Merriman Teacher Notes 1 Summer 2023 PDF

# The Fragmentation of Europe The fragmentation of Europe is due to the collapse of the Roman Empire, arrival of new peoples, tribal push back against centralization (Goths, Franks, Saxons, Lombards, Bavañans, etc.) ## Magyars ## Northmen/Norse/Vikings ## Arab attacks 7th Century ## took over...

# The Fragmentation of Europe The fragmentation of Europe is due to the collapse of the Roman Empire, arrival of new peoples, tribal push back against centralization (Goths, Franks, Saxons, Lombards, Bavañans, etc.) ## Magyars ## Northmen/Norse/Vikings ## Arab attacks 7th Century ## took over Spain ## Mongols sacked Kiev 1240 Europe became hundreds of small states (70 German free cities) The concept of "Europe" re-emerged 14th Century BUT economic, political, judicial institutions were very local. As monarchs consolidated power, city-states in Italy and German trade towns retained independence, raised their own armies, dispensed justice and collected taxes. They also made treaties. Town walls provided protection. In the middle ages, there were three systems of law: 1. **Civil Law** - based on Roman law/written law applied to human affairs/political laws decreed by rulers. This led to the development of sovereign state's power (state of law) and the emergence of force. 2. **Canon Law** - Established by the Church councils, Church Fathers and affirmed by the Pope. 3. **Common (Customary) Law** - Common of local customs, codification of local custom's reference back to previous decisions made by judges. This mostly existed where Roman law was not used. ## England - Local courts decentralized. - Centralization of authority. - Protected corporate groups (guilds, etc) against encroachment of ruler. ## Cultural Fragmentation - Many local languages (dozens in France) - Latin as Church and academic language ## Breakdown in roads and bridges - Increase in violence on trips. - Madrid to Venice took between 22-88 days. # At The Crossroads of Cultures - 1054 Schism (split) between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church - By 1500, most people in Russia and the Balkans were Eastern Orthodox. - Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, & West were Roman Catholic. - Christianity as unifier/commonality across Europe. - Conflict with secular states for power. - 4 allegiances. ## Mid 11th Century - Popes elected by Church cardinals - Bishops and abbots pledged obedience to Pope - Pope appointed bishops, abbots, cardinals, and abbey revenues and ecclesiastical officials. # Ottoman Empire - Islamic State - Political AND religious authority in the Sultan ## Christian Churches owned 25% of land in Spain and 65% of land in Southern Italy - very wealthy. - Secular rulers (kings, dukes, etc.) tried to pull power to themselves in their lands. ## 1095, 1st Crusade to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land. ## 1204 - Crusaders attacked the Byzantine Empire and sacked Constantinople. ## Mid 14th Century - The Ottoman Empire moved into Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey), Balkan Peninsula, and Greece. - By 1400, Islamic Empires controlled land from Spain to North Africa to Northern India to islands in Southeast Asia. ## Ottoman Empire - The Byzantine Empire lost land to the Ottoman Empire. - The capital of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire (1453) ## Ottoman conquests - Conquered most of SE Europe - 1459: Serbia - 1443: Bosnia - 1479: Albania - 1493: Herzegovina - 1534: Iraq. - 1541: Hungary (date not in book). - Frequent conflict between the Ottomans and European countries. ## Ghaza Holy War (against infidels) - Part of Ottoman ideology.