Human Biology Questions PDF

**1. TISSUE TYPES** A) What is a tissue and what are the four main types? A tissue is a group of cells that are always similar in structure and perform a common function. The four major tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. * Epithelial - CoverBody surface, cover and line in...

**1. TISSUE TYPES** A) What is a tissue and what are the four main types? A tissue is a group of cells that are always similar in structure and perform a common function. The four major tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. * Epithelial - CoverBody surface, cover and line internal organs, compose glands, which function to protect, secrete, absorb, excrete. Examples: sebaceous gland * Connective - This is widely distributed throughout the body and functions to bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat and produce blood cells. Example: bone * Muscle - The muscle tissue is attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs and the heart. It generates forces of movement. Example: Biceps * Nervous - This is found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves. It conducts impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception. Example: brain B) What type of tissue is the bone? Bones are connective tissue **2. MELANIN: PURPOSE AND TYPE** What is melanin, types and functions? Melanocytes produced the pigment, melanin What is the point of melanin? absorbs ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, protecting the DNA of skin cells from damage and mutation. It is the factor that determines skin color. Do all people have the same amount of melanocytes? Though all humans have about the same number of melanocytes, skin color is largely due to the amount of melanin. What are the types of melanin? Eumelanin primarily the brownish-black eumelanin Pheomelanin is classified as red/yellow. **3. BONE STRUCTURE** Where would you find bone forming cells? Bone forming cells, called osteoblasts, are primarily found along the surface of bones, particularly in areas where new bone growth is occurring, like the periosteum (outer layer of the bone) and the endosteum (lining of the bone marrow cavity). What is the main component of the bone structure? The main components of the bone structure are collagen and calcium. **4. MEMBRANES & TISSUES** What is the membrane that underlies the epithelial tissues? The epithelial tissue lies on the basement membrane. It anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue. **5. TYPES OF JOINTS AND DEGREES OF MOVEMENT** A) Explain the functions of joints and what are the main types? The main types of joints are: Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial, known also as articulations. They are: * Functional junctions between bones * Bind parts of skeletal system together * Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction * Make bone growth possible * Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth B) Name the type of joints based on movement? * Synarthroses (immovable) Example: skull sutures * Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Example: pubic symphysis * Diarthroses (freely movable) Example: shoulder, elbow **6. RIBS** A) What is the type of ribs associated with the upper thoracic cavity? These are vertebrosternal ribs, the first seven ribs on each side of the body, attaching directly to the sternum and the vertebrae. List and describe the 3 types of ribs? * Vertebral-sternal = attached to vertebra in back and sternum in front, ribs 1-7 * Vertebral-chondral = attached to vertebra in back and cartilage of rib 7 in the front, ribs 8-10 * Vertebral- just attached to the vertebra in the back, ribs 11-12 **7. DIFFERENT EPITHELIAL CELL TYPES AND ARRANGEMENTS** Simple squamous epithelium is one layer of flattened cells. Simple cuboidal epithelium is another one layer of cube-shaped cells; Simple columnar epithelium: one layer of elongated cells with their nuclei about the same level above the basement membrane; Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: one layer of elongated and variously shaped cells with their nuclei at different levels within the cells; Appears to be stratified but is not. Stratified squamous epithelium: many layers of flattened cells; Stratified cuboidal epithelium: two or three layers of cube-shaped cells; Stratified columnar epithelium: superficial cells are elongated and basal layers are cube-shaped; Transitional epithelium: several layers of cells whose shape changes in response to increased tension; * Simple squamous: Rapid diffusion and filtration * Simple cuboidal: Glandular secretion, protection * Simple columnar: Secretion, absorption, protection of underlying tissues * Pseudostratified columnar: Protection of respiratory surfaces from dust and microorganisms * Stratified squamous: Thick barrier against entry of microorganisms and water loss, protection from injury * Stratified cuboidal: Protection of the ducts of several types of glands * Stratified columnar: Protection of larger ducts of glands, secretion * Transitional: Ability to stretch, provides expandable lining of organs of urinary system, protection against leakage of urine into the body fluids. **8. DNA SEQUENCING** Translate the following DNA sequence. Original DNA ATC-GCT Complimentary DNA