M8 Education Module PDF

QUARTER 2 – MODULE 8: EDUCATION Aims of Description Education Education is the process of facilitating...

QUARTER 2 – MODULE 8: EDUCATION Aims of Description Education Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of Individual Development as an individual of a human being. knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Education can take place in formal or Moral and spiritual development informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one Cultural development thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is Harmonious development called pedagogy. Promote positive physical development Development of a right personality The government of the Philippines has been very active in tapping the Development of good citizenship educational system for the country’s development efforts. With the adoption of the K Development of good leadership to 12 programs, it hoped that Philippine Educational System is now responding to the Emotional and mental development demands of the economy for national development. Character building Social Through education, the child should be provided with Types of Education Characteristics the required assistance to become a productive and 1. It is an institutional activity because the process is well-adjusted member of the society, irrespective of the done in schools, colleges, and universities. socioeconomic status. Vocational Education should prepare the child to earn though his 2. It follows hierarchical structure from primary to livelihood so that he can lead a productive life in the secondary to tertiary education leading to society. completion of certificates, diplomas, and/or Intellectual Development of intelligence through education will degrees. enable the child to lead an independent life with Formal Education confidence. 3. It follows a standardized, well-defined and organized Cultural By undergoing education, child becomes cultured and curriculum that conforms to the needs of the society. civilized. Cultural development is through development of aesthetic sense and respect for others’ culture. 4. The teacher-student relationship is confined to the Moral Moral values like honesty, loyalty, tolerance, justice, self- process of teaching including but not limited to control and sincerity promote the social and moral supervision and instruction. standards set by the society. 1. It is a process of learning derived from an organized Good Education enables the children to grow as productive and systematic education activity working either Citizenship citizens by following the social and moral standards set separately or as a special feature of a formal by the society. Non – formal education institution. Education Education as Human Rights 2. Its curriculum is flexible, diversified in content and method because it should conform to the needs of According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural the identified group of learners. Organization (UNESCO), “Education is a fundamental human right and essential for 1. It is a lifelong process where learning comes naturally the exercise of all other human rights.” It is supported by the Universal Declaration of from the daily experience as a result of exposure in Human Rights (UDHR) under Article 26, which emphasized that everyone has the right dealing with people. to education. Informal Education 2. It does not require a specific educational institution Even International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights also or set of curriculums. adheres to education as basic right of the citizen. “The state parties to the present covenant recognize the right of everyone to education”. (Article 13)  In adherence to respect for human right, the Philippine Constitution holds on 6. Helping for adjustability: Man differs from the beast. Man has reasoning and the right of all citizens to education at all levels and that State shall take appropriate thinking power. Man tries his best to adjust to his own environment through steps to make such education accessible to all. (Article XIV Section 1) education. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) enumerated the following B. Functions of Education towards the Society: points to highlight the importance of education as a human right. 1. Social change and control: The society is never stagnant. It is progressive and 1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the dynamic. Life and personality can be developed. Our customs and traditions elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. preserved and transmitted to us through generations are ever-changing. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and Education helps us to keep up with the development of science and technology. higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 2. Reconstruction of experiences: Education is life-long process. Life is education 2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and education are life. Life is full of experiences. One cannot live with his past and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. experiences which are unable to adjust in the society. Education help individual It shall promote understanding, tolerance, and friendship among all nations racial to reconstruct the experience and adjust with the environment. or religious groups and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 3. Development of social and moral value: Social is always in tension with individualism or selfishness. There is no social or moral value. Today, many people 3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to are behaving like animals. But this selfishness and animal-like behavior can be their children. changed with moral education. Education teaches the moral value and social value like co-operation, tolerance, sympathy, feeling, love/affection, and respect FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION towards elders helping the poor and needy persons. A. Functions of Education towards the Individual: 4. Providing opportunity or equality: The Philippine constitution emphasizes equality among the citizens in terms of opportunities and privileges in all aspect of society. 