Philippine Literature Midterm Coverage PDF

PHILIPPINE LITERATRURE MIDTERM COVERAGE **Module 1: Introduction to the Study of Literature** **UNIT 1 (Lesson 1)** **The Historical Background of Philippine Literature** - -  **This chapter deals with the introduction to study of literature. It brings the learners i...

PHILIPPINE LITERATRURE MIDTERM COVERAGE **Module 1: Introduction to the Study of Literature** **UNIT 1 (Lesson 1)** **The Historical Background of Philippine Literature** - -  **This chapter deals with the introduction to study of literature. It brings the learners into the glimpse of the major types of literature which have developed and flourished since the pre-Spanish period. It also reflects how important the literature is in man's daily life that may include his life life experiences, aspiration and inspiration.** **1 \|** P a g e **ABSTRACTION** **Definition of Literature** According to De Quiroz and Mariquina (2018) on their slide presentation, the word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. It has been defined differently by various writers. Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet. **Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature** We study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage. We cannot appreciate something that we do not understand. Through a study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our forefathers. **General Types of Literature** **Prose** consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while **poetry** refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone. **I. PROSE** There are many types of prose. These include the following: a\. **Novels**. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life stories. Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana b\. **Short story**. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan c\. **Plays**. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero d\. **Legends**. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran e\. **Fables**. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE f\. **Anecdotes**. These are merely products of the writer's imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP g\. **Essay**. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper. h\. **Biography**. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or that of others. Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert  **4 \|** P a g e i\. **News**. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not. j\. **Oration**. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience. II. **POETRY** There are three types of poetry and these are the following: **A. Narrative Poetry.** This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary. The different varieties are: 1. **Epic**. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control. Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in English by Amador T. Daguio 2. **Metrical Tale**. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance. Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez 3. **Ballads**. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance. **B. Lyric Poetry**. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand. 1. **Folksongs (Awiting Bayan).** These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Example: CHIT-CHIRIT- CHIT 2. **Sonnets**. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea. These are two types: The Italian and the Shakespearean. Example: SANTANG BUDS by Alfonso P. Santos 3. **Elegy**. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death. Example: THE LOVER'S DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo 4. **Ode**. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza. 5**. Psalms (Dalit).** This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life. 6**. *Awit* (Song).** These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Example:FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas **5 \|** P a g e 7. **Corridos (*Kuridos*).** These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat. Example:IBONG ADARNA **C. Dramatic Poetry** 1. **Comedy**. The word comedy comes from the Greek term "komos"meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending. 2. **Melodrama**. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character. 3. **Tragedy**. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy. 4. **Farce**. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd. 5. **Social Poems**. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions (retrieved form https://slideplayer.com/slide/4504392 / on August 15, 2020).  **6 \|** P a g e **Module 2: The Pre-Spanish Period** **UNIT 2 (Lesson 2)**  -  -   **This second unit focuses on different literature masterpieces handed down orally by our ancestors during the pre- colonial period. It gives us a wide glimpse of the beautiful existence of the Filipino literary heritage and it also describes the Filipino lives; culture, life styles and beliefs.** **10 \|** P a g e **ABSTRACTION** **Historical Background** According to De Quiroz and Mariquina (2018) in their presentation, long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as trace in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our people. Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by: A. **LEGENDS**. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS. B. **FOLK TALES**. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN. C. **THE EPIC AGE.** Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics. Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and studied like the following epics. a. Bidasari-Moro epic b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic c. Maragtas-Visayan epic d. Haraya-Visayan epic e. Lagda-Visayan epic f. Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic i. "Dagoy"at "Sudsod"-Tagbanua epic j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic k. Indarapatra at Sulayman l. Bantugan m. Daramoke-A-Babay --Moro epic in "Darangan" D**. FOLK SONGS**. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Here are the examples: a. Kundiman b. Kumintang o Tagumpay c. Ang Dalit o Imno d. Ang Oyayi o Hele e. Diana f. Soliraning g. Talindaw **OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY** **E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings** 1. **Epigrams (*Salawikain*)**. These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young.  **13 \|** P a g e 2. **Riddles (*Bugtong*) or *Palaisipan***. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. 3. **Chant (*Bulong*).** Used in witchcraft or enchantment. 4. **Maxims**. Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables. 5. **Sayings (*Kasabihan*).** Often used in teasing or to comment on a person's actuations. 6. ***Sawikain*** are sayings with no hidden meanings (retrieved form https://slideplayer.com/slide/4504392 / on August 15, 2020). **14 \|** P a g e **Module 3: The Spanish Period** **UNIT 3 (Lesson 3)**   -   -  **This third unit focuses on the influences of the Spanish occupation to the Filipino culture and literature. It shows some major impacts attributed to the Spanish colonization on the life of the Filipinos, it describes some major changes brought by the Spanish colonizers which gradually shaped the new Filipino identities which are reflected in the literature of this period.