Medication List-Module 3 PDF

Morphine Use: Pain management for moderate to severe pain. Pharmacodynamics: μ-opioid receptor agonist that alters pain perception and response in the central nervous system. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver to active (morphine-6-glucuronide) and inactive (mo...

Morphine Use: Pain management for moderate to severe pain. Pharmacodynamics: μ-opioid receptor agonist that alters pain perception and response in the central nervous system. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver to active (morphine-6-glucuronide) and inactive (morphine-3-glucuronide) metabolites. Excreted renally. Half-life: ~2–4 hours. Details: Risk of respiratory depression. Adjust dose in renal impairment to avoid metabolite accumulation. Oxycodone Use: Moderate to severe pain relief. Pharmacodynamics: μ-opioid receptor agonist that inhibits ascending pain pathways, altering pain perception. Pharmacokinetics: Absorbed in the GI tract, metabolized in the liver (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), and excreted in urine. Half-life: ~3–6 hours. Details: Available in immediate and extended-release forms. Monitor for misuse and respiratory depression. Fentanyl Use: Severe pain management, often in surgical or cancer settings. Pharmacodynamics: Potent μ-opioid receptor agonist with rapid onset and short duration of action. Pharmacokinetics: Highly lipophilic, metabolized in the liver (CYP3A4), excreted in urine. Half-life: 2–4 hours (IV). Details: Not for opioid-naïve patients. Comes in transdermal, buccal, and IV forms. Methadone Use: Chronic pain and opioid dependence treatment. Pharmacodynamics: μ-opioid receptor agonist with NMDA receptor antagonist properties, reducing pain and opioid cravings. Pharmacokinetics: Long half-life (15–60 hours), metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine and bile. Details: Prolongs QT interval; requires careful monitoring to avoid overdose. Hydrocodone Use: Moderate to severe pain relief. Pharmacodynamics: μ-opioid receptor agonist, inhibits ascending pain pathways. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver (CYP2D6) to hydromorphone. Half-life: ~4 hours. Details: Often combined with acetaminophen; monitor for hepatotoxicity. Naloxone (Narcan®) Use: Reversal of opioid overdose. Pharmacodynamics: Opioid receptor antagonist that displaces opioids from receptors, reversing respiratory depression. Pharmacokinetics: Onset varies by route: IV (1–2 min), IM (6 min), intranasal (3–4 min). Duration: 20–90 min. Details: May precipitate withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent individuals. Multiple doses may be required for long-acting opioids. Buprenorphine Use: Opioid dependence treatment and chronic pain management. Pharmacodynamics: Partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor antagonist, offering pain relief with a ceiling effect on respiratory depression. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver (CYP3A4), excreted in bile and urine. Half- life: ~24–42 hours. Details: Often combined with naloxone to deter misuse. Ketamine Use: Anesthetic and adjunct for pain management. Pharmacodynamics: NMDA receptor antagonist that reduces central sensitization to pain. Pharmacokinetics: Rapid onset (IV: ~1 min); metabolized in the liver; excreted in urine. Half-life: ~2.5 hours. Details: Can cause dissociative effects and hallucinations. Used in low doses for pain and higher doses for anesthesia. Diazepam (Valium®)  Use: Anxiety, muscle spasms, and seizures. Pharmacodynamics: Benzodiazepine that enhances GABA-A receptor activity, producing sedation and muscle relaxation. Pharmacokinetics: Long half-life (20–50 hours); metabolized in the liver; excreted in urine. Details: Risk of dependence and sedation. Use cautiously with opioids. Clonazepam (Klonopin®) Use: Seizure disorders and panic disorders. Pharmacodynamics: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity, providing anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolized in the liver (CYP3A4); half-life: ~20–40 hours. Details: Monitor for sedation and dependence.