Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Profession PDF

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PROFESSION PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1(MLSPRAC1) September 19, 2024 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to: 1.Enumer...

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PROFESSION PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1(MLSPRAC1) September 19, 2024 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to: 1.Enumerate the different general education and professional courses included in the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science program; 2.Discuss the importance of general education courses in the development of medical technologists/clinical laboratory scientists; and 3.Explain the competencies of a medical technology professional in the 21st century. Definition of Curriculum Curriculum comes from the Latin word “currere” which means “to run”. Curriculum Refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn, which include the learning standards or learning objectives they are expected to meet; the units and lesson that teachers teach; the assignments and projects given to students; Definition of Curriculum The books, materials, videos, presentations, and readings in a course; and the tests, assessments, and other methods used to evaluate student learning. - Glossary of Educational Reforms Definition of Curriculum Curriculum Curriculum refers to the means and materials with which students interact for the purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes. Definition of Curriculum Curriculum The “continuous reconstruction, moving from the child’s present experience out into that represented by the organized body of truth that we call studies... the various studies... are themselves experience - they are that of the race.” -John Dewey Definition of Curriculum Curriculum Refers to the planned interaction of students with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. -Indiana Department of Education Definition of Curriculum Other definition of curriculum: 1. systematic and organized 2. explicitly states outcomes (knowledge, skills) the learners/students have to achieve and learn through the use of planned instructional processes and other learning implements in a specific period; Definition of Curriculum 3. consists of a planned process of measurement, assessment, and evaluation to gauge student learning; and 4. is designed for students. Medical Technology Curriculum Commission on Higher Education established on May 18, 1994, through the passage of Republic Act No. 7722 a.k.a. The Higher Education Act of 1992. government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines that covers institutions of higher education both public and private. Medical Technology Curriculum it is tasked to organize and appoint members of the technical panel for each discipline/program area. Medical Technology Curriculum Technical Committee for Medical Technology Education (TCMTE) composed of leading academicians and practitioners responsible for assisting the Commission in setting standards among institutions offering Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology / Medical Laboratory Science program. Medical Technology Curriculum BSMT/BSMLS considered one of the allied health programs (others, to name a few, are Nursing, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, among others.) is a four-year program consisting of general education and professional courses that students are expected to complete within the first three years. Medical Technology Curriculum BSMT/BSMLS the fourth year is dedicated to the students’ internship training in CHED - accredited training laboratories affiliated with their college/department. Medical Technology Curriculum CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 13 series of 2017 (Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science program) it is a guide for institutions offering the program contains the goals, program outcomes, performance indicators, and the minimum course offerings of the BSMT/BSMLS program. Medical Technology Curriculum this new CMO is compliant with the K-12 Curriculum. educational institutions offering the program are given leeway in enhancing the curriculum for their program the prescribed minimum number of units per course are also indicated in the new CMO. Medical Technology Curriculum Units per course examples: Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (3-unit course) 3-unit lecture without a laboratory Clinical Bacteriology (5-unit course) 3 units in lecture and 2 units in laboratory equivalent to 3 hours of lecture and 6 hours of laboratory work Medical Technology Curriculum In the MT/MLS curriculum, the policy of taking pre-requisites for some courses is followed. A student taking the program must be aware of the courses he or she needs to take in order to move on to more advanced curriculum. Medical Technology Curriculum For example, before taking the Immunology and Serology, one should have already completed the course of Bacteriology. General Education Courses Aim of General Education Courses: develop fundamental knowledge, skills, values, and habits necessary for students to succeed in life. to positively contribute to society. to understand the diversity of cultures. to gain a bigger perspective and understanding of living with others. General Education Courses to respect differences in opinions. to realize and accept their weaknesses and improve on them. to further hone their strengths. Thus, GE courses aim to develop humane individuals that have a deeper sense of self and acceptance of others. General Eduation Course General Courses that are included in the new CMO are: 1.Understanding the self 2.Readings in Philippine History 3.The Contemporary World 4.Mathematics in the Modern Word 5.Purposive Communication General Eduation Course General Courses that are included in the new CMO are: 6. The Life and Works or Rizal 7. Science, Technology, and Society 8. Art Appreciation 9. Ethics Professional Courses Professional courses are taken for learners to develop their: knowledge technical competence professional attitude and values necessary to practice and meet the demands of the profession Professional Courses critical thinking skills decision-making skills interpersonal skills collaboration teamwork Professional Courses Examples of professional courses: 1.Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science, Laboratory Safety, and Waste Management deals with the basic concepts and principles related to the MT/MLS profession. Professional Courses 2. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2: Clinical Laboratory Assistance and Phlebotomy Clinical Laboratory Assistance encompasses the concepts and principles of the different assays performed in the clinical laboratory. Phlebotomy deals with the basic concepts, principles, and application of the standard procedures in blood collection. Professional Courses 3. Community and Public Health for MT/MLS This course involves the study of the foundation of community health that include human ecology, demography, and epidemiology. Professional Courses 4. Cytogenetics This course is focused on the study of the concepts and principles of hereditary and inheritance which include genetic phenomena, sex determination, and genetic defects rooted in inheritance, among others. Professional Courses 5. Human Histology This course deals with the study of the fundamentals of cells, tissues, and organs with emphasis on microscopic structures, characteristics, differences, and functions. Professional Courses 6. Histopathologic Techniques with Cytology This course covers the basic concepts and principles of disease processes, etiology, and the development of anatomic, microscopic changes brought about by the disease process. It deals with the histopathologic techniques necessary for the preparation of tissue samples collected via surgery, biopsy, and/or autopsy. Professional Courses Some of the tests the students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are: Tissue processing Cutting of processed tissue Staining Mounting of stained tissue for microscopic examination Performing biosafety and waste management Professional Courses 7. Clinical Bacteriology This course deals with the study of the physiology and morphology of bacteria and their role in infection and immunity. Its emphasis is on the collection of specimen and the isolation and identification of bacteria. Professional Courses Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school- based laboratory are: Preparation of culture media Collection of specimen Preparation of bacterial smear Staining of smear Professional Courses Inoculation of specimen on culture media. Characterization of colonies of bacteria growing in culture media. Performing different biochemical tests for identification of bacteria. Biosafety and waste management. Quality assurance and quality control. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Professional Courses 8. Clinical Parasitology This course is concerned with the study of animal parasites in humans and their medical significance in the country. Its emphasis is on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, life cycle, prevention and control, and the identification of ova and/or adult worms and other forms seen in specimens submitted for diagnostic purposes. Professional Courses 8. Clinical Parasitology Procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are: Microscopic identification of diagnostic features of different groups of parasites pathogenic to man (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa, plasmodium, among others) Professional Courses 8. Clinical Parasitology Different methods of preparing smear for microscopic examinations (e.g., direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz, among others) Professional Courses 9. Immunohematology and Blood Bank This course tackles the concepts of inheritance, characterization, and laboratory identification of red cell antigens and their corresponding antibodies. It also covers the application of these antigens and/or antibodies in transfusion medicine and transfusion reactions work-up. Professional Courses Procedure and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are: ABO and Rh typing Coombs test (direct & indirect) Blood donation process Compatibility testing Transfusion reaction work-up Preparation of RBC suspension Professional Courses 10. Mycology and Virology This course deals with the study of fungi and viruses as agents of diseases with emphasis on epidemiology, laboratory identification and characteristics, and prevention and control. Professional Courses 11. Laboratory Management This course looks into the concepts of laboratory management which are planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling (POSDCon) as applied in clinical laboratory setting. It also tackles the process of solving problems, quality assurance and quality control, preparation of policy and procedure manuals, and other activities necessary to maintain a well functioning laboratory. Professional Courses 12. Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics This course encompasses various laws, administrative orders, and other approved legal documents related to the practice of MT/MLS in the Philippines. Bioethics look into the study of ethics as applied to health and health care delivery and to human life in general. Different bioethical principles, virtues and norms, and the Code of Ethics of medical technologists. Professional Courses 13. Hematology 1 This course deals with the study of the concepts of blood as a tissue. Formation, metabolism of cells, laboratory assays, correlation with pathologic conditions, special hematology evalution are given emphasis. Professional Courses Procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school- based laboratory are: Complete blood count Hematocrit blood test Platelet count Preparation of blood smear and staining Red cell morphology Professional Courses Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Fragility test Erythrocyte count Reticulocyte count Instrumentation Osmotic fragility test Quality assurance and quality control Biosafety and waste management Professional Courses 14. Hematology 2 This course deals with the concepts and principles of hemostasis, and abnormalities involving red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. Laboratory