LPE2503 Academic Writing Lecture Notes 6 (Week 13-14) PDF

**LPE2503 ACADEMIC WRITING** **LECTURE NOTES 6** **\[WEEK 13 -- 14\]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Topics:** | | | | 1\...

**LPE2503 ACADEMIC WRITING** **LECTURE NOTES 6** **\[WEEK 13 -- 14\]** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Topics:** | | | | 1\. Sentence Problems | | | | - Subject-Verb Agreement | | | | - Fragment | | | | - Run-on and Comma Splice | | | | - Parallelism | | | | 2\. Tenses | | | | 3\. Vocabulary - Word Forms | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1. A blue card with black text Description automatically generated +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | No | Rules | Examples | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1 | A singular verb | - - | | | follows a singular | | | | subject and a plural | | | | verb follows a plural | | | | subject. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | When two or more | - - | | | singular subjects are | | | | joined by the | | | | conjunction "and", a | | | | plural verb is used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Phrases such as | - - - | | | "together with\", "as | | | | well as" and \"along | | | | with" do not affect | | | | the actual number of | | | | subject before them. | | | | They are not the same | | | | as the conjunction | | | | \"and". | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4 | A singular verb is | - - | | | used after "neither" | | | | and \"either\". | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 5 | When two subjects are | - - | | | joined by | | | | \"neither...nor" or | | | | "either\...or", the | | | | verb agrees with the | | | | subject nearest to | | | | it. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 6 | The indefinite | - - - | | | pronouns, such as | | | | \"anyone\", | | | | \"anybody\", | | | | \"anything\", | | | | \"everybody", | | | | \"everyone\", | | | | "everything\', | | | | \"nobody\", \"no | | | | one", "nothing\", | | | | \"someone\", | | | | \"somebody\", | | | | "something" and | | | | "none" require | | | | singular verbs. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 7 | When the subjects | - - | | | follow \"each\", | | | | "even" and \"one | | | | of\", a singular verb | | | | is used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 8 | lndefinite pronouns, | - - | | | such as "all" and | | | | "some" can be | | | | singular or plural | | | | depending on whether | | | | they are referring to | | | | countable | | | | | | | | or uncountable nouns. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 9 | When the subjects are | - - | | | separated by "all | | | | but\" and | | | | "both\...and\", a | | | | plural verb is used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 10 | When two singular | - - | | | subjects refer to the | | | | same person or thing, | | | | a singular verb is | | | | used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 11 | When two subjects are | - - | | | used to express one | | | | idea, a singular verb | | | | is used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 12 | \"There\" and | - - | | | \"here\" are never a | | | | subject. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 13 | A collective noun | - - | | | takes a singular verb | | | | when it is used to | | | | mean a group. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 14 | Words such as | - - - | | | \"glasses\", | | | | \"trousers\", | | | | \"pants\", "scissors" | | | | are regarded as | | | | plural unless they | | | | are used with the | | | | phrase \"a pair of\". | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 15 | Plural numbers take a | - - | | | singular verb when | | | | they are used in a | | | | phrase to mean an | | | | amount or a unit. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 16 | Some words end in "s" | - | | | but are singular in | | | | meaning. ln this | | | | case, a singular verb | | | | is used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 17 | Some nouns are | - - | | | singular in form but | | | | plural in meaning. In | | | | this case, a plural | | | | verb is used. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **EXERCISE 1** Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the verb given in the brackets. It is customary for Malaysians to work at least eight hours per day if they (1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(work) in an office. However, this is considered as long working hours in Europe. Working long hours (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(be) common for most Asian countries, such as Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea -- all countries with developing economies. Kisi's Global Work-Life Balance Index (2021) showed that Malaysia (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(have) been ranked as one of the top countries with workaholic employees as they also work on holidays. (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Do) this reputation harm or benefit Malaysia? Japan and South Korea (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(have) taken the initiative to reduce the number of working hours as they fear longer working hours may (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(cause) health problems and reduce the quality of life for the workers. Nevertheless, if Malaysia reduces its working hours, productivity will suffer. The Malaysian economy largely (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(depend) on a productive workforce. If working hours are decreased, workers may not be able to make up for lost hours or meet employer demands. It is also feared that employers will put more expectation on workers to complete their tasks in a fairly short deadline. Moreover, if employees (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(take) long leave, it may