Memory Encoding and Short-Term Memory
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Questions and Answers

What is retroactive interference?

  • New information impairs the retention of previously learned information. (correct)
  • Previously learned information enhances the retention of new information.
  • No significant effect on memory occurs when new information is learned.
  • New information enhances the retention of previously learned information.

    • Which statement best describes the encoding specificity principle?

  • The ability to remember is solely dependent on the emotional state during learning.
  • The principle states that memories must be explicitly encoded to be recalled.
  • The effectiveness of a retrieval cue is determined by its correlation with the memory code. (correct)
  • Memories are always retrieved successfully regardless of the context.

    • What is a characteristic of implicit memory?

  • It is evident through unintentional performance on tasks. (correct)
  • It is primarily based in the prefrontal cortex.
  • It cannot be measured through behavioral tests.
  • It requires deliberate recollection of experiences.

    • Which type of memory involves the recollection of personal experiences?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does motivated forgetting imply?

    <p>Individuals sometimes prefer not to remember certain information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'encoding' refer to in memory processes?

    <p>The process of forming a memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by its short duration and high fidelity for sensory input?

    <p>Sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of long term memory?

    <p>It allows for unlimited storage over extended periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of encoding focuses on the meaning of the information being learned?

    <p>Semantic coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'chunking' refer to in the context of memory?

    <p>Grouping information into manageable units to enhance retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cocktail party phenomena' describe?

    <p>The ability to overhear one's name amidst background noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of working memory is responsible for manipulating visual images?

    <p>Visuospatial sketchpad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rehearsal in memory?

    <p>To maintain information in short term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the term 'accessibility' in relation to memory?

    <p>Whether the information can be retrieved from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the 'tip of the tongue phenomenon'?

    <p>A temporary inability to retrieve information accompanied by a sense of knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'decay theory of forgetting' suggest?

    <p>We forget because memories fade with time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'source monitoring'?

    <p>Determining the origin of a memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of parallel distributed processing?

    <p>Simultaneous processing of information across multiple neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'forgetting curve' illustrate?

    <p>The pattern of memory retention and forgetting over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'pseudoforgetting'?

    <p>Not remembering something because it was insufficiently learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do retrieval cues play in memory recall?

    <p>They enhance the ability to access memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Encoding

    • Encoding is the process of forming a memory.
    • Storage involves maintaining encoded information over time.
    • Retrieval is the process of recovering information from memory stores.
    • Attention filters sensory information, allowing focus on specific stimuli.
    • Cocktail party phenomenon: ability to hear one’s name despite focusing on other conversations.
    • Multitasking involves rapidly switching attention between tasks.

    Memory Encoding

    • Structural encoding focuses on physical features (shape, color, size).
    • Phonemic encoding emphasizes the sounds of words.
    • Semantic encoding focuses on the meaning of words and associated concepts.

    Elaboration & Imagery

    • Elaboration links new information to existing knowledge or personal experiences.
    • Visual imagery creates mental images to represent information.
    • Self-referent encoding links information to personal experiences.

    Short-Term Memory

    • Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information—a fraction of a second.
    • Short-term memory temporarily stores and processes information.
    • Capacity is limited; rehearsal and chunking improve retention (e.g., phone number).
    • Information is lost in about 20 seconds without rehearsal.

    Long-Term Memory

    • Long-term memory has unlimited capacity and stores information for extended periods.
    • Flashbulb memories are highly vivid and detailed recollections of significant events.
    • Clustering groups similar information together.
    • Schemas are organized knowledge structures for specific events or objects.
    • Conceptual hierarchies represent concepts in a hierarchical structure.
    • Semantic networks connect related concepts.
    • Parallel distributed processing involves simultaneous processing across neural networks.

    Retrieval of Memories

    • Accessibility means successfully retrieving information from memory.
    • Availability means information exists in memory.
    • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: feeling of knowing information without being able to access it immediately.
    • Retrieval cues help trigger memories (e.g., context, emotion).
    • Retroactive and proactive interference occur when new or old information disrupts memory retrieval.
    • State-dependent learning: memory is better retrieved if the learner is in the same mental state when they learned it.
    • Motivated forgetting: conscious or unconscious suppression of certain memories.
    • Memory is a complex system of neural pathways, and memories can change over time.

    Types of Memory

    • Implicit memory (unintentional): remembering something without consciously knowing
    • Explicit memory (intentional): remembering something with conscious effort (declarative and nondeclarative)
    • Episodic memory: recollection of personal events
    • Semantic memory: general knowledge and facts
    • Retrospective memory: remembering past events
    • Prospective memory: remembering to do something in the future

    Forgetting

    • Forgetting curve: graph showing memory decay over time
    • Retention interval: time between learning and retrieval
    • Retention: proportion of information retained
    • Recall requires reproducing information without cues.
    • Recognition involves selecting previously learned information from an array.
    • Relearning assesses how much time is saved when information is relearned.
    • Ineffective coding: never really learning the material
    • Pseudoforgetting: never properly learning the material leading to no memory
    • Decay: memories fade over time
    • Interference: information competes with other information.

    Memory Processes

    • Context cues are environmental factors that can trigger memories
    • Misinformation effect: inaccuracies in memory due to misinformation
    • Source monitoring error occurs when a memory is attributed to the wrong source.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of memory encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. It delves into attention mechanisms, types of encoding such as structural, phonemic, and semantic, as well as elaboration and imagery techniques. Test your understanding of how these principles apply to short-term memory.

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