identification of blood cell abnormalities, quantitative measurement of coagulation factors, and disease correlation are emphasized. Professional Courses Procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in school-based laboratory are: Identification of abnormal RBC and WBC Special staining technique Coagulation factor test (e.g., APTT, PT, CTBT, Clot retraction time.) Professional Courses 15. Clinical Microscopy This course focuses on the study of urine and other body fluids (excluding blood). It includes the discussion of their formation, laboratory analyses, disease processes, and clinical correlation of laboratory results. Professional Courses Procedures and tests that the students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory Routine are: urinalysis (macroscopic, microscopic, chemical examination) Special chemical examination of urine Examination of other body fluids (seminal fluid, gastric juice, CSF) Pregnancy tests Chemical examination of stool specimens Professional Courses 16. Clinical Chemistry 1 This course encompasses the concepts and principles of physiologically active soluble substances and waste materials present in body fluids, particularly in the blood. The study includes formation, laboratory analyses, reference values and clinical correlation with pathologic conditions. Professional Courses Procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are: Instrumentation Quality assurance and quality control Glucose determination Lipid testing Renal function tests (BUN, BUA, creatinine) Protein testing Biosafety and waste management Professional Courses 17. Clinical Chemistry 2 This course is a continuation of Clinical Chemistry 1 and deals with the concepts and principles of physiologically active soluble substances and waste materials present in body fluids, particularly in the blood. It also covers the study of endocrine glands and hormones and their formation, laboratory analyses, and clinical correlation. Therapeutic drug monitoring and laboratory analyses of drugs and substance of abuse as well as toxic substances. Professional Courses Procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are: Bilirubin tests Clinical enzymology (transferase, dehydrogenase, hydrolases) Electrolyte testing Hormone testing Drug tests Professional Courses 18. Seminar 1 and 2 This course is taken during the student’s fourth year in the program together with the internship training. It deals with current laboratory analyses used in the practice of medical technology. Professional Courses 19. Molecular Biology and Diagnostics Molecular biology deals with the nucleic acid and protein molecule interaction within the cell to promote proper growth, cell division, and development. It covers molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and gene regulation. Research Vourses Research courses required in the BSMT/MSMLS program are Research 1: Introduction to Laboratory Science Research and Research 2: Research Paper writing and Presentation. Research 1 deals with the basic concepts and principles or research as applied in MT/MLS. Ethical principles, as applied in research, are also emphasized. Research Vourses Research 2, on the other hand, covers the methodology of the research (approved in Research 1), writing the research paper in the format prescribed by the institution and international research agencies for possible publication, and presentation of the finished and completed research in a formal form. Clinical Internship Training Clinical internship training is taken during the students’ fourth year in the program. Only those who have completed and passed all the academic and institutional requirements for the first three years of the program, and other requirements as specified in the official document of the institution, college and/or departments are qualified for internship. Clinical Internship Training Before internship students are required to undergo physical and laboratory examinations which include: CBC HBsAg screening Urinalysis Anti-HBs Fecalysis Drug testing Chest X-ray and/or Proof of vaccination for Hepatitis B sputum microscopy Clinical Internship Training The intern is required to render 32 hours of duty per week not exceeding a total of 1,664 hours in one year. This is broken down per section as follows (based on CMO 13 s. 2017) Clinical Chemistry 300 hours Clinical Microscopy and Parasitology 200 hours Microbiology 250 hours Hematology 300 hours Clinical Internship Training Blood Banking 200 hours Histopathologic techniques and Cytology 100 hours Laboratory Management 40 hours Phlebotomy 54 hours TOTAL 1664 hours Licensure Examination The Medical technologist Licensure Examination is conducted in order to identify graduates who possess the basic qualifications or the minimum conceptual skills and technical competencies to perform the tasks with minimum errors. The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) is the government agency, under the Office of the President of the Philippines, tasked to administer licensure examinations to different professionals. Licensure Examination Professional Regulatory Board (PRB) for Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science, under the PRC, is tasked to prepare and administer the written licensure examinations for graduates qualified to take the examination. Licensure Examination The PRB is composed of: a Chairperson, who must be a duly licensed Pathologist. and Two members, who should be both Registered Medical Technologists. Medical Technologist Licensure examination is given twice a year, on the months of March and August. Licensure Examination Listed below are some of the provisions included in Republic Act 5527, “The Medical Technology Act of 1969” in relation to the licensure examination: 1. The courses included in the licensure examination and their corresponding weights are as follows: Clinical Chemistry 20% Microbiology and Parasitology 20% Hematology 20% Licensure Examination Blood Banking and Immunology and Serology 20% Clinical Microscopy 10% Histopathologic Techniques 10% Total 100% MT Laws and Bioethics and Laboratory Management - not included in R.A. 5527, but are now included in the board exam) Licensure Examination Clinical Chemistry 73% Microbiology and Parasitology 75% Hematology 74% Blood Banking and Immunology and Serology 74% Clinical Microscopy 90% Histopathologic Techniques 85% Average % Licensure Examination 2. To pass the exam, an examinee must; receive a general weighted average of 75% have no rating below 50% in any major courses, and; pass in at least 60% of the courses computed according to their relative weights. Licensure Examination 3. If an examinee passed the examination and is 21 years old and above, he or she will be issued a certificate of registration and a PRC card as a licensed medical technologist. If an examinee is younger than 21 years old, he or she will register as a professional after his or her 21st birthday. Licensure Examination 4. If an examinee failed to pass the licensure examination three times, he or she needs to enroll in a refresher course before retaking the examination. 