Memory PPT PDF

Memory Anatomy of Memory Bilateral damage to the hippocampus results in anterograde amnesia (Patient H.M.)  Anatomy of Memory Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC re...

Memory Anatomy of Memory Bilateral damage to the hippocampus results in anterograde amnesia (Patient H.M.)  Anatomy of Memory Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC responses Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories Thalamus, formation of new memories and working memories Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.  What is MEMORY? Memory – internal record of some prior event or experience; a set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters, and retrieves information over time  Three Stages of Memory Stage 1 - Sensory Memory is a brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the sensory system Stage 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM) is working memory – Limited capacity (7 items) – Duration is about 30 seconds Stage 3 - Long-Term Memory (LTM) is large capacity and long duration Overview of Memory Model  Sensory Memory LO 6.2 Sensory Memory Sensory memory: the very first stage of memory – the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems Iconic memory: visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second – capacity: everything that can be seen at one time – duration: information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information, a process called masking ‫ وﻫﺬه‬،‫ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻷﻳﻘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬:‫اﳌﺪة‬ 0 (Masking) ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬  Sensory Memory LO 6.2 Sensory Memory Eidetic imagery: the (rare) ability to access a visual memory for thirty seconds or more Echoic memory: the brief memory of something a person has just heard – capacity: limited to what can be heard at any one moment; smaller than the capacity of iconic memory – duration: lasts longer than iconic; about two to four seconds 0  Short-Term Memory LO 6.3 Short-Term or Working Memory Short-term memory (STM; working memory): the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used – selective attention: the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input 0  ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﺮاءة ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻛﲔ‬ Short-Term Memory LO 6.3 Short-Term or Working Memory ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ُﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ اﻷرﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ Digit-span test: a series of numbers is read to subjects who are then asked to recall the numbers in order – conclusion: capacity of STM is about seven items or pieces of information, plus or minus two items—or from five to nine bits of information. ‫ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﳌﺪى‬ ‫( ﻫﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﺒﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ‬STM) – “magical number” = 7 ‫ زاﺋﺪ أو ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬،‫ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ أي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﻊ‬،‫اﺛﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬0 ‫ﻗ‬  ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ دﻣﺞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ‬ Short-Term Memory LO 6.3 Short-Term or Working Memory ‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﰲ وﺣﺪات أو‬ ،‫“ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت” ذات ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﰲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬ Chunking: bits of information are ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﳌﺪى‬ combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so that more information can be ‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﺮار اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺮاًرا وﺗﻜﺮاًرا ﰲ اﻟﺬﻫﻦ‬ held in STM ‫ )ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﳌﺪى‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﰲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﳌﺪى ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻤﻌﻲ‬ Maintenance rehearsal: saying bits of information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory (STMs tend to be encoded in auditory form) 0  Long-Term Memory LO 6.4 Long-Term Memory Long-term memory (LTM): the memory system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently Elaborative rehearsal: a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way 0  Types of LTM LO 6.5 Different Types of Long-Term Memory Nondeclarative (implicit) memory: type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses – these memories are not conscious, but their existence is implied because they affect conscious behavior – also include emotional associations, habits, and simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in conscious awareness 0  Nondeclarative (Implicit) LTM LO 6.5 Different Types of Long-Term Memory Procedural memory (often called implicit memory): memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness 0  Types of LTM Declarative (explicit) memory: type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known Semantic memory: declarative memory containing general knowledge – knowledge of language, information learned in formal education Episodic memory: declarative memory containing personal information not readily 0 available to others Overview of LTM  Integrated Model Concepts Encoding – process of translating info into neural codes (language) that will be retained in memory Storage – the process of retaining neural coded info over time Retrieval – the process of recovering info from memory storage  Organization of LTM Retrieval Cue – a clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall and ‫ﻫﻲ أدﻟﺔ أو‬ retrieval of a stored piece of ‫ﻣﺤﻔﺰات ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ‬ information from long-term ‫اوﺳاﺘﺳﺮﺘﻌﺎﺟﺎدعة ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ memory ‫ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﺨﻤﻟﺰﻧﺔ ﰲ‬ – 2 types: ‫اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ 1. Recognition ‫اﳌﺪى‬ 2. Recall  Memory Measures ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﺷﻌﺎر ﻣﺤﺪد )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺟﻪ أو اﻻﺳﻢ( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﳌﺪى‬ Recognition is when a specific cue (face or name) is matched against LTM ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم إﺷﻌﺎر ﻋﺎم ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬ Recall is when a general cue is used to search memory Relearning - situation where person learns material a second time. Quicker to learn material 2nd time.‫)ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ أﺳﺮع ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﳌﺎدة ﻟﻠﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬  Forgetting Forgetting is the inability to recall previously learned information Forgetting rate is steep just after learning and then becomes a gradual loss of recall  Theories of Forgetting Proactive interference: old information interferes with recall of new information Retroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old information Decay theory: memory trace fades with time Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories (protective memory loss) Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent  Organization of LTM Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”) ‫ﻲ‬Tip-of-the- ) ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﻃﺮف اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ‫ ﻫ‬:(Tongue Phenomenon ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ “… ﺗﺒﺪأ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﺮف…” أو أي ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ أﺧﺮى ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬.‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬  Amnesia Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or by trauma – Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information prior to a trauma – Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma Anterograde Retrograde amnesia amnesia Point of Trauma