test items.
• The MMPI-A (1992) is designed for assessing personality in teenagers.

Shift Toward Non-Clinical Personality Measures

• Developed by Costa and McCrae, the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) measures the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
• Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assesses depression levels.
• Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures anxiety symptoms.

Modern Applications and Ethical Considerations in Personality Assessment

• Personality assessments are used in clinical psychology, job screenings, and forensic settings.
• Ethical concerns involve accuracy, fairness, and cultural bias.

Psychotherapy in Clinical Psychology: Historical Perspective

• In the early 20th century, clinical psychologists primarily studied psychology, with psychotherapy playing a minimal role.
• Before the 1940s, testing was the primary function of psychologists.
• World War II became a catalyst for psychotherapy growth because of the psychological effects of war on soldiers.
• "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder" or PTSD was conceptualized.

Mid-20th Century and Therapeutic Approaches

• Psychodynamic Approach, rooted in Sigmund Freud's theories, focused on the unconscious.
• Behavioral Approach emphasized empirical and observable changes in behavior.
• Exposure Therapy - Ivan Pavlov's therapeutic method was called systematic desensitization, where you are conditioned to a stimulus repeatedly
• The Social Learning approach based on observational learning.
• The Social Approach lead the way to cognitive approach.
• The Humanistic Approach founded on personal growth, self-actualization, and therapeutic relationships.
• The Multi-culturalism/Multi-culturalist Approach is the current latest therapeutic approach.
• Narrative therapy is the most popular form of multi-cultural therapy

Modern Day Therapeutic Approach

• Cognitive Therapy focuses on logical thinking and restructuring cognitive distortions.
• Eclectic & Integrative Therapy is a combination of various therapy approaches.
• Dialectical employs a method called devil's advocate which challenges the ideas of a client