1. Development of inborn potentials: Education helps the child to develop the Education teaches us to give equal opportunities in all aspects irrespective of inborn potentialities of child providing scope to develop. social stratification, political beliefs, regional origin, sex and religion. 2. Modifying behavior: Education helps to modify the past behavior through C. Functions of Education towards the Nation: learning different agencies of education. 1. Inculcating civic and social responsibility: Education helps to make rising 3. All-around development: Education aims at the well-around development of the generation to understand its right and duties as citizens of a democratic country. learner-physical, mental social, emotional, and spiritual. 2. Training for leadership: The leadership quality of individual is developed when he 4. Preparing for the future: After completion of education the child can earn its participates in all spheres of social, political, religious and educational activities. livelihood getting proper education, which has productivity. The education should be imparted according to the own interest of the child. 3. National integration: We are living in one country having diversities in respect of color of skin, economic status, dialect, food preferences, and mode of dressing, 5. Developing personality: The whole personality of the child is developed habits and physical environment. physically, intellectually, morally, socially, aesthetically and spiritually. He is recognized in the society. 4. Total national development: Education helps for bringing about total national development by providing all sectors i.e. social, economic, cultural, spiritual, moral, educational etc.  The learning delivery modalities that schools can adopt may be one or a QUARTER 2 – MODULE 9: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION combination of the following, depending on the COVID-19 restrictions and the particular context of the learners in the school or locality. Social Stratification Distance Learning refers to a learning delivery modality where learning takes place between the teacher and the learners who are geographically remote from defined as the arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy each other during instruction. positions that are unequal with regard to power property social evaluation, and/or psychic gratification. DepEd Learning Delivery Modalities for School Year 2020-2021 is a particular form of social inequality. All societies arrange their members in terms of superiority, inferiority and equality. Stratification is a process of 1. Modular Distance Learning. Learning is in the form of individualized instruction that interaction or differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than allows learners to use self-learning modules (SLMs) in print or digital format/electronic copy, whichever is applicable in the context of the learner and others. other learning resources like Learner’s Materials, textbooks, activity sheets, study is structed and hierarchical ranking of individuals based on their family, guides and other study materials. occupation, income, wealth and (social political) power. For sociologist, it is the pattered inequality in society that is due to the unequal access to wealth, 2. Online Distance Learning. It features the teacher facilitating learning and privileges, and power. engaging learners’ active participation using various technologies accessed through the internet while they are geographically remote from each other The members are divided into social classes or sets of people sharing similar during instruction. socioeconomic status. Generally, there are three classes in every society: 3. Home Schooling. It is an alternative delivery mode (ADM) that aims to provide learners with equal access to quality basic education through a home-based environment to be facilitated by qualified parents, guardians or tutors who have undergone relevant training. 4. Blended Learning. This refers to a learning modality that allows for a combination of face to face and online distance learning (ODL), face-to-face and modular distance learning (MDL), face-to-face and TV/Radio-based Instruction (RBI), and face-to-face learning and a combination with two or more types of distance learning. 5. Traditional Face-to-Face Learning. This refers to a learning delivery modality where the students and the teacher are both physically present in the classroom, and there are opportunities for active engagement, immediate feedback, and socio-emotional development of leraners. And each class can be subdivided into strata, example the upper stratum, the middle stratum, and the lower stratum. Moreover, a social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship or caste, or both. Determining the structures of social stratification arises from inequalities of status among persons; therefore, the degree of social inequality determines a person social stratum. Generally, the greater the social complexity of a society, the more social strata exists, by way of social differentiation. Components of Social Stratification Characteristics of Social Stratification Description 1. Social Class refers to the level or category where persons have more or less the by Melvin M. Tumin same socio-economic privileges in society. Stratification is social in the sense that it does not represent 2. Social Status refers to the position of an individual or group within a social inequalities which are biologically based. It is true that factors structure such as strength, intelligence, age, sex can often serve as the 1. It is social 3. Social Role refers to the behavior expected of a person who occupies a basis on which status are distinguished. But such differences particular status. by themselves are not sufficient to explain why some statuses receive more power, property and prestige than others. Bases of Social Stratification The stratification system is very old. Stratification was present even in the small wandering bands. Age and sex wear the 1. Power or Authority is the ability to secure one‘s ends in life, even against 2. It is ancient main criteria of stratification. Difference between the rich and opposition. The degree to which one directs, manages, or dominates others. poor, powerful and humble, freemen and slaves was there in 2. Property or Wealth refers to the rights