Human Memory Lecture PDF

In this lecture, we will discuss: Human Memory  Modal model of memory Sensory Memory Short-term memo...

In this lecture, we will discuss: Human Memory  Modal model of memory Sensory Memory Short-term memory  Differences between short-term memory and long- term memory KMF 1023  The serial position effect COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY  Differences in coding  Characteristics of Short-term memory Lecturer: Norehan Zulkiply FSKPM Working memory Universiti Malaysia Sarawak  3 components of working memory  Working memory in the brain Human Memory: a Definition Modal Model of Memory  Memory  Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)  Processes involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original information is no longer present Modal Model of Memory  Sensory Memory- hold information for seconds Caption: What happens in different parts of Rachel’s memory as she is (a and b)  Short-term memory (STM) – holds information looking up the phone for 15-30 seconds number, (c) calling the pizza shop, and (d) memorizing the number. A  Long-term memory (LTM) – holds information for few days later, (e) she years retrieves the number from long-term memory to order pizza again. Darkened parts  Control processes- active processes controlled by of the modal model indicate the person eg. Rehearsal which processes are activated for each action that Rachel takes.  Retrieval – process of remembering information in LTM (must go through STM again) 1 Sensory Memory Sensory Memory  Short-lived sensory memory registers all or most information that hits our visual receptors  Eg. Watching a movie in the cinema (Frames in film) Retention of information for very brief time The film projector’s shutters open to project the image (Information decays very quickly on the film to the screen then it closes so the film moves to the next frame In the cinema, this process is repeated so fast at 24  Eg. The sparkler effect times per second retention of perception of light in your mind Effect: we don’t see the dark parts in between the = persistence of vision images because of the persistence of vision effect helps us to retain the image from the previous frame Sparkler’s trail of light Sensory Memory Sensory Memory  Sperling’s study on sensory memory  Important for: Collecting information to be processed  Results: sensory memory lasts only for a very short time It registers information received by visual senses but Holding information for a short time while This information decays within less than a second early processing of information takes place  Sensory memory for visual information – iconic Fill in the blanks when stimulation is memory intermittent (bersela)  Sensory memory for sounds – echoic memory (persistence of sound) STM vs LTM STM vs LTM Carrot  Demonstration of STM vs LTM Apple Diet Door Mouse  1. The serial position curve Berry (Murdoch, 1962) Gold Menu Memory for a list of words is Rope better for words at the beginning Meter Penny or end of the list Plate Kettle Serial-position curve (Murdoch, 1962). Notice that memory is better for Sun words presented at the beginning of the list (primacy effect) and at the Train end (recency effect). Egg Fish Toy 2 STM vs LTM STM vs LTM  Primacy effect (due to LTM) memory better for words at the beginning of the list These words have been rehearsed more often Transferred to LTM  Recency effect (due to STM) memory better for words at the end of the list These words were presented most recently Still present in STM STM vs LTM: Evidence from STM vs LTM Neuropsychological ( Brain Damage) Studies  2. Differences in Coding  Case of patients who have functioning  Coding- the way information is STM but poor LTM represented Clive Wearing- musician, lost memory to a disease (viral encephalitis) H.M. – suffered from epilepsy (penyakit sawan), had surgery to remove his hippocampus BUT hippocampus is responsible for Common -STM formation of new LTM Common-LTM Short-term memory (STM)  STM- window on the present  How much information can it store?  Capacity of STM: George Miller (1956) The magical number seven plus or minus two 5-9 items  Chunking can increase STM ability Chunking – small items can be combined into larger meaningful units Cross-section of the brain showing some of the key structures that Helps STM’s limited capacity to handle large amount of are involved in memory. information 3 Short-term memory (STM) Working Memory  How long can STM lasts?  Working memory- modern approach to STM  Limited capacity system for temporary  Brown, and Peterson & Peterson’s storage and manipulation of information for experiment (1959) complex tasks (comprehension, learning, reasoning)  Results:  Working memory is different from STM: STM can last about 15-20 seconds without Consists of a number of parts/components rehearsal (STM consists of a single part) Not just to store information for a short time but to manipulate information to help us carry out complex cognitive tasks (e.g., comprehension, learning & reasoning) Working Memory From the 3rd Edition book Verbal and Auditory Information Working Memory Working Memory  Three components:  2. Visuospatial Sketch Pad  1. Phonological Loop Holds visual and spatial information Holds verbal and auditory information Eg allows us to solves puzzles or find our way Has two parts: around our university campus  Storage- holds memory traces, fades in 2 seconds unless refreshed. Passive  Rehearsal – practise repeating a memory trace, refreshes the memory trace. Active part 4  Working Memory  3. Central Executive Major part of working memory Obtains information from LTM Coordinates activities of phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad Eg. listening to directions a you drive in a new city Tasks handled by components of working memory. (a) The phonological loop handles language. Reading is shown here, but the phonological loop also handles information that is received verbally as when listening to someone speak. (b) The visuospatial sketch pad handles visual and spatial information. Working Memory & the Brain  Studies on working memory carried out on monkeys Tasks processed by the Delayed response task – monkey has to learn to hold phonological loop information in working memory during a delay period (hearing directions) and  This is not possible in prefrontal cortex is damaged!! (have visuospatial sketch pad difficulty holding information in WM) (visualizing the route) being coordinated by  Monkeys without a prefrontal cortex the central executive Working Memory & the Brain Working Memory & the Human Brain  Monkeys can be trained to perform this task if their pre-frontal (PF) cortex is okay  Damage to PF => this ability drops  PF is important for holding information for short time  PF is important for working memory  But other areas of the brain are also involved Some of the areas in the cortex that have been shown by brain-imaging research to be involved in working memory (Adapted from Fiez, 2001). 5 Summary  Modal model of memory Sensory Memory Short-term memory LTM Differences between short-term memory and long-term memory  The serial position effect  Differences in coding Working memory  3 components of working memory- phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive  Working memory in the brain can be located in the pre- frontal cortex 6