Tissue Level Of Organization PDF

LESSON 3: TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024-2025 b. Specialized for contraction and OBJECTIVES includes skeletal muscles, muscles...

LESSON 3: TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024-2025 b. Specialized for contraction and OBJECTIVES includes skeletal muscles, muscles of the heart and hollow organs Identify four major types of cells in the body 4. Nervous Discuss the types and functions of a. carries information from one part of epithelial tissue the body to another in form of Describe the relationship between function electrical impulses and structure for each type of epithelium List the specific functions of the connective b. detects changes inside and outside tissue and describe 3 main categories of the body and connective tissue c. initiates and transmits nerve Describe the fluid connective tissues of the impulses that coordinate body various types of connective tissue proper activities to help maintain and layers of connective tissue homeostasis Describe how bone and cartilage function as supportive connecting tissue CELL JUNCTIONS - Are contact points between the plasma TISSUES membranes of tissue cells. Group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function FIVE MAIN TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS together to carry out specialized activities 1. TIGHT JUNCTIONS TYPES OF TISSUES 1. Epithelial a. covers body surfaces b. lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts; and c. forms glands. 2. Connective a. consist of weblike strands of a. protects and supports the body and transmembrane proteins that fuse its organs together the outer surfaces of b. binds organs together adjacent plasma membranes to seal c. stores energy reserves as fat, and off passageways between adjacent d. provides immunity cells 3. Muscular b. inhibit the passage of substances a. generates the physical force between cells and prevent the needed to make body structures contents of these organs from leaking move into the blood or surrounding tissues 2. ADHERENS JUNCTIONS LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars c. plaque attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments, which consist of the protein keratin d. The intermediate filaments extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes a. contain plaque, a dense layer of on the opposite side of the cell. This proteins on the inside of the plasma structural arrangement contributes to membrane that attaches both to the stability of the cells and tissue. membrane proteins and to e. These spot weld–like junctions are microfilaments of the cytoskeleton common among the cells that make b. CADHERIN up the epidermis (the outermost layer i. Transmembrane glycoproteins of the skin) and among cardiac ii. inserts into the plaque from the muscle cells in the heart. opposite side of the plasma f. Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells membrane, partially crosses the from separating under tension and intercellular space (the space cardiac muscle cells from pulling between the cells), and connects to apart during contraction. cadherins of an adjacent cell 4. HEMIDESMOSOMES iii. Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines. 3. DESMOSOMES a. resemble desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells b. integrins as transmembrane protein c. attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin d. On the outside of the plasma a. contain plaque and have membrane, the integrins attach to the transmembrane glycoproteins protein laminin, which is present in (cadherins) that extend into the the basement membrane intercellular space between adjacent e. Thus, anchor cells not to each other cell membranes and attach cells to but to the basement membrane. one another 5. GAP JUNCTIONS b. the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments. LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions. b. Apical surfaces may contain cilia or microvilli. 2. LATERAL SURFACE a. which face the adjacent cells on either side a. Connexins – membrane protein b. may contain tight junctions, adherent b. Form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap connexons junctions. c. ions and small molecules can diffuse 3. BASAL SURFACE from the cytosol of one cell to another, a. opposite the apical surface but the passage of large molecules is b. deepest layer of epithelial cells prevented adheres to extracellular materials d. Gap junctions allow the cells in a such as the basement membrane tissue to communicate with one another. 2 CATEGORIES OF EPITHELIUM TISSUE 1. COVERING & LINING EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM TISSUE (MEMBRANE) ▪ Formed of closely adjoined cells with very 2. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM little extracellular matrix between them ▪ covers the external surface and line the COVERING & LINING EPITHELIUM internal surfaces of the body (MEMBRANE) ▪ BASAL LAYER a. cover surfaces or line body o where one side of the epithelium rests cavities, ducts, and lumina of o Basement layer vessels PARTS OF THE EPITHELIAL TISSUE CATEGORIZED BASED ON NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS 1. APICAL (FREE) SURFACE 1. SIMPLE a. faces the body surface, a body cavity, a. single layer of cells the lumen (interior space) of an 2. STRATIFIED a. one or more layer LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars 3. PSEUDO a. appears to have multiple layers of TYPES OF EPITHELIUMS cells because the cell nuclei lie at TYPE IMAGE DESCRIPTION different levels and not all cells