Introduction to Photography 2024/2025 PDF

Introduction to Photography Dr. Salma Youssef M. Kamel 2024/2025 1  Etymology ‫ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﻜﻠ ت‬ Origin of the word (Photography) The word photography m...

Introduction to Photography Dr. Salma Youssef M. Kamel 2024/2025 1  Etymology ‫ﻋﻠﻢ أﺻﻮل اﻟﻜﻠ ت‬ Origin of the word (Photography) The word photography means “drawing with light”. It was coined on 1839 by Sir John Herschel based on Greek words phos, (genitive: phōtós) meaning “light”, and graphê meaning “drawing or writing”. ‫ أﺳﺲ اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻠﻤﺘ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ‬،‫ ﺟﻮن ﻫ ﺷﻴﻞ‬/ ‫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺴ‬1839 ‫ﺗﻢ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻓﻮﺗﻮﺟﺮاﰱ" ﻋﺎم‬.(‫)اﻟﻀﻮء( واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ )اﻟﺮﺳﻢ( ﻓﺴﻤﻲ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻮء‬ Sir John Frederick William Hershel, (March 1792- May 1871) was an English Polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, experimental photographer. ‫( ﻋﺎﳌًﺎ‬1871 ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬- 1792 ‫ )ﻣﺎرس‬، ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴ ﺟﻮن ﻓﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﻫ ﺷﻞ‬ ، ‫ وﻣﺨﱰع‬، ‫ وﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻲﺋ‬، ‫ وﻋﺎﻢﻟ ﻓﻠﻚ‬، ‫ وﻋﺎﻢﻟ رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت‬، ‫إﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳًﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬.‫وﻣﺼﻮر ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬ 2  What is photography for famous photographers Dorothea Lange, American, 1895-1965 Photography takes an instant out of time, altering life by holding it still. “The camera is an instrument that teaches people how to see without a camera.” Elliot Erwitt, 1928: 2023 French/American “To me, photography is an art of observation. It’s about finding something interesting in an ordinary place… I’ve found it has little to do with the things you see and everything to do with the way you see them.” Ansel Adams, 1902: 1984, American A great photograph is one that fully expresses what one feels, in the deepest sense, about what is being photographed. Annie Leibovitz, 1949 American “One doesn’t stop seeing. One doesn’t stop framing. It doesn’t turn off and turn on. It’s on all the time.” 3  Aldous Huxley 1894- 1963 Visual Communication Circle Dance The more you sense the more you select, the more you select the more you perceive, the more you perceive the more you remember, the more you remember the more you learn, the more you learn the more you know, the more you know the more you sense …. Aldous Huxley is regarded as one of the most prominent explorers of visual communication and sight-related theories. Becoming near-blind in his teen years as the result of an illness influenced his approach, and his work includes important novels on the dehumanizing aspects of scientific progress, most famously “Brave New World” and “The Art of Seeing”. He described "seeing" as being the sum of sensing, selecting, and perceiving. One of his most famous quotes is "The more you see, the more you know." Born: July 26, 1894, Godalming, United Kingdom Died: November 22, 1963 (age 69 years), Los Angeles, California, United States 4  Film Camera Types According to film size Large Format Cameras Sheet film used in large format cameras. 5  Medium Format Cameras Medium format films Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Twin Lens (Parallax error) Vertical shift. Medium format film is not perforated. Formats from 120 mm films according to the type of camera. 6  35 mm Cameras 35 mm Camera, (Parallax error), Horizontal shift. 35 mm films. 35 mm films are perforated. 7  Instamatic Cameras 126 mm film and camera 110 mm film and camera Disk film and camera 8 Special Format Cameras 9  Instant Cameras A camera which uses self-developing film to create a chemically developed print shortly after taking the picture Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera DSLR Uses a prism and a 45° mirror to see the photographed scene from the viewfinder through the shooting lens. 10  Mirrorless Cameras There is no prism and no 45° mirror in these types of cameras. There are an electronic viewfinder (EVF) uses the information from the imaging sensor to display an image on a small LCD or OLED screen. This means that an EVF shows the image that the sensor outputs, Comparison 11  Important abbreviations SLR (single lens reflex) MILC- ILC (mirrorless interchangeable DIL: Digital Interchangeable Lens lens camera) CSC (compact system camera) Parts and function of Digital Camera 12  Camera Parts Functions Pentaprism ‫ﻣﻧﺷور ﺧﻣﺎﺳﻰ‬ Lens View finder ‫اﻟﻌدﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺣدد اﻟرؤﯾﺔ‬ 4. Camera Shutter and image sensor ‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻖ وﺣﺳﺎس اﻟﺻورة‬ 2. Reflex mirror ‫ﻣرآة ﻋﺎﻛﺳﺔ‬ Ray of light ‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﺿوﺋﻰ‬ Phase detect sensor (AF sensor) ‫ﺣﺳﺎس اﻟﺿﺑط اﻟﺑؤرى‬ Diaphragm/ F-stop ‫ ﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻟﻌدﺳﺔ‬/‫اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام‬ (1). Viewfinder: A window to see the pictured view (by placing the eye on it) and the vision is done as follows: 1. The light reflected from the photographed scene passes through the lens and falls on the mirror placed at an angle of 45°. 