Memory PDF

Memory Mandela effect: misremembering information collectively Encoding- forming a memory' Storage- maintaining encoded information in memory overtime Retrieval- recovering information from memory stores Attention- focusing awareness a narrowed range of stimuli or events attention - a filter t...

Memory Mandela effect: misremembering information collectively Encoding- forming a memory' Storage- maintaining encoded information in memory overtime Retrieval- recovering information from memory stores Attention- focusing awareness a narrowed range of stimuli or events attention - a filter that allows us to select out specific sensory information cocktail party phenomena- you overhear your name being mentioned despite paying attention to something else multitasking: we actually switch our attention back and forth between tasks very quickly. Any task where we have to take away our attention from another, Structural encoding- shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of the stimulus, like shape, colour, length, Phonemic encoding- emphasis on the sound of the words Semantic coding- emphasis on the meaning of the word, thinking about the objects and actions the words represent Elaboration- linking stimuli together at the time of encoding Visual imagery- creation of visual images to represent the words being remembered Self referent encoding- deciding how the information is personally relevant Sensory memory- information in its sensory form that is stored for a brief period of time, usually for a fraction of a second. ( afterimage) Short term memory- limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds Rehearsal- process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information Information is lost in less than 20 seconds without rehearsal Chunking- grouping stimuli into units (phone number) 2502994142 vs 250-299-4142 Working memory- limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action. Phonological loop: uses recitation to temporarily remember something Visuospatial sketchpad: temporarily hold and manipulate visual images Central executive system: controls our attention, switching and dividing our attention as needed Working memory capacity- ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention Long term memory- unlimited storage capacity that can hold information over lengthy periods of time Flashbulb memory: a memory that is very intense and vivid/ detailed Clustering- the tendency to remember similar or related items in a group Schemas: organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience. Conceptual hierarchy: Semantic networks- nodes of representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts Parallel distributed processing- simultaneous processing of the same information spread across networks of neurons Retrieval- getting memories Accessibility- whether you can get to the information in the memory system. Availability- whether the information is in the memory system or not Tip of the tongue phenomenon -- temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just our of reach Retrieval cues- stimuli that can help gain access to memories Context cues- remembering by putting yourself back in context in which the thing took place Misinformation effect: recall of witnessed event is altered by introducing misleading post event information Source monitoring- the process of trying to make an inference about the origin of memories Source monitoring error- occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. Forgetting- failure to remember something Forgetting curve- graphs retention and forgetting over time - How we retain information and how much The more you come back to that thing helps keep retention. Retention- proportion of material you retain Retention interval- length of time between presentation or something and measurement of forgetting. Recall- requires the reproduction of information without any cues Recognition- requires the selection of previously learned information from an array of options Relearning- trying to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned more. Ineffective coding theory of forgetting- you cant forget something you never learned Pseudoforgetting- forgetting because you never really learned it, usually due to lack of attention Phonemic encoding- saying/reading the words but not really getting the meaning. Decay theory of forgetting- we forget because memory traces fade over time. Neural connections are strengthen through use. Interference theory of forgetting- we forget because information competes with other information Retroactive interference- new information impairs the retention of previously learned information Proactive interference- previously learned information interferes with retention of new information Retrieval failure- were not always great at getting the information Encoding specificity principle- the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds of the memory code State dependent learning- we remember things better if we are in the same state as we learned it Motivated forgetting- sometimes we just don't want to remember something , consciously or unconsciously. Repression-keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious ( from psychodynamic theories) Repressed memories are real Memories are a series of neurons. Memories: specific neural pathways that are created when we experience and consolidate information LTP-long term potention - Long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway 1. Implicit- memory that is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering ( remembering unintentionally) Mostly perceptual and motor skills In the cerebellum 2. Explicit- involves intentional recollection of previous experiences ( remembering intentionally) Declarative memory- handles factual information Nondeclarative memory- action, skills, operations, and conditioned responses. Semantic memory- general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned Episodic memory- chronological recollections of personal experiences Prospective memory- remembering to do things in the future Retrospective memory- remembering things from the past