Memory and Forgetting PDF

CHAPTER 8 MEMORY AND FORGETTING MEMORY MEMORY MEMORY IS THE PROCESS OF MAINTAINING INFORMATION OVER TIME. MEMORY IS THE MEANS BY WHICH WE DRAW ON OUR PAST EXPERIENCES IN ORDER TO USE THIS INFORMATION IN THE PRESENT. STAGES OF MEMORY: -ENCODING -STORING -RETRIEVAL STAGES OF MEMORY: E...

CHAPTER 8 MEMORY AND FORGETTING MEMORY MEMORY MEMORY IS THE PROCESS OF MAINTAINING INFORMATION OVER TIME. MEMORY IS THE MEANS BY WHICH WE DRAW ON OUR PAST EXPERIENCES IN ORDER TO USE THIS INFORMATION IN THE PRESENT. STAGES OF MEMORY: -ENCODING -STORING -RETRIEVAL STAGES OF MEMORY: ENCODING REFERS TO THE MANNER INFORMATION IS ENTERED INTO MEMORY. STORING REFERS TO THE WAY SUCH INFORMATION IS RETAINED IN MEMORY. STAGES OF MEMORY: RETRIEVAL REFERS TO PROCEDURES AND MECHANISM WHICH ALLOW MAN TO USE INFORMATION PREVIOUSLY STORED IN MEMORY. TYPES OF MEMORY: -SENSORY MEMORY -SHORT-TERM MEMORY -LONG-TERM MEMORY TYPES OF MEMORY: SENSORY MEMORY A MEMORY SYSTEM THAT RETAINS INFORMATION OF SENSORY INPUT FOR BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME. SHORT-TERM MEMORY MEMORY SYSTEM THAT HOLDS INFORMATION CURRENTLY BEING USED. TYPES OF MEMORY: LONG-TERM MEMORY MEMORY SYSTEM THAT PERMITS MAN TO STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME. HOW INFORMATION IS STORED IN MEMORY? SHORT-TERM MEMORY INFORMATION STORED IN THE LONG-TERM MEMORY SYSTEM IS RETRIEVED FOR USE IN THE SHORT- TERM MEMORY. INFORMATION CAN COME FROM THE SENSORY MEMORY SYSTEM.  HOW INFORMATION IS STORED IN MEMORY? LONG-TERM MEMORY ELABORATIVE PROCESS OF REHEARSAL RECOLLECTION - PEOPLE DECIDE WHETHER THE STIMULUS HAD BEEN ENCOUNTERED BEFORE. RECALL - RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION THAT HAS MEANING FOR THE INDIVIDUAL. HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY? -ENCODING MUST BE CAREFULLY AND APPRORIATELY DONE -HAVE A MENTAL PICTURE OF WHAT YOU MEMORIZE -ORGANIZE AND STRUCTURE THE INFORMATION -USE MNEMONIC DEVICES -RECONSTRUCT AND STRUCTURE THE INFORMATION -USE THE SQ3R METHOD OF STUDY -STORE THE INFORMATION IN NARRATIVE FORM FORGETTING FORGETTING -IT IS WHEN A STORED INFORMATION IS LOST. -FAILURE IN MEMORY RETRIEVAL FIVE THEORIES OF FORGETTING: 1.) THE FADING THEORY 2.) THE THEORY OF INTERFERENCE 3.) ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE STIMULATION 4.) OBLITERATION OF THE MEMORY TRACE 5.) REPRESSIVE THEORY/THEORY OF REPRESSION FADING THEORY -THIS THEORY STATES THAT LEARNING CREATES CERTAIN CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, THAT IS, MEMORY TRACES ARE CREATED THAT WERE NOT THERE PRIOR TO LEARNING. -BASICALLY SPEAKING, WE FORGET OUR MEMORIES DUE TO THE PASSAGE OF TIME. NOT USING THESE STORED MEMORIES CONTRIBUTE TO THE FADING OF MEMORY. THEORY OF INTERFERENCE -THIS THEORY SUGGESTS THAT NEW AND OLD LEARNING COMPETE OR INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER SO THAT THE ABILITY TO RETAIN OR REMEMBER BOTH, IS LIMITED. 2 TYPES OF INTERFERENCE: RETROACTIVE INHIBATION PROACTIVE INHIBATION RETROACTIVE INHIBITION THE MORE SIMILAR TWO THINGS TO BE LEARNED ARE, THE MORE THE INTERFERENCE NEW MEMORIES CONFLICT OR INTERFERE WITH THE OLD MEMORIES PROACTIVE INHIBITION PRIOR LEARNING MAY OR NOT INTERFERE WITH THE LEARNING AND RECALL OF NEW MATERIAL OLD MEMORIES INTERFERE WITH THE NEW ONES ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE STIMULATION -IT IS WHEN WE ARE UNABLE TO RECALL EVENTS IN THE PAST BECAUSE THE APPROPRIATE STIMULI ARE ABSENT -WE CAN ONLY RECALL A SITUATION OR EVENT BECAUSE OF A PARTICULAR COLOR, NAME OR OTHER STIMULI ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE STIMULATION -INFORMATION WOULD BE EASIER TO RETRIEVE IF THE CONDITION FROM THE ORIGINAL EXPERIENCE ARE PRESENT. OBLITERATION OF THE MEMORY TRACE -MEMORIES ARE OBLITERATED DUE TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS OTHER THAN TIME. -IT MIGHT BE CAUSED BY EMOTIONAL SHOCK OR OTHER CONDITIONS THAT HINDER CONSOLIDATION. REPRESSIVE FORGETTING -ALSO KNOWN AS MOTIVATED FORGETTING -IT IS THE PROCESS OF FORGETTING MEMORIES CONSCIOUSLY OR UNCONSCIOUSLY REPRESSION - IS THE UNCONSCIOUS AND INVOLUNTARY PROCESS OF EXCLUDING UNWANTED THOUGHTS FROM AWARENESS. SUPPRESSION - VOLUNTARY AND CONSCIOUS ATTEMPT TO AVOID THOUGHTS OR ACTIONS. EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN FORGETTING: 1. PEOPLE THINK ABOUT EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITUATIONS, POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE, THAN THEY THINK OF NEUTRAL ONES. WE REHEARSE AND ORGANIZE EXISTING MEMORIES. 2.NEGATIVE EMOTIONS MAY HINDER RETREIVAL. EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN FORGETTING: 3. SINCE EMOTIONS ARE IMPORTANT IN LEARNING, MEMORY IS BEST WHEN THE CONTEXT AT RETRIEVAL MATCHES AT THE BEGINNING. 4.TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES ESPECIALLY DURING CHILDHOOD MAY ENTER CONSCIOUSNESS YEARS LATER. DEVELOPING GOOD STUDY HABITS HELP YOURSELF MAXIMIZE ENCODING OF USEFUL INFORMATION THROUGH EFFORT AND ATTENTION. SQ3R METHOD (SURVEY,QUESTION, 3R:READ, RECITE, AND REVIEW.) BE POSITIVE THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!