reflect negatively on their careers. As one travel survey found, Malaysian employees take the least amount of leave for travel. The survey mentioned that this trend (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(be) worrisome as taking annual leave for travelling is important for workers' well-being. Malaysian employees (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(be) reluctant to take long work holidays because they have the option of carrying forward the unused leave to the next year calendar. Therefore, instead of reducing working hours for Malaysian workers, a more viable solution for their productivity and the economy of the country (11) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(be) to allocate more hours for lunch break, currently practised by workers in Spain. The workers in Spain take a 'siesta', or a long break in the afternoon for resting and doing leisure activities after lunch, and they (12) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(resume) working at about 4 p.m. Thus, reducing working hours may be counterproductive for the Malaysian economy in the long run. **EXERCISE 2** The text below contains **SIX** Subject-Verb Agreement errors. Identify and correct the errors. Nutritionists around the world often speak about the importance of a balanced diet. A balanced diet often include more fruits, vegetables, and grains and fewer foods high in fat, sugar, and cholesterol. When comparing the food habits of different cultures, however, the definition of a "balanced diet" might also be seen differently. A person's culture can influence the way he tries to find balance in the foods he consumes (Dao et al., 2021). Cultures might view balance differently according to the way a dish taste, or how a meal is prepared and served. The concept of a "balanced diet" in various cultures can differ greatly. For the French, balance do not come only from using different kinds of ingredients; enjoying the tastes of the country's many regions can also make their diet considered balanced. France are divided into 22 regions. Each region has its own local cuisine and food traditions, or what the French call *terroir*. The French embrace all 22 regions and the cuisine produced in each. French cafes, restaurants, and food advertisements often refers to the different regions, and to the fact that French people find pleasure in eating foods from different parts of the country as a search for balance. One can also see balance in the way the French serve their food. A traditional French meal can have from three to seven different courses. It might include an appetiser, a main plate, a side plate, a cheese plate, a salad, and a dessert, which makes it a well-balanced dining experience. Each dish is eaten and enjoyed separately, and portions are small. This practice has affected the menus of fast-food chains. Many French people dislikes the traditional fast-food meal because it is too simple and quick, so fast-food restaurants in France have changed their menus.  a\. **Fragment with a missing subject** ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fragment Discovered the cure for the disease. Problem This is a fragment as it is missing a subject. It also does not express a complete thought. This can be corrected by adding a suitable subject. Correct sentence **The Department of Health Science** discovered the cure for the disease. ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b\. **Fragment with a missing verb** ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fragment Hiking a great activity to boost metabolism and maintain a healthy weight. Problem This is a fragment as it is missing a verb. It can be corrected by adding a verb that matches the subject (hiking). Correct sentence Hiking **is** a great activity to boost metabolism and maintain a healthy weight. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c\. **Fragment that does not express a complete thought** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Fragment | Because the final examination is | | | important for all students. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Problem | This is a dependent clause. It | | | begins with the subordinator | | | (*because*). It also does not | | | express a complete thought | | | because there is no independent | | | clause. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Correct sentence | There are 2 ways to correct this | | | problem: | | | | | | 1\. Add a suitable independent | | | clause | | | | | | Because the final examination is | | | important for all students, | | | **they must study hard and | | | prepare well for it**. | | | | | | 2\. Remove the subordinator | | | | | | The final examination is | | | important for all students. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Sometimes you may combine a fragment with another sentence that comes before or after it to form a new sentence that expresses a complete thought. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fragment ^1^Students will be able to develop soft skills such as time management and communication skills. ^2^Which are vital skills in the workplace. Problem Sentence 2 is a dependent clause. It begins with a subordinator (which). To correct this fragment error, combine sentence 1 and 2 to form a new sentence that expresses a complete thought. Correct sentence Students will be able to develop soft skills such as time management and communication skills **which** are vital skills in the workplace. ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **EXERCISE 3** Read the sentences below and label each sentence as either **fragment** or **complete** sentence. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each fragment to form a complete sentence. -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- **No** **Sentences** **Complete / Fragment** 1 Living in another country is one of the most rewarding experiences a person can have 2 Although the athletes spent hours practising and perfecting their performance 3 Khairul Aming's factory 1,000,000 bottles of [Sambal Nyet Berapi](https://www.instagram.com/sambalnyet/?hl=en) with a gross sale of RM 14 million 4 The 2021 Tokyo Olympics was a world class event that brought athletes from all around the world together to compete in various sports 5 As she was facing difficulties with the internet connection 6 One of the factors that influence a person's decision to assist a stranger in need the bystander effect 7 Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles that are released into the air through industrial activities 8 While taking extra classes to meet the credit requirement for graduation 9 Health experts believe that taking a long vacation every year will help promote better mental health among workers 10 can adapt their teaching methods based on the needs and learning styles of each student, which is difficult for AI to replicate -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- **EXERCISE 4** The text below contains **FIVE** fragment errors. Identify and correct the errors. ^1^Claustrophobia is a situational phobia triggered by an irrational and intense fear of tight or crowded spaces. ^2^can be triggered by things such as being locked in a windowless room, being stuck in a crowded elevator or driving on a congested highway. ^3^Claustrophobia one of the most common phobias. ^4^People who suffer from claustrophobia may feel like having a panic attack. ^5^Although claustrophobia is not a panic disorder. ^6^When anxiety levels start to escalate. ^7^The sufferers may experience accelerated heart rate and profuse sweating. ^8^Claustrophobia disappears on its own for some people. ^9^Others may need therapy to manage and cope with their symptoms. ^10^In 2015, a study conducted by University of Wisconsin-Madison\'s Neurology Department on claustrophobia. ^11^Based on the study, 5-7% of the world's population is affected by severe claustrophobia. a\. Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_ Correct sentence: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\. Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_ Correct sentence: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c\. Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_ Correct sentence: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ d\. Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_ Correct sentence: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ e\. Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_ Correct sentence: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A blue card with black text Description automatically generated  A group of text boxes Description automatically generated with medium confidence **EXERCISE 5** Identify the following sentences as either Run-on (RO) or Comma Splice (CS). Then, correct the sentences using the methods stated. 1\. The nervous system works by transmitting signals from all parts of the body to the Error: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\. Add a period \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\. Add a semicolon \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c\. Add a coordinator \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Talking on the mobile phone while driving is dangerous, drivers lack concentration and focus when driving. Error: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\. Add a semicolon \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\. Add a subordinator \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\. Many young adults today live at home with their parents this allows them to save Error: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\. Add a period \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\. Add a coordinator \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4\. Fresh graduates are expected to be proficient in the English Language, they need to have good communication skills to succeed in the workforce. Error: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\. Add a period \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\. Add a conjunctive adverb \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **EXERCISE 6** The text below consists of Run-on and Comma Splice errors. Identify the sentence numbers that contain the errors. Write the correct sentence in the space provided by using any of the ways you have learned. ^1^Advertising media has an impact on the way society perceives gender role and behaviour. ^2^It brings about gender stereotyping on how men and women are depicted. ^3^Men are portrayed to be stronger and aggressive women are perceived as the weaker half of society and are expected to be gentle. ^4^Courtis and Lockeretz (1971) indicated that over the years, women had been portrayed as domestic providers who did not make significant decisions as they were dependent on men. ^5^For example, car manufacturers use women in skimpy clothing in their advertisements to advertise their cars instead of focusing on the features of those cars these are some of the roles that the media has given to women. ^6^Another area that the advertising media influences society is through its values. ^7^The ability of the mass media to influence social ethics remains one of the most worrying influences as some of the values are decadent (Warhol, 2009). ^8^The lifestyles that the media portrays are glamorised, they are beyond the reach of ordinary people. ^9^This has become a cause for concern when normal individuals in society try to adopt these values and imitate the lifestyles of the rich, careful consideration should be given before something is advertised in the media as millions of individuals would be influenced by it. a. Sentence error: Run-on Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b. Sentence error: Run-on Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c. Sentence error: Comma splice Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ d. Sentence error: Comma splice Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Non-parallel Structure | Parallel Structure | +===================================+===================================+ | Students often spend their free | Students often spend their free | | time reading, sleeping and they | time **reading**, **sleeping** | | go shopping. | and **shopping**. | | | | | | *(The items are all verbs + ing)* | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The Aerobics Club consists of | The Aerobics Club consists of | | Malaysian, Singaporean and | **Malaysian**, **Singaporean** | | students from Vietnam. | and **Vietnamese** students. | | | | | | *(The items are all adjectives)* | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The professor instructed his | The professor instructed his | | students to observe, to listen | students **to observe**, **to | | and he made them take notes | listen** and **to take notes** | | during the lab session. | during the lab session. | | | | | | *(The items are all infinitive | | | phrases)* | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Parallelism can also be used with *coordinators* and *paired or correlative conjunctions*. Below are examples of parallelism with coordinators and conjunctions. **Parallelism with Coordinators: *And / Or / But*** Words, phrases and clauses that are joined by coordinators *(and / or / but)* must be written in parallel form. Below are examples of parallel structured sentences joined with coordinators. A white and black text Description automatically generated **Parallelism with Paired Conjunctions** Sentences with paired conjunctions such as *both...and*, *either...or*, *neither...nor*, and *not only...but* *also* should be written in parallel form. Below are examples of parallel structured sentences joined with paired conjunctions.  **EXERCISE 7** Underline the part of each sentence that is not parallel. Circle the word(s) that connect the parallel structures. Then, rewrite the sentence in parallel form. 1\. The candidate for governor promised that he would cut taxes, reform public \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\. Students can either pay their fee with one payment or they can stretch out their payments into instalments. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4\. Retirees often fear loneliness, becoming ill and poverty in their old age. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5\. Gold Coast is famous for its wonderful weather, theme parks that are family friendly and stunning beaches. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6\. Sustainability in business requires to either raise revenues or there is a requirement to reduce expenses. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7\. The lecturer was asked to write his report quickly, accurately and in a thorough description. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8\. The magazine had articles on losing weight quickly, how to attract a rich spouse and finding the perfect haircut. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9\. The players want neither to compete internationally nor do they like practising their sport. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10\. People immigrate to other countries for both freedom and to become financially secure. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **EXERCISE 8** Read the text below. Identify the following sentence errors and write the sentence number which contains the stated error. Then, write the correct sentence in the space provided. a. Subject-verb Agreement b. Fragment c. Run-on d. Comma splice e. Non-parallel structure ^1^"I am feeling depressed today" is a phrase that is uttered by countless people each day. ^2^These individuals tends to misuse the term 'depression' to refer to the normal ups and downs of daily life. ^3^In reality, depression is a serious illness. ^4^It has caused 11 million individuals to spend \$44 billion on the treatment of depression each year (Greenberg & Stiglin, 1993). ^5^A clinically depressed person in a constant state of sadness because of three main factors which are genetics, substance abuse, and social environment. ^6^Firstly, the most common cause of depression is genetics. ^7^People who are born with low levels of serotonin and dopamine in their brains cannot experience pleasure in the same way that people with both balanced chemicals can, these people do not experience happiness from normal happy events. ^8^For example, a clinically depressed student with chemical imbalances in the brain might derive less satisfaction from earning an A for a subject than a student with balanced chemicals. ^9^Therefore, people with low levels of serotonin and dopamine require extreme circumstances to experience the same level of happiness that people with balanced chemicals would experience from a lesser event. ^10^A second cause of depression is substance abuse. ^11^Substance abuse is the use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco in harmful amounts. ^12^Excessive amounts of these substances in the bloodstream can alter the brain's normal chemical balance. ^13^People who use these chemical substances may experience short-term or long term depression due to the chemical changes in their brains for example, alcoholics can develop depression because of the constant altering of the levels of dopamine in their brain. ^14^Hence, the more alcohol a person consumes, the risk of getting depression is likely to increase (Joseph & David, 2011). ^15^Lastly, social environmental factors can trigger clinical depression. ^16^Failed relationships and traumatic events are two common stimuli in depression (Williamson, 1996). ^17^Failed relationships such as a divorce or a falling out between family