21st Century Literature Reviewer PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE 2ND SEMESTER (3RD QUARTER) REVIEWER O⁠_⁠o -INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE- LITERATURE- comes from the latin word "literra" which means writing formed with letters. Britannica def- he's literature as a body of writing belonging to a given language or people. Cambridge Dictionary...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE 2ND SEMESTER (3RD QUARTER) REVIEWER O⁠_⁠o -INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE- LITERATURE- comes from the latin word "literra" which means writing formed with letters. Britannica def- he's literature as a body of writing belonging to a given language or people. Cambridge Dictionary def- he's literature as written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value. Geographic- belonging to or characteristic of a particular region or location. Linguistic-Language form or language use. Ethnic- Pertains to a characteristic of a group of people sharing a common culture, religion, language, or the likes. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE -Pre-colonial Period- ​ This existed before the Spanish occupation in the 1500s. ​ It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its consequences. ​ It contains ideas from birth to the grave. LITERARY FORMS ORAL LITERATURE- a literature that is spoken, a literature that is passed on from one generation to another through storytelling or singing. -FOLK SONGS- a song that originates in traditional popular culture or that is written in such a style. FOLK SONGS -HELE - are sung to put babies to sleep. -TAGAY- are sung during drinking sessions. -HARANA- are used by young men to capture the heart of the girl that they love. -SONGS OF DEATH- are lamentations that contain the roll of good deeds that the dead has usually done to immortalize his or her good image. -RELIGIOUS SONGS- are songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and thanksgiving during good harvest. LITERARY FORMS FOLK TALES- a story originating in popular culture, typically passed on by word of mouth. MYTHS- Natural and strange occurrences of the earth LEGENDS- The natives understood mysteries around them. FOLK TALES -FABLES- Brief stories that cater children of the native. -EPICS- These contain encounters of fighters, stereotypical princes, or heroes that save a damsel distress. Literary Forms BUGTONG- these are statements that contain superficial words, but they function figuratively and as metaphors, and are in the form of questions. SALAWIKAIN- These are the statements that are considered as wise. These are usually given by parents or elders of the community. Spanish Colonial- The start of the Philippine's more colorful history took place on March 6, 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan docked on the shores of Homonhon. -The Filipinos were then called fo "Ladinos", meaning they were latinized. Filipinos were called two things. - One is the "Taga-Bayan", while the other is the "Taga-Bukid" or "Taga-Bundok". Religious Literature - revolves around the life and the death of Jesus Christ. a. Pasyon - it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of Jesus Christ. b. Senakulo - it is the re- enactment of the Pasyon. c. Komedya - it depicts the European society through love and fame, but can also be narrative about a journey, just like Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It is also considered religious, because it usually depicts the battle between the Christians and the Saracens or the Moros. Secular Literature- Revolves around tales of valiance and adventure. a. Awit - these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess. b. Korido- is a metrical tale or tale that follows the structure of a poem. Propaganda Literature- These were in the forms of satires, editorials, and news articles that aimed to attack the Spanish Rule. Propaganda is a type of information spread in order to influence opinion. It can be negative or positive depending on the source. Graciano Lopez Jaena - Ang Fray Botod - written in Iloilo (1876), six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral Marcelo Del Pilar- Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful) - a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriguez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here. Exposes that sparked revolution and resistance in the hearts of Filipinos. Andres Bonifacio- Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our Countrymen) - an outline of obligations just like Ten Commandments, it is likewise called Ang Dekalogo. Emilio Jacinto- Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) - a collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government and love of country. Apolinario Mabini- El Desarollo Y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic) this essay highlights the establishment of the Philippine republic and its subsequent doom due to disunity among the Filipinos. Dr. Jose Rizal - El Filibusterismo - this is a sequel to the Noli. While the Noli exposed the evils in society, the Fili exposed those in the government and in the church American Colonial -the literature during the American period was considered imitative of the American Model Instead of asking the students to write originals, students ended up following the form of American poets. 1.​ Poetry - it still followed the style of the old, but had contents that ranged from free writing to societal under the Americans. 2.​ Drama - was usually used in the American Period to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of the men who fought under the Katipunan. 3.​ Remake Novels - took up Dr. Jose Rizal's portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression. Japanese Colonial- Japanese censored Filipino writer's works strictly. There was minimal freedom of speech and of the press. Haiku- apoem of free verse that the Japanese like. Made up of 17 syllables divided into 3 lines (5-7-5 syllables). It is allegorical in meaning, short and covers a wide scope in meaning. Tanaga- A poem composed of four lines with each line having seven syllables. Like the Haiku, it is short, but has measure and rhyme. Written in aaaa or aabb, abba, or abab rhyming pattern. Contemporary- There are a lot of literary innovations that are adapted and created by Filipinos.  