History of Science and Technology Overview
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Questions and Answers

How has the definition of science and technology evolved over time?

The definitions of science and technology have changed significantly, reflecting their dynamic nature over history.

What are the three ways to understand science?

Science can be understood as a body of knowledge, a social institution, and a scientific enterprise.

Why is it important to avoid anachronism or projecting our notions back onto the past when studying historical science and technology?

Avoiding anachronism is crucial to accurately interpret past scientific and technological practices in their specific historical contexts.

What are the key features that characterize technology?

<p>Key features of technology include its geographical locale, egalitarianism, and the transmission of knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways is the relationship between science and technology historically complex?

<p>The relationship is complex because technology is often seen as applied science, which oversimplifies their interdependence and historical interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of industrial civilization impact the connection between science and technology?

<p>Industrial civilization reshaped the connection by fostering scientific training among engineers and promoting the integration of scientific knowledge in technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does societal context play in the practice of science?

<p>Societal context influences science by affecting its practices, funding, and the questions researchers pursue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of technological systems differ from focusing on individual artifacts?

<p>Focusing on technological systems considers the broader context and interactions among technologies rather than isolating specific artifacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of transmission of technological knowledge compared to scientific knowledge?

<p>Technological knowledge was often transmitted through hands-on experience and apprenticeship, while scientific knowledge relied more heavily on literacy and formal education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the egalitarian practice of technology in historical societies?

<p>Egalitarianism in technology was influenced by diverse artisans across societies, who practiced technology collectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Science?

The study of the natural world, including its composition, structure, and behavior.

Science as a Social Institution

Science is not just knowledge but also a group of people who work together and explore a subject. It involves the activities and work of scientists who use scientific methods to investigate the world.

What is Technology?

Technology refers to the tools, techniques, and methods used to solve problems and achieve practical goals. It includes not just the physical objects, but also the knowledge, processes, and systems involved.

Technology vs. Applied Science

The idea that technology is simply applied science is a simplification. Historically, technology has often developed independently from science, and sometimes even influenced scientific advancements.

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Industrial Civilization and Tech

The industrial revolution brought about a significant shift in the relationship between science and technology. Engineers and technologists began to receive scientific training like scientists, and technology relied heavily on scientific knowledge for its development.

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Complexity and Speed of Modern Tech

The complexity and speed of modern technologies require systematic planning and collaboration. This involves a comprehensive approach that includes scientific principles, engineering design, as well as social and environmental considerations.

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Anachronism in Science & Tech

It's important to avoid anachronism, which means applying modern ideas or interpretations to past events. This is crucial when studying science and technology throughout history as their meanings and practices shifted over time.

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Pre-Industrial Knowledge Transmission

In pre-industrial societies, artisans and craftsmen practiced technology through apprenticeships and hands-on experiences. Scientific knowledge was generally accessible through literacy and formal schooling.

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Technology in Different Locales

Technology is not confined to urban areas but is found across diverse cultures and communities. The development and use of tools and technologies reflects local environments, resources, and cultural practices.

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Egalitarianism in Technology

Technology has traditionally been practiced by individuals and communities with diverse backgrounds. It is important to recognize the contributions of artisans, craftspeople, women, and marginalized groups throughout history.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • The book surveys the history of science and technology from the Paleolithic era to the present.
  • It focuses on the relationship between science and technology.
  • Defining science and technology is complex. Simple dictionary definitions are insufficient; the terms' use has evolved.
  • The word "science" derives from Latin scientia meaning knowledge. It was broadly used to mean knowledge, formalized skill or philosophy, but in the 19th century, it took on a narrower meaning, relating to the natural or physical sciences. The word "scientist" was coined only in 1840.
  • The word "technology" derives from Greek techné, meaning practical arts, craftsmanship, and technique.
  • The modern meaning of technology is the scientific study of the practical arts.

Guiding Themes

  • Science and technology are dynamic and complex over time.
  • Science and technology are not singular or static entities (even today).
  • They've grown and accumulated meanings over time.
  • Defining these concepts is crucial when researching or understanding historical context.
  • Examples are used to illustrate these concepts. (e.g., Roman chariot vs. modern car, Aristotle's science vs. CERN)
  • Understanding how activities touch on natural world investigation (science) and practical mastery (technology) is vital. Also, looking at the institutions and individuals involved.
  • The book emphasizes looking at science and technology through the context of the time.

What Is Science?

  • Science is not a singular entity, but rather encompassing three aspects:
    • a body of knowledge of the natural world,
    • society's role of science,
    • how scientific practices are structured.
  • Science has considerable cultural and intellectual prestige.
  • Science provides detailed stories about the cosmos and the world.
  • There are competing bodies of knowledge about it (e.g., science vs. fundamentalisms or beliefs in the New Age)
  • Scientific understanding influences people's view of the world.
  • Basic scientific understandings frame ideas about the Earth, gravity, life, etc.
  • Science has evolved over time, with significant paradigm shifts (e.g., geocentric to heliocentric). Understanding how worldviews have changed over time is an important aspect of the history of science.

What Is Technology?

  • Technology is largely manufactured.
  • Examples are used to illustrate the influence of technology in society (e.g., houses, transportation, communications, etc.)
  • Technology is artificial (not natural) and is often interwoven with society's needs, economics, and lifestyle.
  • Technology is a multifaceted concept.
  • It's not just artifacts—it's the process, activities, skillsets, and methods of development, and use.
  • Technology and cultural context are interconnected. (e.g., social divisions, practical knowledge, traditions, etc.).

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Science and Technology in World History (3rd Edition) PDF

Description

This quiz explores the historical evolution of science and technology from the Paleolithic era to today. It examines the complex definitions and the intertwined relationship between science and technology over time.

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