**  **18 \|** P a g e **ABSTRACTION** **Historical Background** According to De Quiroz and Mariquina (2018) in their presentation, it is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. **SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE** Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong influence on our literature. 1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet. 2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. 3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language. 4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan 7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. **THE FIRST BOOKS** 1. **ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE).** This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Cathecism. Three old original copies of this book can still be found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs \$5,000.0. 2. **Nuestra Señora del Rosario**. The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion. 3**.** **Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog).** This is the first book printed in typography. **21 \|** P a g e 4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556 pages. The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia. 5. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the name of the writer. These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the de Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced (by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis de Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced version which is the most popular. 6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior. 7**. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary).** A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially during the Maytime "Flores de Mayo"festival. **FOLK SONGS.** Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Folk songs truly manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the Filipinos' innate appreciation for and love of beauty. The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung Singsing. **RECEREATIONAL PLAYS** There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form. Here are examples: 1. **Tibag** --the word tibagmeans to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died. 2. **Lagaylay** --this is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. As early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes, mothers volunteer their girls in order to fulfill a vow made during an illness or for a favor received. In some parts of Bicol, a different presentation is made but the objective is the same --praise, respect and offering of love to the Blessed Cross by St. Helen on the mound she had dug in.  **22 \|** P a g e 3**. The Cenaculo** --this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada. In the Hablada the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic measure of each verse and the rhyming in each stanza and is more dignified in theme; the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion. The Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses to the stanza. The full length versions take about 3 nights of staging. Performers come in costumes with wigs and performers are carefully chosen for their virtuous life. One performs the role of Jesus Christ and another the role of the Virgin Mary. Many famous Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog regions although there are also those from Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol and both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon. 4. **Panunuluyan** --this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus. 5**. The Salubong (or Panubong) -**The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine towns. 6. **Carillo (Shadow Play)** --this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet. The figures are moved like marionettes whose dialogues are produced by some experts. The dialogues are drawn from a Corrido or Awit or some religious play interspersed with songs. These are called by various names in different places:Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bataa, Capiz and Negros; TITIRI in Zambales; GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pampanga and Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union. 7. **The Zarzuela** --considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with man's passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political problem. 8**. The Sainete** --this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18thcentury. They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios. **THE MORO-MORO.** Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. The plot is usually the same that of a Christian princess or a nobleman's daughter who is captured by the Mohammedans. **23 \|** P a g e **KARAGATAN.** This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. In this contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the sea and who offered here hand in marriage to anyone who can retrieve it. **DUPLO.** The Duplo replace the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played during wakes for the dead. **THE BALAGTASAN.** This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. This is replaced the DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco "Balagtas"Baltazar. **THE DUNG-AW.** This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting it freely recites in poetic rhythm according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts (retrieved form [[https://slideplayer.com/slide/4504392 / on August 15],](https://slideplayer.com/slide/4504392%20/%20on%20August%2015) [2020)].  **24 \|** P a g e   -   -   **29 \|** P a g e **ABSTRACTION** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. *Image Source: owlcation.com* 1.  courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the Philippines. The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel. 2. **EL FILIBUSTERISMO** - This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics. 3. **MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell)** was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the best in the world. It was only after his death when his name was affixed to the poem. 4. **SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of the Filipinos)** an essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the reasons for such allegations. 5. **FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (The Philippines within a Century)** an essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and the decreasing interest of Europe here. 6. **A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth)** a poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST. 7. **EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods)** an allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes. 8. **JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River)** written by Rizal when he was 14 years of age. 9. **ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882** and **A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg)** the two poems manifesting Rizal's unusual depth of emotion. 