members can leave a person in a state of depression. ^18^In addition, traumatic events such as witnessing the death of a family member or to watch a family member's health deteriorate are also social environmental factors that can send a person into depression. a. Sentence error: Subject-verb Agreement Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_ b. Sentence error: Fragment Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c. Sentence error: Comma splice Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ d. Sentence error: Run-on Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ e. Sentence error: Non-parallel structure Sentence number: \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **2. TENSES** In academic writing, it is important to use the correct tenses depending on the context of your writing. You will probably need to use different tenses to indicate ideas/truth, to give a particular meaning or to emphasise certain functions. Below are the three common tenses used in academic writing: I. **SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE** The simple present tense is used to describe, to express opinions, and to write about facts or general truths. It is one of the most frequently used verb forms in writing. Notice how the writer uses the simple present to express feelings and to describe habitual actions. A diagram of a topic Description automatically generated with medium confidence **II. SIMPLE PAST TENSE** The simple past tense is used to write about events and situations in the past. It is especially useful when writing a story or narrative that happened in the past. Like the simple present, the simple past can be used to express general ideas and truths, habitual actions and mental perceptions and emotions. The only difference is that they happened in the past and are completed.  **III. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE** When you are analysing or explaining, you will often use the present perfect tense (*has* or *have* + past participle). The present perfect is used to refer to an event in the past, but the past time of the event is not the important focus. The real focus is the effect that the past action or event has on the present time and on the writer. The present perfect always ties the past to the present. A close-up of a text Description automatically generated  **EXERCISE 9** Fill in the blanks with the correct tenses of the verbs given. The hectic pace of life today causes most people to disregard the importance of exercising. One of the options for people to exercise is cycling. Bicycles (1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (date) back to as early as the 18^th^ century, yet they do not seem to take centre stage in everyday lives. Interestingly, people (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (learn) to ride the bicycle when they (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (be) young, but the moment they (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (obtain) their driving license, they abandon these two-wheelers for cars. Perhaps, this is because people (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (be, not) aware of the health benefits of cycling. Health experts say that cycling (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (offer) many health advantages. For instance, it may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and fight obesity. One of the advantages of cycling (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (be) that it helps one to have a healthy heart. Cycling also (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (reduce) the incidences of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, high blood pressure, and heart attack. This is because regular cycling (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (improve) blood circulation and (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (keep) blood pressure in check. Furthermore, cycling is one way to fight obesity. It (11) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (help) people to control body weight by boosting their metabolic rate and building muscles. However, this only (12) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (work) if cyclists (13) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (practise) healthy eating habits since childhood. These health advantages, however, (14) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (do not, seem) to encourage people to cycle. Many people (15) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (do not, take up) cycling as a routine activity. It is a shame though if an easy and low impact activity such as cycling is not promoted for the purpose of healthy living. **EXERCISE 10** The text below contains **TWELVE** tenses errors. Identify and correct the errors. Autonomous vehicles are one of the most talked-about technological breakthroughs of the past decade. Vehicle manufacturer such as Tesla is already one step ahead in experimenting with autonomous vehicles by introducing their 'Full Self Driving' software that functioned to aid drivers in aspects such as parking and cruising. While the future of autonomous vehicles seemed bright, many were concerned on the safety aspects of such vehicles. Autonomous vehicles relied on multiple sensors to interact with the environment around them. For this to truly work, sensors used needed to be highly adaptive to process signals even in the worst external conditions such as bad weather and dense traffic. However, there are many instances where accidents had occurred due to the failure of sensors in providing accurate feedback to the vehicle's control system. Aside from that, cybersecurity experts did not seem to favour the idea of autonomous vehicles as they are prone to cybercrimes. As widespread hackings have been happening in many areas of computing, many worried that the autonomous vehicles' system