over goods and services. How much of the almost all the ancient civilization. resources of society are owned by certain individuals and how much do they Social stratification is universal. Difference between rich and gain or earn every time. 3. It is universal poor, the ‘haves‘ or ‘havenots‘ is evident everywhere. Even in 3. Prestige or Social Evaluation implies social judgment that a status or position is the non-literate societies‘ stratification is very much present. more prestigious and honorable than others. The degree of honor one‘s position Social stratification has never been uniformed in all societies. evokes. It also includes the fame one attains upon reaching a certain degree of The ancient Roman society was stratified into two strata: The prestige. Patricians and the Plebians. The Aryan society was divided 4. It is in diverse into four Varnas: the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the The Three Main Sociological Perspectives forms Sudras, the ancient Greek society in to freemen and slaves, the ancient Chinese society into mandarins, merchants, 1. The Functionalist Perspective – is a system of interconnected parts that work Farmer and soldiers. Class and estate seem to be the general together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the forms of stratification found in the modern world. whole. The stratification system has its own consequences. The most Sociologists have identified two types of functions: important, most desired and often the scarcest things in human life are distributed unequally because of stratification. a. Manifest Functions are consequences that are intended and commonly The system leads to two kind of consequences: (i) Life recognized. 5. It is chances and (ii) Life style. Life chances refer to such things as b. Latent Functions are consequences that are unintended and often consequential infant mortality, longevity, physical and mental illness, marital hidden. conflict, separation and divorce. Life styles include the mode of housing, residential area, education, means of recreation, relation between parent and children, modes of conveyance 2. Conflict Perspective – it views society as composed of different groups and and so on. interest competing for power and resources. It explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power and benefit from a particular social arrangement. SOCIAL MOBILITY IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 3. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective – it emphasizes that human behavior is Social Mobility is the movement of persons from one position to another in the influenced by definitions and meanings that are created and maintained stratification system. This pertains to the idea that people have an equal opportunity through symbolic interaction with others. to end up at the top of stratification system; that anyone can reach the apex or peak of the hierarchy.  Social mobility is a good mechanism in a highly stratified society. It gives a Types of Social Mobility chance to the people from the lower classes to climb the ladder. However, moving through classes might still be difficult despite strong motivation and effort, for different aspects the kind of social mobility. 1. Horizontal Social Mobility This is the change of position of a person to another position of the same rank. For example, when a chemistry teacher decides to shift to another job that SYSTEM OF SOCIAL MOBILITY requires his/her skills in chemistry, he/she is practicing horizontal social mobility Open (Class) System because he/she will experience a similar level of difficulty and status in the new position. Allows a person‘s freer mobility. He or she can move through classes based upon his/her skills, abilities, and/or achievements. The Philippine society is 2. Vertical Social Mobility committed to promote equal access to quality education so that everyone The more interesting mechanism for sociologist is vertical social mobility, which will be able to acquire the needed skills and knowledge to improve his or happens when a person moves from one social class to another. A successful her lot. Most societies in the world, on the other hand, implement policies engineer who once was a poor working student in a state university is an example that reduce barriers for social mobility. of a person who experiences vertical social mobility. Closed (Caste) System In this system a person has little or no possibility of moving up social ladder. One of the examples of this system is India‘s caste system, wherein the This type of mobility may be upward or downward. It may also be further people from the lowest stratum are dreadfully treated and are considered analyzed in relation to time. untouchables. Their image on the rest of the social strata has become so severely negative that these untouchables have ladder. People in this a. Intergenerational mobility is the movement of social position that started with system are socially determined based on ascribed status such as family the parents and was felt by even children. background, ethnicity or race. b. Intergenerational mobility is the movement in the social position that happens within a person‘s adult life. Forms of Social Stratification: Caste is a hereditary endogamous social group in which a person‘s rank and its accompanying rights and obligations are ascribed on the basis of his birth into a Social Mobility may be hindered by the following factors: particular group. ✓ educational attainment Class stratification on the basis of class is dominant in modern society. In this, a ✓ childhood poverty with associated psychological and behavioral person‘s position depends to a very great extent upon achievement and his ability to development use to advantage the inborn characteristics and wealth that he may possess. ✓ the family and all the financial, social, and cultural aspects that are formed within it Estate system of medieval Europe provides another system of stratification which ✓ attitudes, expectations and aspirations gave much emphasis to birth as well as to wealth and possessions. Each estate had a ✓ economic barriers state. Slavery had economic basis. In slavery, every slave had his master to whom he was subjected. The master‘s power over the slave was unlimited.