2. The light is reflected from the mirror at a right angle of 90° upward to fall on a special focus screen for the image to be seen in sharp details. 3. The light penetrates the surface of the screen to the inner reflective surface of the pentagonal prism, and the reflection is done from two internal sides and from them to the viewfinder on which the photographer places his eye to see the image. (See the illustrated graphic). 13  :‫ﻣﺤﺪد اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬ : ‫ﻧﺎﻓﺬة ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻮر )ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ( وﺗﺘﻢ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﺮ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ وﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآة اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‬.1 °.45 ‫ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﯿﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬°90 ‫ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآة ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬.2.‫اﻟﺒﺆرى ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة ﻟﯿﺘﻢ رؤﻳﺘﮭﺎ ﺣﺎدة اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ ﻳﺨﺘﺮق اﻟﻀﻮء ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﻮر اﻟﺨﻤﺎﺳﻰ ﻓﯿﺘﻢ‬.3 ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮭﯿﻦ داﺧﻠﯿﯿﻦ وﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺪد اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺬى ﻳﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ اﻟﻤﺼﻮر ﻋﯿﻨﻪ ﻟﯿﺮى‬.(‫ )اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ‬.‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ (2). Camera Body: 1. A camera body is a light tight container representing the primary portion of the digital camera, which contains the controls, the LCD, the internal image sensor, and the associated circuitry. 2. This is the part of the camera that you will hold when using the camera. 3. You'll sometimes see a camera that's available for purchase that contains the camera body only, which is referring to the portion of the camera without a lens attached. 4. The camera body, usually roughly in the shape of a rectangle, sometimes contains a built-in lens (such as with beginner-level, point and shoot or fixed lens cameras). With an advanced camera body (such as with a digital SLR camera or a mirrorless interchangeable lens camera or ILC), the lenses can be removed from the camera body, and they are then called interchangeable lenses. 14 ‫ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎوﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻹﻏﻼق ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ وﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪LCD‬وﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ‪ Sensor‬واﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﺬا ھﻮ ﺟﺰء اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺮى أﺣﯿﺎﻧًﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﯿﺮا ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮاء ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰء اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﻓﺎق ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﺑﻪ وﻳﺒﺎع‬ ‫‪.3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮداً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮي أﺣﯿﺎﻧًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮات ذات اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت ذات‬ ‫‪.4‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪئ ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪم )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﯿﺮا ‪ SLR‬اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ أو اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا ذات اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ أو ‪ ، (ILC‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﯿﺮا ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(3). Location of memory cards:‬‬ ‫‪Cameras are designed with one or dual card slots, which effectively double‬‬ ‫‪your storage space and reduce the number of times you need to change your‬‬ ‫‪card. Location of memory cards varies according to camera type.‬‬ ‫‪(4). Location of Battery:‬‬ ‫‪Camera batteries vary in type and power, we evaluate a battery's‬‬ ‫‪power with the number of shots they can give before getting flat.‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬  (5). Type of lens mount: Camera brands have different lens mounts that are compatible with the camera control system. A lens adapter is a device that enables the use of camera and lens combinations from otherwise incompatible systems. (6). Hot Shoe electronic variant of connector that you generally find on top of your camera. This slot contains electronic contacts that allow you to control certain compatible accessories such as flashes, some microphones, wireless triggers, viewfinders, and other gear. (7). 