could be compromised. Latest research shown that it only takes a small-scale hack to cause significant chaos and gridlock traffic on a busy road. Hence, experts claim that the cooperation between automakers, security experts and government agencies were pivotal to prevent such instances from happening (LeClair, 2020). With autonomous vehicles being new and revolutionary, concerns regarding their safety aspects were inevitable. Nonetheless, with proper mitigation of risks, there was no doubt that autonomous vehicles will have a role to play in the future of motoring. In fact, they are a testament to the potential for innovation in the industry. **3. VOCABULARY - WORD FORMS** In academic writing, it is important to use the correct word forms to communicate your intent. Word forms share the same root meaning, but each form has a different meaning, depending on its function in a sentence. This function is called **part of speech** (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb). It is important to match the word form with the part of speech. Verb Noun Adjective Adverb ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- devote devotion devoted devotedly \- happiness happy happily interrupt interruption interrupting \- If you did not use the correct word form in your sentence, a word form error will occur. A word form error indicates that you have chosen the correct basic word, but the form of the word does not suit its position in the sentence. For example: i\. When Ruth received a full scholarship to the university, she was so [happiness]. (happy) *(happiness is a noun and is incorrectly used in the sentence. The correct word form should be happy, an adjective that describes a person.)* ii\. Because of the [destroy] of forests, many animals are in danger of extinction. (destruction) Use a dictionary to help you to identify the word forms if you could not differentiate a verb from a noun. By knowing the word forms, you will be able to edit your sentences and make sure your writing is word form error free. **EXERCISE 11** Fill in the blanks with correct word forms. Use the word in the bracket to help you. Yoga is an ancient practice and meditation that has become increasingly popular in today\'s busy society. For many people, yoga provides a retreat from their (1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (chaos) and busy lives. Yoga provides numerous mental as well as physical benefits, and many people have started including yoga stretches in their daily workout routine. One of the main benefits of yoga is the (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (develop) of a better body image. Yoga develops inner (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (aware), and it focuses attention on the body\'s abilities. It also helps develop breath and strength of mind and body. Yoga studios (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (typical) do not have mirrors. This is so that people can focus their awareness inward rather than on how they look. Surveys have found that people who practiced yoga were more aware of their bodies than people who did not practice yoga. They were also more satisfied with their bodies and less critical of their bodies (Fisher & Cloud, 2020). For these reasons, yoga has become an integral part in the (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (treat) of eating disorders and programmes that support the (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (promote) of positive body image and self-esteem. In addition, yoga boosts weight loss and assists in weight (7)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (manage). People who practice yoga are (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (mind) eaters and are more in tune with their bodies. They may be more sensitive to hunger cues and feelings of (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (full). Researchers found that people who practiced yoga for at least 30 minutes once a week for at least four years, gained less weight during middle adulthood, and people who were overweight lost weight. Overall, those who practiced yoga had lower body mass indexes (BMIs) compared with those who did not practice yoga. Researchers attributed this to mindfulness. Mindful eating can lead to a more positive (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (relation) with food. **EXERCISE 12** The text below contains **SIX** word form errors. Identify and correct the errors. Children who participate in competitive games develop qualities that will allow them to success in the complex adult life. For example, one of the missions of the Youth Olympic Games is to inspire young people to adopt the Olympic values, which include striving, determination, and optimism. Competition creates the desirable to do better. Children have to learn to succeed in a competitive atmosphere in order to take advantageous of opportunities in the future. Although it is possible to win by chance occasionally, people who win and keep winning work very hard to achieve their success. On the other hand, some claim that compete promotes negative values. It is common to see sports competitions in which the desire to win has replaced the desire to have fun. For instance, individuals may witness very young children engaging in rough play similar to the sports stars they watch on television. While the negative behaviour of young athletes is trouble, the problem is not the competition itself. The blame lies with the professional players who are bad role models for these children. Nevertheless, in 2021, a study of young athletes by the School of Physical Health Education at the University of Wyoming showed an improvement in mood after exercise; athletes were less depression or tense. --- --------------------- ----------------------- **Wrong word form** **Correct word form** 1 2 3 4 5 6 --- --------------------- -----------------------