Science and Technology in World History (3rd Edition) PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by GreatestAzalea
James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn
Tags
Summary
This textbook provides an introduction to the history of science and technology, tracing their evolution from the Paleolithic era to the present. It discusses the complex relationship between science and technology and argues against the view that technology is simply applied science. The book explores the different aspects of science and technology, including their definitions, social contexts, and historical development.
Full Transcript
# Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction ## Introduction This book surveys the history of science and technology from the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic era) to the present. It focuses on the relationship between science and technology over time. ### The Guiding Themes - Defining s...
# Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction ## Introduction This book surveys the history of science and technology from the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic era) to the present. It focuses on the relationship between science and technology over time. ### The Guiding Themes - Defining science and technology is not straightforward. The terms have evolved in meaning over time. - Science and technology are not singular, static entities. Their definitions and practices have changed significantly throughout history. - It is important to avoid anachronism when studying science and technology in historical contexts. ### What Is Science? Science can be understood in three ways: 1. **A body of knowledge:** Science provides a body of knowledge about the natural world. 2. **A social institution:** Science exists within a societal context and influences society. 3. **A scientific enterprise:** Science involves the activities and work of scientists. ### A Word about Technology Technology is everywhere in our modern world. It is important to consider technological systems, rather than individual artifacts. Intangible techniques and know-how are also part of technology. Importantly, technology is situated in historical and cultural contexts, and it influenced by social circumstances. ### Is Technology Applied Science? It is a common assumption that technology is applied science, but this is a simplification based on modern views. The relationship between science and technology has been historically complex. Key Features of Technology: - **Geographical locale:** Technology is found everywhere, not just in urban areas. - **Egalitarianism:** Traditionally, technology was practiced by diverse artisans throughout society. - **Transmission of knowledge:** Technological knowledge was often passed down through apprenticeship and hands-on experience, while science relied heavily on literacy and schooling. ## The Coming of Industrial Civilization The development of industrial civilization significantly reshaped the relationship between science and technology. - **Scientific training:** Engineers and technologists today have a scientific training similar to scientists. - **Complexity and speed:** Modern technologies develop rapidly and often require complex planning and collaboration. - **Integration of science:** Modern technologies often utilize scientific knowledge. ## The Historical Relationship Between Science and Technology The book argues that the current assumption of technology as applied science is a product of modern cultural attitudes and does not accurately reflect the historical record. Key arguments: - **Distinct historical development:** Science and technology have often developed independently in history. - **Changing relationship:** The relationship between science and technology has evolved over time, with a more prominent convergence in recent centuries. The book aims to trace the intertwined histories of science and technology from the prehistoric era to the present, dispelling the misconception that technology stems solely from applied science.