45° Mirror: A reflex mirror is an essential part of a DSLR camera's optical viewfinder (OVF) system. Positioned directly behind the lens, the reflex mirror sits at a 45° angle to reflect the light that passes through the lens upwards into the camera's OVF. 16  (8). Viewfinder in mirrorless cameras: Mirrorless cameras capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body. This is different from DSLR cameras, which reflect images into viewfinders via mirrors. Instead, mirrorless cameras often use electronic viewfinders (EVF) to display images digitally. (9). External connections: Most digital cameras have a USB port that can be used to connect to a computer. Some cameras may also have an HDMI, Flash sync, Mic and AV out. (10). Viewfinder adjustment: Look Through the Viewfinder: While looking through the viewfinder, focus on a scene or object. Adjust the diopter wheel until the viewfinder information and the scene appear sharp and clear. Take your time with small adjustments to find the optimal setting for your eyesight. the total optical power of the relaxed eye is approximately 60 dioptres 17  (11). Mode Dail: Mode button / dial - Depending on your camera, this is used to switch your camera into modes such as Auto, Program, Shutter priority, Aperture priority and Manual (This is named the creative area). There are amateur modes existed on the dial mode or inside the menu under the title (scene). Amateur modes are: landscape, portrait, sports, night, macro. FULLY AUTOMATIC MODE The green box mode, means fully automatic – like a point and shoot camera. You set nothing and the camera does its best to determine the correct exposures, white balance, ISO, etc. This is the ONLY mode that handles all your setting for you. P – Program Mode The “P” mode means Program. The camera will pick your shutter speed and F- stop. Please note: you still have to pick your ISO and many other settings like white balance, color style, etc. TV – Shutter Priority Mode The “Tv” mode means Shutter Priority. You will pick the shutter speed and the camera will pick the F-Stop. Please note: you also have to pick the white balance, ISO, color styles, etc. AV – Aperture Priority Mode The “Av” mode means Aperture Priority. You will pick your F-Stop and the camera will pick the shutter speed. You also have to pick the white balance and ISO, color styles, etc. M – Manual Mode “M” for manual. This is where you have total control and have to tell the camera all the settings. B – Bulb Mode “B” stands for Bulb and means that when the shutter release button is pressed the entire time you are holding down that shutter release button the camera is taking a picture, the shutter is open the entire time. This is used mostly for night photography and obviously on a tripod. 18  C1, C2, C3 – Custom Modes The other modes on the dial above, C1, C2, C3, are for the user to make custom settings and then save them for later use. The camera will retain these settings that you program after you turn off the camera. Amateur modes 19  (12). Diaphragm, Aperture, F-stop: Aperture can be defined as the opening in a lens through which light passes to enter the camera. It is an easy concept to understand if you just think about how your eyes work. As you move between bright and dark environments, the iris in your eyes either expands or shrinks, controlling the size of your pupil. In photography, the “pupil” of your lens is called aperture. You can shrink or enlarge the size of the aperture to allow more or less light to reach your camera sensor. The smaller the F number the wider the opening and vice versa. Aperture controls the following: 1. Quantity of light reaching the sensor. 2. The portion of the distance in front of the lens that is 'in-focus'. 3. Large depth of field: many levels in front of the lens are sharp. 4. Shallow depth of field: just one level or two are sharp in front of the camera 20 Shallow depth of field (DOF) Big aperture diameter (small number) Large depth of field (DOF) Small aperture diameter (big number) Isolation: Large aperture to isolate the object from the background The effect of lens aperture Deep focus: narrow aperture to capture on the amount of light and all objects in front of the lens sharp thus on exposure when all details (in focus) other settings are held constant. 21  (13). Shutter: The shutter is a device controlling the time affecting the sensor. There are two kinds of shutters: 1. Electronic shutters operate within the camera, turning the sensor on and off to find the ideal exposure. Therefore, they are silent and fast in operation. 2. Mechanical shutters (Focal plane shutter) use physical curtains that open and close to find the correct exposure. Therefore, they operate slower, but flash synchronization is faster. It is a two-piece curtain in front of the light-sensitive surface (Sensor), when opened and moved in front of the sensor, it determines the time that the sensor is exposed to light and then closes, blocking the light. Shutter settings are time intervals from a minute (and more) to 1/10000th of a Curtains in high and low shutter speed Shape of focal plane shutter. 