SIMPLE Lines heart, SQUAMOUS reach the apical surface lymphatic EPITHELIUM vessels, air sacs of lungs, CATEGORIZED BASED ON SHAPE Bowman’s capsule of the kidneys SIMPLE Kidney tubules CUBOIDAL and ducts of EPITHELIUM glands, surface of ovary, anterior surface of the 1. SQUAMOUS lens of the eye a. are thin, which allows for the rapid NONCILLATED Gastrointestin passage of substances through them SIMPLE al tracts COLUMNAR 2. CUBOIDAL (stomach to EPITHELIUM a. are as tall as they are wide and are anus), Gall shaped like cubes or hexagons. bladder CILIATED Upper Respi 3. COLUMNAR SIMPLE tract, uterine a. Much taller than they are wide, like COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM tubes, uterus, columns, and protect underlying Peripheral tissues. Nervous System PSEUDOSTRAT Most of the IFIED upper respi COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM tract STRATIFIED Mouth, SQUAMOUS esophagus, EPITHELIUM epiglottis, pharynx, vagina, tongue (wet surfaces) STRATIFIED Ducts of sweat CUBOIDAL glands, male EPITHELIUM urethra LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars STRATIFIED Esophageal COLUMNAR glands, anal EPITHELIUM mucous, conjunctiva of the eye (white) TRANSITIONAL Urinary EPITHELIUM Bladder, uterus, urethra GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM specialized cells that secrete products TWO TYPES: 1. EXOCRINE GLANDS a. Gland’s w/ ducts that collect and STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE carry away the product GLANDS b. ends up on the epithelial surface 2. ENDOCRINE GLANDS NAME IMAGE COMBINATI a. Glands without ducts ONS Simple Glands in b. Product is released directly into the Tubular the large blood stream intestine EXOCRINE GLANDS Simple Gastric TWO TYPES Branched Glands 1. UNICELLULAR GLAND- only a single Tubular secretory cell 2. MULTICELLULAR GLAND- many Simple Sweat Coiled secretory cells Glands STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION 1. TUBULAR- Cylindrical 2. ALVEOLAR- Acinar; rounded in shape Simple Glands of GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM-EXOCRINE Acinar penile urethra LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars Simple Sebaceous i. Hyaluronic acid Branched Glands - viscous slipper substance that Acinar binds cells together, lubricates joint ii. Chondroitin sulfate - provides support and Compoun Mammary adhesiveness d Acinar Gland iii. Dermatan Sulfate (Female) - skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves Compoun Brunner d iv. Keratan Sulfate Glands of Tubuloaci - bone, cartilage, and the cornea of nar the Duodenum the eye v. All collectively called as GAGs or glycosaminoglycans d. 4 FORMS OF GROUND SUBSTANCE: CONNECTIVE TISSUE i. fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or ▪ Most abundant tissue type calcified. ▪ Widely distributed tissues of the body 2. FIBERS THREE TYPES: FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1. Collagen fibers: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX a. very strong and resist forces (protein ▪ material located between its widely – collagen) spaced cells b. Collagen- abundant in bones, ▪ consists of protein fibers cartilage, tendons and ligament) ▪ HIGHLY VASCULAR 2. Elastic fibers o Vascular- rich blood supply EXCEPT a. smaller stretch and return to original cartilage and tendons [scanty blood length (protein elastin surrounded by supply] a glycoprotein named fibrillin.) b. Fibrillin protein adds strength TWO COMPONENTS OF EXTRACELLULAR 3. Reticular fibers MATRIX a. provide support and strength (protein – collagen) 1. GROUND SUBSTANCE a. component of a connective tissue CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS between the cells and fibers 1. FIBROBLASTS b. consists of water, polysaccharides, a. most numerous proteins c. POLYSACCHARIDES includes: LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars b. Large flat cells with branching CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES processes 1. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE c. secretes products for the a. Loosely intertwined between cells. extracellular matrix NAME DESCRIPTION LOCATION 2. ADIPOCYTES - One of the a. stores triglycerides most widely distributed b. found at heart and kidneys connective c. fat cells/ adipose cells tissues - contains 3. LEUKOCYES (WBC) blood several types a. not found in normal connective AREOLAR of cells, vessels tissue. They migrate from blood to CONNECTIV including muscle E TISSUE fibroblasts, nerve connective tissues. macrophage bundles b. NEUTROPHILS s, plasma cells, mast i. gather at sites of infection cells, and c. EOSINOPHILS adipocytes i. migrate to sites of parasitic - Consists of 3 fibers invasions and allergic responses - Adipose 4. MACROPHAGES tissue is found a. a type of WBC that is capable of wherever engulfing bacteria through areolar wherever phagocytosis connective areolar ADIPOSE tissue is b. FIXED MACROPHAGES connectiv TISSUE located i. Ex: alveolar macrophages, splenic - Good e tissue is macrophages insulator located - can prevent c. WANDERING MACROPHAGES heat loss of i. Have the ability to move throughout the skin the tissue and carry out - Consists of phagocytosis interlacing reticular 5. PLASMA CELLS fibers and bone a. secretes antibodies that neutralize reticular cells marrow, and attack substances - Forms the stroma of the Peyer's 6. MAST CELLS RETICULAR liver, spleen, patches, a. Produces HISTAMINE- A chemical CONNECTIV and lymph lymph E nodes nodes, that dilates small blood vessels as - Helps bind part of the inflammatory response, kidney, together smooth liver, and the body’s reaction to injury or muscle cells. spleen. infection - Stroma- support framework LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars 2. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Reduces g surfaces contains more numerous, thicker, and friction and of bones. absorbs denser fibers (packed more closely) shock NAME DESCRIPTION LOCATION most DENSE - collagen Tendons and abundant REGULAR fibers are most regularly ligaments cartilage in arranged in the body parallel Weakest type patterns that of cartilage provide the tissue with great FIBROCARTILAG Strongest discs E strength cartilage between DENSE - collagen Dermis of the Intervertebral the IRREGULAR fibers that skin, fibrous disk spaces vertebrae are usually pericardium irregularly or arranged backbone ELASTIC - strong and - Lung tissue ELASTIC Provides External can recoil to (exhale, CARTILAGE strength and ears its original inhale); shape after - Elastic elasticity being arteries Maintains the stretched. (during shape of pumping certain of blood) structures also enclose 3. CARTILAGE by a a. dense network of collagen fibers and perichondriu elastic fibers m b. embedded in chondroitin sulfate (a gel-like component of the ground 4. BONE TISSUE substance) a. Forms most of the skeleton c. Chondrocytes- cells in cartilage b. Supports, protects, and allows found in LACUNAE movements, site of blood formation NAME DESCRIPTION LOCATION and storage of minerals HYALINE A resilient gel sternal c. Also called osseous tissue as its ground ends of d. TWO TYPES OF BONE TISSUE substance the ribs, in i. Compact and Spongy and appears the larynx, in the body trachea, COMPACT BONE: as a bluish- and OSTEON/HAVERSIAN white, shiny bronchi, SYSTEM SPONGY BONE substance and on the [OSTEON- basic unit articulatin of a compact bone] LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars LAMELLAE - Lacks osteons Leukocytes/WBC consists of mineral but consists of - phagocytosis salts which give bones TRABECULAE Thrombocytes/Plate its strength lets [LAMELLAE- mineral - Trabeculae- - blood clotting salts (calcium and contains LYMPH - The extracellular Lymphati phosphate)] lamellae, fluid that flows in c System LACUNAE osteocytes, lymphatic vessels are small spaces lacunae, and between lamellae that canaliculi Lymph contain mature bone - fluid containing cells called infection-fighting osteocytes. white blood cells CANALICULI provide routes for Lymph nodes nutrients to reach - filters substances osteocytes and for that travel wastes to leave them through the HAVERSIAN CANAL lymphatic system Contains blood vessels and nerves; MEMBRANES also called CENTRAL Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover CANAL or line a part of the body 5. LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE TWO CATEGORIES OF MEMBRANES NAME DESCRIPTION LOCATIO N EPITHELIAL BLOOD - Contains a liquid embryo, MEMBRANE TISSUE connective matrix cells [EPITHELIAL- called blood found in combination of an SYNOVIAL plasma your epithelial layer and MEMBRANE - water, nutrients, umbilical an underlying wastes, enzymes, cord connective tissue plasma proteins, layer] hormones, MUCOUS - Lines the cavities respiratory gases, MEMBRANE/ of freely and ions MUCOSA movable joints - Lines a body - Contains BLOOD PLASMA cavity that Synovial fluid Erythrocytes/RBC opens directly to lubricates and - Transport oxygen the exterior nourishes the to body cells and - Ex: Lines the cartilage remove some digestive, covering the carbon dioxide respiratory, and bones at LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars reproductive movable joints fibers that tracts, and and contains are visible much of the macrophages under a urinary tract that remove light SEROUS microbes and microscope MEMBRANE/ debris from the - VOLUNTARY SEROSA joint cavity CARDIAC forms most of Heart - Lines a body MUUSCLE the wall of the cavity (thoracic heart; also and abdominal) striated that does not SMOOTH nonstriated In the walls open directly to MUSCLE of hollow the exterior, and internal it covers the structures organs that lie such as within the cavity blood CUTANEOUS vessels, MEMBRANE/ SKIN airways to - Entire surface of the lungs, the body and the consists of a stomach, superficial intestines, portion called gallbladder, the epidermis and urinary and a deeper bladder portion called the dermis 4. NERVOUS TISSUE TWO TYPES OF CELLS IN THE NERVOUS 3. MUSCULAR TISSUES TISSUE: Produces body movements, maintains 1. NEURONS posture, and generates heat a. sensitive to various stimuli NAME DESCRIPTION LOCATION b. convert stimuli into electrical signals SKELETAL - usually Bones called action impulses MUSCLE attached to c. also called nerve cells the bones of the d. action impulses or nerve impulses skeleton e. THREE BASIC PARTS - FEATURES: i. Cell Body striations, 1. contains nuclei and other alternating organelles light and ii. Axon dark bands 1. long, output portion and conducts within the nerve impulses to another neuron LECTURE 3 | MC 1 LEC Ars iii. Dendrites 1. short, major receiving or input portion of a neuron 2. NEUROGLIA a. Supporting cells b. Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses c. Provide nutrients for the neuron MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES ATROPHY - A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ - Wasting away cell tissues BIOPSY - removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination to help diagnose disease. HYPERTROPHY - Increase in the size of a tissue because its cells enlarge without undergoing cell division. - enlargement of skeletal muscle with exercise.