History of Science and Technology Overview

Study Notes

The book surveys the history of science and technology from the Paleolithic era to the present.
It focuses on the relationship between science and technology.
Defining science and technology is complex. Simple dictionary definitions are insufficient; the terms' use has evolved.
The word "science" derives from Latin scientia meaning knowledge. It was broadly used to mean knowledge, formalized skill or philosophy, but in the 19th century, it took on a narrower meaning, relating to the natural or physical sciences. The word "scientist" was coined only in 1840.
The word "technology" derives from Greek techné, meaning practical arts, craftsmanship, and technique.
The modern meaning of technology is the scientific study of the practical arts.

Science and technology are dynamic and complex over time.
Science and technology are not singular or static entities (even today).
They've grown and accumulated meanings over time.
Defining these concepts is crucial when researching or understanding historical context.
Examples are used to illustrate these concepts. (e.g., Roman chariot vs. modern car, Aristotle's science vs. CERN)
Understanding how activities touch on natural world investigation (science) and practical mastery (technology) is vital. Also, looking at the institutions and individuals involved.
The book emphasizes looking at science and technology through the context of the time.

Science is not a singular entity, but rather encompassing three aspects:
- a body of knowledge of the natural world,
- society's role of science,
- how scientific practices are structured.
Science has considerable cultural and intellectual prestige.
Science provides detailed stories about the cosmos and the world.
There are competing bodies of knowledge about it (e.g., science vs. fundamentalisms or beliefs in the New Age)
Scientific understanding influences people's view of the world.
Basic scientific understandings frame ideas about the Earth, gravity, life, etc.
Science has evolved over time, with significant paradigm shifts (e.g., geocentric to heliocentric). Understanding how worldviews have changed over time is an important aspect of the history of science.

Technology is largely manufactured.
Examples are used to illustrate the influence of technology in society (e.g., houses, transportation, communications, etc.)
Technology is artificial (not natural) and is often interwoven with society's needs, economics, and lifestyle.
Technology is a multifaceted concept.
It's not just artifacts—it's the process, activities, skillsets, and methods of development, and use.
Technology and cultural context are interconnected. (e.g., social divisions, practical knowledge, traditions, etc.).