5. If an examinee failed to pass the examination but garnered a general weighted average of 70%-74%, he or she may apply for certification as a medical laboratory technician. Program Goals and Learning Outcomes All Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) offering any graduate and/or undergraduate degree programs must have a written document stating the program goals, vision and mission, objectives, and learning outcomes based on the institutions’ philosophy. Program Goals and Learning Outcomes The program outcomes of the BSMT/BSMLS degree expects students to: 1. demonstrate knowledge and technical skills needed to correctly perform laboratory testing and ensure reliability of test results. 2. be endowed with the professional attitude and values enabling them to work with their colleagues and other members of the health care delivery system. Program Goals and Learning Outcomes 3. demonstrate critical thinking and problem-solving skills when confronted with situations, problems, and conflicts in the practice of their profession. 4. actively participate in self-directed life-long learning activities to be updated with the current trends in the profession. 5. actively participate in research and community-oriented activities. Program Goals and Learning Outcomes 6. be endowed with leadership skills. 7. demonstrate collaboration, teamwork, integrity, respect when working in a multicultural environment. Assessment Assessment is inherent in a learning activity. Assessment involves a planned, systematic, and organized way of testing, measuring, collecting and obtaining necessary information to gain feedback on students’ progress against set standards per course and on the effectivity of the teaching methodology. Thus, feedback comes from both teachers and students. Assessment Functions of Assessment Techniques 1. It provides feedback on the progress of students toward the achievement of learning outcomes. 2. It identifies the flaws in the psychomotor skills and deficiencies in the theoretical knowledge and conceptual skills of the student. 3. It serves as a diagnostic tool to determine the capabilities of a student so that the teacher can prepare additional exercises and activities. Assessment 4. It serves as a motivation to further improve a student’s skill set in a particular area. 5. It provides information on students’ response to a particular learning strategy which serves as a basis for retaining or changing a strategy. 6. It provides information to the teacher if there is need to improve teaching and hearing strategies. Assessment 7.It determines the demonstrable changes in the attitude and behavior of students. 8.It determines whether learning has taken place. Types of Assessment 1.Formative Assessment -is a planned process in which assessment-elicited evidence of students’ status is used by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional procedures or by students to adjust their current learning tactics. -W. James Popham (2008) Types of Assessment 2. Summative assessment -is done at the end of instruction, grading period (prelim, mid-terms, finals), or comprehensive examination. 3. Diagnostic assessment -is given prior to instruction. Used to gauge what students already know and do not know about the topic at hand. Assessment Tools 1. Teacher-made written tests Quizzes/ Long exams / Term exams /Comprehensive exams 2. Reflection papers -requires excellent writing skills, that is, the ability to put ideas, facts, and opinion in writing in an organized, direct, and understandable manner. Assessment Tools 3. Portfolios a portfolio is a tool for assessing students’ mastery skills through a collection of outputs that show their progress at the end of the course program. 4. Performance tasks -this tool measures the attainment of psychomotor skills necessary for the correct performance of practical procedures in the laboratory. Examples are practical exams, return demonstration, move system. Assessment Tools 5. Oral examinations and presentations -students usually discuss a certain topic to an audience. This requires a lot of preparation on the part of the students. The quality of an oral presentation is affected by the body language, tone and quality of voice, confidence, and preparedness. Assessment Tools 6. Rubrics evaluates the work of students based on a particular criteria. It clearly communicates the standards for a particular academic task for the characteristic of each criterion is clearly written. Job Opportunities for the Graduate of the Program 1. Medical technologist/Clinical laboratory scientist in a hospital based or non-hospital-based clinical lab. 2. Histotechnologist in anatomical laboratory 3. Research/Research Scientist 4. Member of the academe (Faculty, Clinical Instructor, Clinical Coordinator, Dean/Department Chair, Academic Coordinator) 5. Perfusionist 6. Molecular scientist Job Opportunities for the Graduate of the Program 7.Diagnostic Product Specialist 8.Public Health Practitioner 9.Health Care Leader Job Opportunities for the Graduate of the Program A graduate may also practice in the following fields: 1. Molecular Biology 6. Forensic Science 2. Public Health and Epidemiology 7. Nuclear Medicine/Science 3. Veterinary Laboratory Science 8. Health Facility Administration and 4. Food and Industrial Management Microbiology 9. Quality Management 5. Veterinary Science END