10. **NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889** 11. **P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882** 12. **DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to North America)** **33 \|** P a g e **[MARCELO H. DEL PILAR]** Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the  Spanish government in the Philippines. **His books and writings:** 1. **PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country)** translated from the Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog. 2\. **KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful**) a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. 3. **DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)** is similar to a catechism but sarcastically done against the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called "*filibuster*." 4. **ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God's Goodness)** was published in Barcelona, it was also like a catechism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for nature. 5. **SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos)** a poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is already old and weak to grant any aid to the Philippines. 6. **DUPLUHAN...DALIT...MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative sequence, psalms, riddles)** a compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in the Philippines. 7. **LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines)** this shows the injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos. 8. **POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)** 9. **PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA (Passion that should arouse the hearts of the readers)** **34 \|** P a g e  1. **ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod)** one of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral. 2. **LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere show)** is this literary piece in which Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard. 3. **SA MGA PILIPINO\...1891...** is a speech which aimed to improve the condition of the Filipinos to become free and progressive. 4. **TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus)** is a speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39 th anniversary of the discovery of America 5. **EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884** - is this literary piece in which tells that Jaena praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos. 6. **EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO** is a sincere expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the Filipinos under the Spaniards. 7. **AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos)** is the theme is about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and whose teachers were the governors-general of the place. 8. **EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines)** Jaena refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should be laws on robbery and other reforms. 9. **HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines)** The triumphant exposition of Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives honor to the Philippines. 35. **\|** P a g e 10. **PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines)** 11. **INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines)** Jaena refers here to the wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887. **[ANTONIO LUNA]**  Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations about how the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was Tagailog. He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to Aguinaldo. **His books and writings:** 1\. **NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve)** the literary -------------------------------------------------- -- -- piece pictured true Filipino life. 2. **SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves)** a dig at a dance of the Spaniards where the people were very crowded. 3. **LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast)** depicts a Filipino custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish. 4. **POR MADRID (For Madrid)** a denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting taxes for stamps. 5. **LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady's House)** depicts a landlady who looks for boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child. **36 \|** P a g e  Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda Movement. The common themes of his works were the values of education. He also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners. **His books and writings:** 1. **MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan)** contains legends, and folklores of his native town. 2. **PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos)** is a play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan. 3. **SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)** 4. **ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China)** **[PEDRO PATERNO]** Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda Movement. **His books and writings:** 1. **NINAY** is the first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino. 2. **A MI MADRE (To My Mother)** shows the importance of a mother especially in the home. 3\. **SAMPAGUITA** **Y** **POESIAS** **VARIAS** **(Sampaguitas and Varied Poems)** is a collection of his poems.  **37 \|** P a g e 1. 2. 3. 4. *Image Source: myspace.com* 1. 2. ---------------------------------- -- like the 10 commandments of God. ---------------------------------- -- 3. **PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One's Native Land)** is a poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar. 4. **HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell)** is a translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog.  **[APOLINARIO MABINI]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **A LA PATRIA (To My Country)** Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution. His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and politics. **Here are some of his works:** 1. **EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments)** is his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism. 2. **EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic)**  *Image Source: knights-of-rizal.be* **39 \|** P a g e 3. **SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)** 4. **PAHAYAG (News**) **OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS** 1. 2. **[NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION]** 1. **HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION** printed the decrees of the Revolutionary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. 2. **LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence)** edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for Philippine Independence. 3. **LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic)** established by Pedro Paterno in 1898. 4. **LA LIBERTAD (Liberty)** edited by Clemente Zulueta.  **40 \|** P a g e