Micro6-Introduction-to-Molecular-Biology-short.pptx

An Introduction to Molecular Biology  Molecular Biology This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, Carry oxygen particularly genetics and biochemistry. It is the joining of aspects between genetics and biochemistry...

An Introduction to Molecular Biology  Molecular Biology This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, Carry oxygen particularly genetics and biochemistry. It is the joining of aspects between genetics and biochemistry hemoglobin protein HBB gene 3 critical molecules Involved in Molecular Biology DNA RNA Protein What is molecular biology? The attempt to understand biological phenomena in molecular terms The study of gene structure and function at the molecular level As a result, It is the study of molecular basic of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material. What is molecular biology? Mainly concerns itself with Understanding of interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis learning how these interactions are regulated. A Brief History Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, molecular biologists have learned to  Characterize, isolate, and manipulate the molecular components of cells and organisms, which are: 1.DNA, the storage of genetic information 2.RNA 3.Proteins, the major structural and enzymatic type of molecule in cells. Molecular Biology – A Journey  Microscopic biology began in 1665 Robert Hooke  Robert Hooke (1635-1703) discovered organisms are made up of cells  Matthias Schleiden (1804- 1881) and Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) further expanded the study Theodor Schwann of cells in 1830s Matthias Schleiden Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1800 - 1870 1865 Gregor Mendel discover the basic rules of heredity of garden pea.  An individual organism has two alternative heredity units for a given trait (dominant trait vs. recessive trait) Mendel: The Father of Genetics 1869 Johann Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA and named it nuclein. Johann Miescher Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1880 - 1900 1881 Edward Zacharias showed chromosomes are composed of nuclein. 1899 Richard Altmann renamed nuclein to nucleic acid. By 1900, chemical structures of all 20 amino acids had been identified Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1900-1911 1902 - Emil Hermann Fischer wins Nobel prize: showed amino acids Emil are linked and form proteins Fischer 1911 – Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers genes on chromosomes are the discrete units of heredity Thomas 1911 Pheobus Aaron Theodore Morgan Lerene discovers RNA Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1940 - 1950 1941 – George Beadle and Edward Tatum identify that genes make proteins George Edward Beadle Tatum 1950 – Edwin Chargaff find Cytosine complements Guanine and Adenine Edwin Chargaff complements Thymine Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1950 - 1952 1950s – Mahlon Bush Hoagland first to isolate tRNA 1952 – Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase make genes from DNA Mahlon Hoagland Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1952 - 1960 1952-1953 James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick deduced the double helical structure of DNA James Watson and 1956 George Emil Palade Francis Crick showed the site of enzymes manufacturing in the cytoplasm is made on RNA organelles called ribosomes. George Emil Palade  Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1970 1970 Howard Temin and David Baltimore independently isolate the first restriction enzyme This means that: DNA can be cut into reproducible pieces at specific site by restriction enzymes called endonuclease The pieces can be linked to bacterial vectors and introduced into bacterial hosts. This is called (gene cloning or recombinant DNA technology) Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1986 - 1995 1986 Leroy Hood: Developed automated sequencing mechanism 1986 Human Genome Leroy Hood Initiative announced 1995 Moderate-resolution maps of chromosomes 3, 11, 12, and 22 were published These maps provide the locations of “markers” on each chromosome to make locating genes easier Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 1995-1996 1995 John Craig Venter: First bacterial genomes sequenced 1995 Automated fluorescent sequencing instruments and robotic operations 1996 First eukaryotic genome- yeast-sequenced John Craig Venter Major events in the history of Molecular Biology Molecular Biology 1997-1999 1999 First human chromosome (number 22) sequenced Molecular Biology 2000-2001 2001 International Human Genome Sequencing published the first draft of the sequence of the human human genome Major events in the history of Molecular Biology 2003- Present April 2003 Human Genome Project Completed Mouse genome is sequenced. April 2004 Rat genome sequenced. Next-generation sequencing – genomes being sequenced by the dozen Some Terminology Nucleic acid: Biological molecules (RNA and DNA) that allow organisms to reproduce Gene: Basic physical and functional units of heredity  located on the chromosomes  consisting of specific sequences of DNA bases  Genes encode instructions on how to make proteins Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype: the physical expressed traits of an organism  The Central Dogma DNA Encodes RNA and RNA Encodes Protein flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein  Inside a Living Cell Life alphabet 4 letters English alphabet A, T, G, C 26 letters Structure Static Function Function Dynamic Dynamic The Central Dogma KEY POINTS genetic code degenerate because 64 codons encode only 22 amino acids The genetic code is universal because it is the same among all organisms. Replication: process of copying a molecule of DNA Transcription: process of converting a specific sequence of DNA into RNA Translation: process where a ribosome decodes mRNA into a protein TERMS Ribosome protein/mRNA complexes found in all cells production of proteins by translating messenger RNA Codon sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides encode specific amino acid during protein synthesis or translation Degenerate redundancy of the genetic code more than one codon codes for each amino acid