22  Effect of shutter speed on moving objects. (14). Sensor: A camera sensor is a solid-state device that absorbs particles of light (photons) through millions of light-sensitive pixels (Photosites) and converts them into electrical signals. These electrical signals are then interpreted by a computer chip, which uses them to produce a digital image. A bigger sensor can gain more information than a smaller one and produce better images. Types Of Cameras Sensor Charge-coupled device (CCD) Electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) Back-illuminated CMOS. 23 Sensor size: 1.A grid comprising millions of tiny light- sensitive electronic devices (photo sites) which are used to record information about what is seen through the lens. Therefore, it makes sense that a bigger sensor can gain more information than a smaller one and produce better images. 2.Image sensors are the digital equivalent of the optical film. 3.The image sensor converts the optical image to an electronic signal, which is digitized and saved on the memory card. 5.The ISO: International Standards Organization (The sensor's light sensitivity) an adjustable setting: the lower the value the less the sensor’s sensitivity to light, vice versa, the greater the value the higher the sensor’s sensitivity to light. 6.Size of sensors determined according to its size compared with the full frame sensor cameras with a sensor size = 36 X 24 mm, Same size as a 35mm film negative. 7.Most DSLRs, however, use sensors measuring approximately 24 x 16 mm. This is close to the APS-C film format, which is why these are often referred to as 'APS-C' cameras. 24 (15). Display Screens: Data Panel Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Data Panel on top of the camera LCD: fixed or flexible/ touch or none on these displays all data concerning the camera settings, battery power, and number of photos taken are shown. Data panel is much easier to reach while working and it is just for data, while the LCD is a display for shooting too. The LCD could be fixed or flexible and could be a touch screen or not. (16). Metering system: Every digital camera has an integrated light meter that automatically measures the reflected light and determines the optimal exposure. The most common metering modes in digital cameras today are: Matrix Metering (Nikon, Evaluative Metering (Canon) Center-weighted Metering Spot Metering Partial Metering. Highlight-weighted Metering 25 - Matrix Metering (Multi-zone/ Evaluative/ Multi-segment) Multi-zone metering reads several different areas (or zones) of the entire frame. It averages all the readings into a single exposure recommendation. - Partial Metering: Partial metering reads about 8% – 15 % of the frame. It reads the center and some of the surrounding area. Partial metering gives you more control over your exposure, although it will take a little more involvement in the part of the photographer for proper use. - Center Weighted Metering: Center Weighted Metering gives the center of the frame the most “weight” or importance. Unlike partial metering and spot metering, center-weighted metering reads the entire frame and averages the rest of the frame with the center reading to get a final meter di - Spot Metering: Spot metering takes a reading of the very center of the frame, and nothing else. It only reads about 3.5% – 5% of the frame. Using the spot meter will ensure that you get the right exposure on your subject, but choosing a specific area to measure means that right exposure will be calculated for just this area and its similarities. 26 - High Light Metering: Highlight-weighted metering is a new metering mode that is offered in select Nikon DSLR cameras, in which the camera meters the highlights to ensure that they are properly exposed and not blown out or (17). Focusing system: Term: Focus Mode. Description: A camera's focus mode is the main setting of either autofocus or manual focus. This mode is often changed by a physical switch on the camera, labeled "AF/MF" or on a dial and/or button. Modern DSLR cameras use the Phase Detect autofocus method to determine the correct point at which to focus the lens. This method is fast and generally accurate and operates by light travelling through the lens. 27 In a DSLR, the main reflex mirror reflects light into the viewfinder. A sub-mirror behind the main mirror reflects some light into a dedicated autofocus sensor in the base of the camera, which consists of two 48-bit line sensors and associated amplifier circuitry. Adjusting your focusing mode depends on the type of photography you are going to shoot. First you have to activate the points or area of focusing and if you want them to be fixed or dynamic so you can move them across the shooting area. Choose one shot (single shot) if you this is your case, change to Contiuous if you’re shooting in a sequence specially for moving objects. There is a mode that can automatically convert from a single shot to a continuous shot according to its reading of the scene. Adjusting your focusing mode: (From left hand side) 1. Choose the active points and mode of focusing. 