TAG-CGA RNA AUC-GCU Protein Ile-Ala | | U | C | A | G | | | :---- | :---------- | :---------- | :---------- | :---------- | :---- | | **U** | UUU | UCU | UAU | UGU | **U** | | | phenylalanine | serine | tyrosine | cysteine | | | | UUC | UCC | UAC | UGC | **C** | | | UUA | UCA | UAA STOP | UGA STOP | **A** | | | leucine | | | | | | | UUG | UCG | UAG STOP | UGG trypto. | **G** | | **C** | CUU | CCU | CAU | CGU | **U** | | | | | histidine | | | | | CUC | CCC | CAC | CGC | **C** | | | leucine | proline | | arginine | | | | CUA | CCA | CAA | CGA | **A** | | | | | glutamine | | | | | CUG | CCG | CAG | CGG | **G** | | **A** | AUU | ACU | AAU | AGU | **U** | | | | | asparagine | serine | | | | AUC isoleu. | ACC | AAC | AGC | **C** | | | | threonine | | | | | | AUA | ACA | AAA | AGA | **A** | | | isoleucine | | lysine | arginine | | | | AUG START | ACG | AAG | AGG | **G** | | **G** | GUU | GCU | GAU | GGU | **U** | | | | | | | | | | GUC valine | GCC alanine | GAC | GGC | **C** | | | | | aspartic | glycine | | | | GUA | GCA | GAA | GGA | **A** | | | | | | | | | | GUG | GCG | GAG | GGG | **G** | The image represents a practice exercise for the steps of DNA replication from a DNA template: | | DNA Template | | | | | | | | :---- | :----------- | :---------------- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | | Step1 | DNA Compl. | A | T | G | C | G | G | | | | T | A | C | G | C | C | | Step2 | Transcript. | A | U | G | C | G | U | | | | Convert DNA mRNA | | | | | | | Step3 | Translation | Met/Start | Arg. | Stop | | | | | | | From RNN aminoacid | | | | | | **9. SEBACEOUS GLANDS:** What are Sebaceous glands and what are their functions? They produce and secrete a fatty substance called sebum. It lubricates the skin and hair and prevents water loss, keeps the skin and hair soft, relatively waterproof, and pliable. **10. SKELETAL SYSTEM** How many bones are found in the skeletal system and what are their functions? From the top of the cranial system to the plantar of the human body, 206 bones are connected together in the skeletal system. They function to support movement and protection of vital organs The next image shows a table that describes Epithelial tissue and its cell shapes. | Cell shapes | Description | | :-------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------- | | Squamous | Flat | | Cuboidal | Cube shaped | | Columnar | Tall rectangular | | Layers | | | Simple | One layer | | Stratified | 2 or more layers | | Pseudostratified | Falsely layered, appears to be several layers but is | The next image shows a table describing Types of Membranes: | Membrane | Description | | :------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Membrane | 2 thin layers of tissue. Usually produce a fluid to reduce friction. Only located in connective and epithelial tissue types. | | Cutaneous Membranes | Covers body, Skin | | Synovial Membranes | Line joints, Composed entirely of connective tissue | | Serous Membranes | Line closed body cavities, Reduce friction, Inner lining of thorax and abdomen, Cover organs of thorax and abdomen, Secrete serous fluid | | Mucous Membranes | Line organs leading outside of the body. Lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc. Secrete mucus | What is going on with an albino? Albino have melanocytes, but they don't make melanin. The next image shows an Introduction to the list of cell types. | Cell types | Description | | :----------- | :--------------------------------- | | Osteoblasts | Make new bone (immature) | | Osteocytes | Maintain bone density (mature) | | Osteoclasts | Degrade bone (demolition team) | | Material | | | Organic | Collagen: flexibility 1/3 of weight | | and inorganic | Calcium: hardness 2/3 of weight | The following Table shows a Bone Classification | Classification | Description | | :--------------- | :------------------------------ | | Long Bones | Support (femur) | | Short Bones | Flexibility (tarsals,carpals) | | Sesamoid | Short and round (patella) | | Flat Bones | Protection (ribs, scapula) | | Irregular Bones | Flexible (vertebra) | | Wormian (sutural) | Bones that form between sutures | The next image shows: Parts of a Long Bone and the Characteristics of the Long Bone: | Characteristics | Description | | :-------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Epiphysis | tips of bone (distal, proximal) | | Articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage on tips of bones | | Diaphysis | shaft | | Compact bone | tightly packed tissue | | Spongy bone | located in epiphysis | | Trabeculae | bony plates that branch from spongy bones. | | Periosteum | dense conn.tissue around the bone. | | Medullary cavity | Tube like hollow chamber | | Endosteum | Thin lining within medullary cavity | | Bone marrow | (red and yellow) | The next image shows the names of different bones in the human body: * Cranium * Skull * Face * Hyoid * Clavicle * Scapula * Sternum * Humerus * Ribs * Vertebral column * Hip bone * Radius * Ulna * Sacrum * Coccyx * Femur * Metacarpals * Patella * Tibia * Fibula * Tarsals * Phalanges And the last image shows a diagram of Ribs Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: * True ribs (7): attach to sternum * False ribs (5); * False (3) attach to rib 7 * Floating (2) do not attach Sternum * Manubrium * Body * Xyphoid process