Máster Complementos 2024-2025 Unit 1 SLA Part 1 PDF

MASTER UNIVERSITARIO EN FORMACIÓN DEL PROFESORADO DE EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA ​ Complementos para la formación disciplinar en Inglés​​ UNIT 1: Part I Curso 2024-2025 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Second Language Acquisition In this unit we will deal with the following: 1. L1 vs L2 lea...

MASTER UNIVERSITARIO EN FORMACIÓN DEL PROFESORADO DE EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA ​ Complementos para la formación disciplinar en Inglés​​ UNIT 1: Part I Curso 2024-2025 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Second Language Acquisition In this unit we will deal with the following: 1. L1 vs L2 learning 2. Theory in SLA - Skinner, Vygotsky, Krashen… 3. The linguistic environment 4. Differences in learners  First Language vs Second Language · What is the difference between first and second language? · What is the difference when teaching and learning them?  FIRST SECOND LANGUAGE Mother LANGUAGE Learnt after the first tongue language Exposure from birth Exposure delayed Natural Consciously acquired in formal acquisition contexts Intuition Hard work Immersion Learning grammatical rules Identificati Possible lack of identification, on leading to potential problems…  First Language vs Second Language · Do you think it is possible to achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in your second language as in your first language? Why?/Why not? Educational theories behind EFL teaching  Behaviorism  Nativism  Cognitive Theory  Constructivism  Socio-cultural Theory  Humanism  Multiple Intelligences These educational theories form the basis for the different teaching methodologies used in ESL – from traditional grammar-based approaches to more communicative and interactive methods. Behaviorism Focuses on observable behaviors and external stimuli Application in ESL: Use of repetition, drills, and conditioning to teach language patterns and vocabulary Teaching Method: Audio-lingual method employs dialogues, drills, and imitation exercises to promote automatic responses. The theory of behaviorism is most closely associated with the work of B. F. Skinner. Skinner believed that learning is a result of conditioning and reinforcement, emphasizing observable behaviors and external stimuli. Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (1904-1990) American psychologist best known for developing the theory of behaviorism. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments. Like Vygotsky, he believed that Behaviorist Theory Behaviorist theory suggests that language develops as a result of certain behaviours. A child will imitate what they hear and respond to the negative or positive feedback they get. When a baby says ‘milk’ and a parent gives him milk, for example, the meaning of the word ‘milk’ is reinforced. Negative feedback might be when a child says ‘dog’, and someone corrects them: ‘No, that’s a cow.’ Behaviourists argue that language learning is all about a child’s direct experiences with their environment.  Skinner’s theory Behaviourist ‘Operant conditioning’ - all behaviour, including language learning, is a response to external stimuli. Children learn language by imitating adults, who function as models for the correct use of grammar and structures. Language learning is conditioned by a process of reinforcement and ‘punishment’ What are the possible criticisms of this theory…? Nativism Noam Chomsky (b1928) American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist... ‘father of modern linguistics’. Played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic behaviorism and was particularly critical of the work of B. F. Skinner. Chomsky, like other ‘nativists’ believed that humans are born with an innate ability to learn languages and that children will learn language no matter what, regardless of their environment. They argue that this accounts for the fact that children of different nationalities reach similar language milestones at similar ages.  What enables people to speak and understand their native language? Why is everybody able to form and interpret sentences without any formal learning? How do we have the ability to judge the grammaticality of sentences? According to Noam Chomsky the answer is UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR… “The system of principles, conditions, and rules that are elements or properties of all human languages” (Chomsky, 1976, p.29) Language Acquisition Device (LAD) – innate ability that all humans possess independently of their intelligence. Universal Grammar exists in the child’s mind as a system of principles and parameters. Influenced by the surrounding environment, the child creates a core grammar by establishing parameters of the language that they speak as a native. Discuss… “Human language appears to be a unique phenomenon, without significant analogue in the animal world”. (Noam Chomsky) Do you agree? What’s your opinion on Chomsky’s notion of Universal Grammar? Cognitive Theory Focuses on mental processes, memory, and information processing. Application in ESL: Recognizes learners' active engagement in constructing meaning and knowledge. Teaching Method: Communicative approach encourages meaningful communication, problem-solving, and critical thinking through real-life language use. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are important figures behind cognitive theory. It focuses on the cognitive development of individuals, through different stages of development. Constructivism Constructivism highlights learners’ active construction of knowledge through personal experiences and interactions. Application in ESL: Emphasizes the need for authentic and interactive learning experiences that promote language acquisition. Teaching Method: Task-based learning encourages learners to complete meaningful tasks that require language use and promote collaboration. Several prominent figures involved in constructivism, including Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Jerome Bruner. Piaget's constructivist theory emphasizes the active construction of knowledge by learners, while Vygotsky's Socio-cultural Theory Focuses on the social and cultural contexts that shape learning. Application in ESL: Recognizes the importance of cultural and social interactions in language development. Teaching Method: Collaborative learning activities, group work, and cultural exchanges enhance language learning and intercultural competence. The socio-cultural theory is primarily associated with the work of Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky proposed that learning is a social process that occurs through interactions with others, and cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping cognition and Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) Russian psychologist whose theory of language development focused on social learning. Children develop language when they engage in social interactions with others. He believed in positive reinforcement as a great tool for shaping behavior. Humanism Emphasizes learners’ personal growth, autonomy and intrinsic motivation Application in ESL: Focuses on the holistic development of learners, promoting their self-esteem and autonomy. Teaching Method: Learner-centered approaches, such as the Silent Way or Suggestopedia that promote self-discovery, creativity, and personal expression Humanism in education is associated with the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Multiple Intelligences Multiple intelligences theory recognizes various forms of intelligence in addition to linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities. Application in ESL: Teaching takes into account learners’ individual strengths and preferences. Teaching Method: Varied learning activities address learners' multiple intelligences, promoting engagement and increasing motivation. The theory of multiple intelligences was introduced by Howard Gardner. According to Gardner, individuals possess not only traditional measures of intelligence, such as linguistic and logical-mathematical but different forms of intelligence, Educational theories such as these provide a theoretical framework for ESL teaching methods. By considering the various educational theories such as those mentioned, EFL teachers can create inclusive teaching methods that acknowledge learners’ needs and preferences. This does not mean that a teacher must choose one of these theories and develop their teaching accordingly. Teachers can adopt an eclectic approach, combining elements from various theories, adapting their methods to suit their particular students’ learning styles, cultural backgrounds, and individual abilities. https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the- environment/language/v/theories-of-language-development Article: Evidence Rebuts Chomsky’s Theory of Language Learning (Paul Ibbotson & Michael Tomasello, 2016.) Much of Noam Chomsky’s account of the way we learn languages is now being refuted. https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/theory/universal. htm