2. Choose one shot in the case of shooting one shot per click. 3. Choose AI Focus in case of shooting moving objects in successive way. 4. Choose AI Servo if the situation in front of you is changing so the system will evaluate and convert to the suitable mode accordingly. 28 (18). White balance: Visible Spectrum 29 Angstrom is the unit for measuring the wavelength of light. It is named after Swedish scientist Anders Jonas Angstrom (1814- 1874). The angstrom is a unit of length equal to 10-10m; that is, one ten-billionth of a meter (10.000.000.000), a hundred-millionth of a centimeter, 0.1 nanometer, or 100 picometres. What is light? Electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in the range from about 4,000 (violet) to about 7,700 (red) Angstroms and may be perceived by the normal unaided human eye. Light Primary Colors Red, Green, Blue are the three primary colors for light they are called also (Additive colors) because adding them together gives a white light. From these primary colors we get millions of color in all digital and electronic devices (TVs, Computers, Mobile phones, Cameras.. etc) R+G+B= White Adding two primary colors create a subtractive new color as follows: G + B = Cyan G + R = Yellow R + B = Magenta These colors are called: Subtractive colors and complementary colors. 30  Color Temperature and the Black Body Color Temperature is a measurement in Kelvin Degrees that indicates the hue (dominant wave length) of a specific type of light source. This was started in the late 1800s, when the British physicist William Kelvin heated a block of carbon. It glowed in the heat, producing a range of different colors at different temperatures. The black cube first produced a dim red light, increasing to a brighter yellow as the temperature went up, and eventually produced a bright blue- white glow at the highest temperatures. The color temperatures attributed to different types of lights are correlated based on visible colors matching a standard black body, and are not the actual temperature at which a filament burn. A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a graph of the energy emitted by an object as a function of different wavelengths. Direct sunlight has almost proportional ratio of all wave lengths, but skylight have more blue wave length than other light waves. Spectral Power (Energy) Distribution Curves 31  Incandescent light has high Flourescent light has high ratio ratio in the warm wave lengths in the violet and green wave (red/orange/yellow) lengths White Balance Settings White balance works by adjusting the ratio of sensitivity between colors. In digital cameras there is a device that controls the spectral sensitivity of the sensor to match the characteristics of light in the shooting location to get the best color rendition of a photograph. 32  Effect on colors of the photograph by using all white balance modes in daylight. (19). Drive Mode: One Shot Mode Self Timer 10sec. Cntiuous High Self Timer 2sec. Silent Cntiuous Cntiuous Low Silent Single 33  One shot mode: One-shot mode, the camera takes one picture when you press the shutter button. To take a second image you must press the button again. This is usually the default mode on most cameras and is often represented by a single rectangle. Continuous shooting or burst mode: In this mode, the camera will take multiple images as long as the shutter button is held down. Some cameras may also have Continuous High and Continuous Low. In Continuous High drive mode that camera will take the maximum number of images per second within its capabilities. Contiuous Low means it will take fewer per second. Silent Single/ Silent Contiuous: Some DSLRs offer a quiet mode in which all sounds the camera makes are minimized. But a DSLR can never be 100% silent due to the movement of the mirror and the aperture mechanism. Due to this silence the number of frames in the continuous system decreases. Self-timer 2 sec./ Self timer 10 sec.: gives a delay between pressing the shutter release and the shutter's firing. It is most commonly used to allow the photographer to take a photo of themselves, or a certain thing happen before the shutter’s firing. (21). Picture Style: Canon Picture Styles are preset yet adjustable parameters that determine how your EOS DSLR will process and render its images. Picture Styles are applied to JPEG (still) and MOV (video) files during exposure. They are permanent to the extent that the rendering is "baked in" and cannot be completely undone 34  Info displayed on LCD 1. M – This is the camera dial mode you’re currently in. M stands for Manual but it could be Auto or P for program for example. 2. 1/60th – This is the camera’s current shutter speed. 3. F4.5 – This is the current aperture/ f/stop setting. 4. ISO 400 – This is the current ISO rating. 