Egyptian Chinese University English Language Lecture Notes - Fall 2024 - PDF

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The Egyptian Chinese University

2024

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English Language Academic Writing Grammar Sentence Structure

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These lecture notes cover sentence structure, types of sentences (simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex), and academic writing from the Egyptian Chinese University. The notes are for the Fall 2024 semester.

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University: The Egyptian Chinese University Faculty: Engineering and Technology Course Name: English Language Course Code: HUM011 Semester: Fall 2024 Lecture 11 (All groups): week 12 starting from 14/ 12 /2024 ...

University: The Egyptian Chinese University Faculty: Engineering and Technology Course Name: English Language Course Code: HUM011 Semester: Fall 2024 Lecture 11 (All groups): week 12 starting from 14/ 12 /2024 Lecture 11- Final Revision Level Freshmen Time 2 hours Objectives of the lecture: By the end of this lecture, the learners will be able to: do revision and scan the last lectures from the beginning to the end. Four Steps of Academic Writing ❑ Organization ❑ Grammar and capitalization ❑ Sentence structure ❑ The writing process Writing practice (Sentence structure) How to write sentence types? Sentence Types: Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences Compound-Complex Sentences Simple Sentences - A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. - It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own. Examples: 1. The baby cried for food. There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought. 2. Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework. A simple sentence does not necessarily have to be short. It can have adjectives. In this case, there are two verbs “completed” and “turned in.” However, the sentence expresses one complete thought. 3. Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick. Although there are two subjects and two verbs, it is still a simple sentence because both verbs share the same subjects. Compound Sentences - A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences. - These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Examples: 1. The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police. Both sides of the conjunction “so” are complete sentences. “The shoplifter had stolen clothes” can stand alone and so can “he ran once he saw the police.” Therefore, this is a compound sentence. 2. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English. This is also a compound sentence that uses a conjunction to separate two individual clauses. Complex Sentences - A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought. - A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which). Examples: 1. After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise. The independent clause is ‘Tim went to the gym to exercise.” The subordinating clause “After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory” before it is dependent. 2. The woman who taught Art History was fired for stealing school supplies. The dependent clause in this sentence is “who taught Art History ” because if removed, the rest of the sentence would stand as an independent clause. “Who taught Art History” is an adjective clause that provides necessary details about the subject, woman. Compound-Complex Sentences - A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Examples: 1 2 1. After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates for lunch, and they went to the movies. 3 If we remove the dependent clause “after the two soccer players lost their game,” we have a compound sentence. The dependent clause makes this sentence compound-complex. ✓ Writing Practice - Writing Abstracts Academic writing In academic writing, it is essential to create texts that are easy to use. An abstract 1- An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay or report and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it should also suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper. 2- An abstract is “a concise summary of the entire paper.” - The function of an abstract is to describe, not to evaluate or defend, the paper. - The abstract should begin with a brief but precise statement of the problem or issue, followed by a description of the research method and design, the major findings, and the conclusions reached. - The abstract should contain the most important key words referring to method and content: these facilitate access to the abstract by computer search and enable a reader to decide whether to read the entire paper. 3- Your abstract should read like an overview of your paper, not a proposal for what you intended to study or accomplish. - When is it necessary to write abstracts? Abstracts are usually required for: submission of articles for journals; completion and submission of theses; submission of proposals for research papers. - What to include in an abstract? The format of your abstract will depend on five sections:- ✓ Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? ✓ Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? ✓ Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models used in the research. ✓ Results: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. ✓ Implications: How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic? Are there any practical or theoretical applications from your findings or suggestions for future research? Writing an incident report What is an Incident Report? What to include Keeping your incident report factual would require you to know the different types of information that you can gather during the incident reporting process. Here’s a list of facts that would guide you during the documentation of an incident: General information – the most fundamental information needed in an incident report such as specific location, time and date of the incident. Setting or environment –physical and environmental conditions that may have contributed to the incident. Affected people – the names of the people involved, their title or position, and their department. Injuries and the severity – include the type of injury, its severity, and body parts that were injured. Witnesses – pertains to statements of people present during the incident. Administered treatment – includes the initial treatment, aid, or any medications given to the affected individuals. This information is essential to understand employee recovery and the like. Property and equipment damages – pertain to certain materials, facilities, and equipment that were damaged during the incident. Events – the story of the incident and the details of why it turned out to be an incident. Actions of people involved during the incident – the motion of the involved people at the exact time the incident occurred. Format It contains all the essential information to complete an effective