There are a lot of new forms from the basic genres of literature; thus, proving how far it will go on from here. -PHILIPPINES CANON AUTHORS AND NATIONAL ARTIST OF LITERATURE- CANON ARTIST VS NATIONAL ARTIST LITERARY CANON- body of books, narratives and other texts. CANON AUTHORS- who contributed to this body of books, narratives and other texts. NATIONAL ARTIST- recognition for significant contribution to the development of Philippine Arts. NATIONAL ARTIST AWARD- established in 1972 under Presidential degree No. 1001 by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Sr. Fernando Amorsolo- was the first recipient of this award. Manuel Agila (Canon Author) -known for “How my brother leon brought home a wife” Amando V. Hernandez (NAA, 1973) -Poem/novels was written purely in Filipino -known for “Luna ng Buwaya” Jose Garcia Villa (NAA, 1973) -“Master of the Comma Poem” Nick Joaquin (NAA, 1976) -trademark style “mysterious and suspense filled novels” Carlos P. Romulo (NAA, 1982) -WW2 soldier diplomat -Wrote 18 books, mostly memoirs -Son of Tarlac Num Gonzales (NAA, 1997) -A poet novelist -Works “seven hill away” Levi Celerio (NAA, 1997) -works “O maliwanag na Buwan” -Only person able to make music using a leaf Rolando Tinio (NAA, 1997) -works “Larawan” -Sarswela, komedya, musical, and film scrpit Edith Tiempo (NAA, 1999) -only female artist in literature F. Sionil Jose (NAA, 2001) -often gleams local legend and epics Virgilio Almano (NAA, 2003) -Best known for the “Turtle and the Monkey) Alejandro R. Roces (NAA, 2003) -best known for “July Brother's peculiar Chicken” Lazaro Francisco (NAA, 2009) -Best known for “Bayang Nagpatiwakal” Cirilo Bautista (NAA, 2014) -wrote poetry, fiction, and essay -MAIN GENRES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE- PROSE- any written that follows a basic grammatical structure. 1.​ FICTION- real life experiences, situations in imaginary stories. According to length -Novela -Novella -Short Story. According to Purpose -Legend -Myth -Fable -Parable ELEMENTS OF FICTION 1.CHARACTERS Classification -Protagonist(Main Character) -Antagonist(Enemy) -Round Character (CD) -Flat Character (No CD) 2.SETTING -Time and place of the story 3. PLOT Key Elements -Exposition -Rising Action -Climax -Falling Action -Resolution 4. POINT OF VIEW(P.O.V) -1st person p.o.v (I, me) -2nd person p.o.v(you) -3rd person p.o.v(they, them) -Limited p.o.v 5. THEMES- central topic of the story 2.​ FICTION- deals with facts and real events. Subgenres of fiction ∆Autobiography- account of one's own life ∆Memoir- narrative of an episode in one's life. 3.​ POETRY- it follows rhyming, rhythm, and meter. 3 Categories of Poetry 1.​ Narrative Poetry -Epic -Metrical Table -Metrical Romance -Ballad 2.​ Lyric Poetry -Haiku -Ode -Elegy -Sonnet 3.​ Dramatic Poetry -Drama- it can use both prose and poetry but differs through the use of dialogue. Subgenres of Drama -Tragedy -Historical  -Melodrama -Musical -GENRES OF 21ST CENTURY- ELECTRONIC LITERATURE- added the use of computers as another method of producing literary works. Categories of Electronic Literature -Hyper texts -Generator -Video Poetry -Twitterature GRAPHIC LITERATURE- It tells a complete story via illustrations. Subgenres: -Manga -Novels -Super hero Graphic -Illustrated -BLOG VS VLOG- BLOG- was written on a web page VLOG- is a spoken and recorded thru video CHICK LIT- about women and how they live their lives and deal with romantic problems. SPECULATIVE FICTION- deals with topics that couldn have the possibility of becoming reality. Subgenres: -Sciencefriction -Supernatural -Dystopian -Apocalyptic -Post-apocalyptic FLASH FICTION-short fictional story that typically has a word count of under 1,500 words. Subgenres: -sudden fictional/short stories -Post card Fiction -Prabble -Dribble -Six-words stories. LITERARY LANGUAGE- uses words exactly according to their conventionally accepted meanings. DENOTATION(Uses of Dictionary)- definition of a word found in a dictionary STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-learning strategy that aids students to known unknown word MORPHEME-refers to a words TYPES OF MORPHEME Free Morpheme- also known as “root word” Bound Morpheme- also known as “affixes” CONTEXT CLUES- technique of finding the meaning of unfamiliar word DEFINITION CLUE- definition of the unfamiliar word found in a sentence(uses comma, dashes, and parenthesis). EXAMPLE CLUE- unfamiliar word appears in a sentence (such as, or for example). SYNONYM CLUE-term of the unfamiliar word found in a sentence (sometimes, called, that is, or, and in other word). ANTONYM CLUE- opposite word of unfamiliar word (however, although, and but) MOOD/TONE CLUE-mood set of the author harmonized with the unfamiliar word. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - descriptive language that uses non literal meaning. SYMBOLISM- uses symbols to signify ideas and qualities. LITERARY DEVICES- typical structures used by writers in their works. -used to enhance one's writing and make it more appealing. SIMILE- describe something by comparing it to something else (uses like or as). METAPHOR- comparing two things but didn't use like or as. PERSONIFICATION- describing in human traits APOSTROPHE- target an absent person HYPERBOLE- description which exaggerates. METONYMY- referred to by the name of something closely associated it SYNECDOCHE- a part of something is used to refer to its whole. IRONY- occurs of dialogue or plot contradicts the expectations ALLUSION- when an author makes an indirect reference to some idea. PARADOX- that contradicts expectation but contains a plausible truth ONOMATOPOEIA- giving sound using sentences. OXYMORON- combines contradicting words with opposing meanings. REPETITION- a specific word and phrase that repeat CRITICAL APPROACHES- to analyze and interpret a text. -Also known as ”lenses” MARXISM- Focused on people class struggle, and issues of social class and economic power FEMINISM- analyzes how stories represent men and women, and whether they challenge or reinforce gender stereotypes. READERS-RESPONSE-”our perspective”, in the story.