5. AEB / Exposure Scale – This -3 to +3 scale displays what the camera thinks of the current exposure. A small marker will appear under the scale to state whether the shot is evenly exposed (0), underexposed (-1 to -3) or overexposed (+1 to +3). Read more exposure compensation here. 6. Picture Style – By changing picture styles in the menu system you can alter the appearance of colours and characteristics to match your photographic style. This might be to saturate colours or shoot in black and white. 7. White Balance – Most of the time AWB (auto white balance) does a good enough job but you can alter white balance if you’re shooting with mixed lighting temperatures indoors. 8. Auto Lighting Optimiser – If your photo comes out dark or at low control the exposure is corrected automatically. You can change the amount of optimisation in the camera menu. This option isn’t available in Manual or Bulb mode, only fully/semi-automatic modes. 9. Custom Controls – If you are using any custom controls these will be noted here. 10. Focus Mode – Which focus mode you are currently using (AI Focus, Single Shot, AI Servo). 11. Focus Area – A indication of which AF selection area is currently active. 12. Exposure Mode – This exposure mode is currently being used to read the incoming light. 13. Drive Mode – How the camera is taking photos (single shot, burst mode or with a countdown timer). 14. Image Quality – Displays whether the camera is taking photos in RAW or JPEG format. 15. Q – As a touchscreen, you can quickly access the Quick Control screen here. 16. Battery Level – This displays how much power is remaining on your camera’s battery. 17. Images Remaining – Based on the current file format (RAW/JPEG) and the capacity of the inserted memory card, this displays how many photos you can take before the memory card is full. 35  Exposure Triangle What is exposure? the exposure triangle is the relationship of the three above variables and it’s what is needed to determine an accurate exposure. Adjusting just one of the variables will result in changes to the overall exposure. Defining the cases of exposure: 1. Over exposed photo: Overexposure in photography refers to an excessive amount of light hitting your exposure medium. When your camera sensor (or film) gets oversaturated with light, your scene appears brighter than in real life. The brightest parts of your image can become so overexposed that they actually become washed out, losing detail. In an extreme scenario, a severely overexposed image can end up appearing as pure white! 36  Over exposed photo: Locontains detail in the shadows and in the highlights of a photo. The photo will also contain a good tonal range. ses details, and washed out areas. 3. Under exposed photo: underexposure occurs when your camera sensor lacks enough light to lend detail and definition to dark tones. Poorly-lit scenes will display very little detail in an underexposed photo, often appearing as near- black. An underexposed photo can sometimes be hard to identify because brighter highlights will appear pretty well-defined and clear. However, watch out for the shadows! In the example below, notice how most of the forest to the side of the railroad tracks features pitch-black shadows, completely missing texture, and detail. That’s the hallmark of an underexposed photo. Under exposed photo: Loses details in shadow areas. 37 4. Correct exposed photo: Correct exposure contains details in the shadows and in the highlights of a photo. The photo will also contain a good tonal range, but this also depends on the contrast range of the photographed scene. Correct exposure: Details in shaow and high light areas. Factors controlling the selection of your exposure triangle settings: Shutter setting: shutter controlling the time that hits the sensor. your choice depends on: 1. still object scenery is the easiest situation so you can move across time settings freely, and you have to concentrate on ISO and aperture suitable for your goal and lighting situation. 2. Moving object scenery is a decisive situation according to your goal if you want to freeze or record objects motion. The setting also depends on the speed of the objects. you have to compensate with the ISO and F-stop to get also the depth of field you want and the value of ISO suitable for the lighting situation. The limit of ISO you don’t want to exceed. 38 F-stop setting: Aperture controls the quantity of light that hits the sensor. your choice depends on: 1. Depth of field you want to get in your photo. 2. Lighting situation and limit of ISO you don’t want to exceed. 3. Compensating with shutter speed according to the factors affecting its settings. ISO setting: 1. Lighting situation is the main factor that controls ISO setting choices. 2. Desired depth of field and shutter speed suitable for the situation have to be considered in ISO value choice. 3. High value of ISO could be use for artistic reasons, and a compensation have to be made with the shutter speed and aperture according to the desired output. Finally: The vertices of the exposure triangle are tightly connected. When one of them is changed to obtain an effect, there must be changes in one or both of the other factors in a compatibility process to obtain an output that represents the desire and vision of the photographer. 39