incident report: Introduction The first part of the incident report form covers the who, what, when, and where of the incident: – Include the names of all the people involved in the incident. If names are not available, you can instead cite the person’s role in relation to the incident e.g. the customer, the guest. – Summarize the incident itself in no more than three sentences. – Include the time and date of occurrence. – Note the location of the incident and be exact if possible e.g. the Mercato Conference Room, 19th floor Building A. Body This is where you lay out all of the incident’s details in a comprehensive manner. Talk about the incident from start to finish, ensuring details are laid out in chronological order to avoid confusion. Make sure to include the who, what, when, and where mentioned in the introduction when they are mentioned. Conclusion Was the incident resolved? How? If the incident was not resolved, explain why, and provide the steps that need to be taken in order to resolve it. Sign off Include the full name and signature of the incident report writer for accountability and record-keeping. How to write an incident report letter sample The sample incident report below is still based on the walkthrough sample above but in the form of a letter: April 16th, 2021 Worksite Compound 1-A 939 Putty Road, Blaxlands Ridge NSW 2758, Australia Hi, I am writing a report detailing the forklift incident that happened on the 15th of April, at 6 P.M. Samuel Jeffries, one of the forklift operators was moving crate packaging when the forklift malfunctioned and bumped towards the other crates. According to the company’s physician, he …………………………………………………………………………………………….………..…. Upon further investigation and based on a note from one of the other employees that witnessed the incident, ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. This is taken into consideration and as a preventive measure, employees will be mandated to perform regular maintenance checks on equipment and machinery, ………………………………….. Further details will be submitted if there’s additional information acquired regarding this incident. James Charleson, Reporting Staff Reading stages of matching headings Launch Abort System (LAS) The launch abort system is designed to protect astronauts if a problem arises during launch by pulling the spacecraft away from a failing rocket. It is a crew-safety system connected to a space capsule. It is used in the event of emergency to quickly separate the capsule from its launch vehicle in case of emergency requiring the abort of the launch, such as an impending explosion. Cover Letters Cover letters are meant to provide context for the resume and provide detailed examples of how your relevant experience has been utilized in similar situations. Cover letters are meant to go into depth about several key skills relevant to the position you are applying for. How to write a cover letter Writing (CV) Curriculum Vitae - Tips and Samples The basics The curriculum vitae, also known as a CV or vita, is a comprehensive statement of your educational background, teaching, and research experience. - The full CV is only used when applying for academic positions in four-year institutions. - Tailor your CV to the specific positions to which you are applying and place more relevant sections earlier in the document. - For a position at a teaching-focused liberal arts college, the CV will strongly emphasize teaching. - For a position at a research-intensive university, the CV will emphasize research. - Format can vary by field, so also seek disciplinary-specific advice from advisers, professors, and others within your field. Sections to include in writing (CV) Curriculum Vitae The Basic Sections Heading: Name, email address, mailing address (only one), and phone number Education: List academic degrees, in progress or most recently earned first. - Name of institution, city and state, degree type and major, month and year degree was (will be) awarded. - Thesis title and advisor, if applicable Relevant Experience: List positions that show off your skills and expertise. You can group experiences into relevant categories to enhance your CV (e.g. Research, Teaching, and Administration). For each position, include: - Title, organization name, city and state, dates position was held. - Key points that summarize your activities/duties, and successes. Publications: Give bibliographic citations for articles, chapters in books, research reports, or any other publications that you have authored or co- authored. Presentations (Oral and Poster): Give titles of professional presentations, name of conference or event, dates and location, and, if appropriate in your discipline, also include a brief description. Use the format appropriate to your particular academic discipline for a consistent and clean look. Honors and Awards: Receipt of competitive scholarships, fellowships, and assistantships; names of scholastic honors; teaching or research awards. References: Three to five are appropriate. If you are responding to an advertisement that asks for references, include those requested on a separate sheet. Optional Sections Qualifications or Skills: A summary of particular strengths or skills which you want to highlight. Occasionally, it may be appropriate to list special computing or language skills. Grants Received: Include name of grant, name of granting agency, date received, and title or purpose of research project. Institutional Service: List institutional committees you have served on, including offices held, student groups you have supervised, or academic projects you have assisted with. Certifications: List all relevant certifications and the year received. Professional Associations: Memberships in national, regional, state, and local professional organizations. Also, list significant appointments to positions or committees in these associations. Current Research: Description of research projects recently conducted or in progress. Include the type of research and a brief description of the purpose. Community Involvement: Relevant volunteer work, community service organizations, etc. Educational Travel: Names of countries, dates, purpose. What is the Blog? A blog is one of the greatest opportunities to connect with your audience and you can see visitors for years to come. Blogs have been a primary of the web since the late 1990s. In the early years, many blogs were the digital equivalent of personal journals, sharing opinions and links to topics individuals were passionate about. Later, businesses got in on the format, using blogs to express brand identity and values, share practical information, and engage with customers. Whether personal or professional, the blog has become an effective digital space for sharing news, valuable content, and fun goings on. What’s the purpose of a blog? A blog is one of the greatest opportunities to connect with your audience. A good business blog is full of personality and a passion for delivering quality customer experiences. Many businesses recognize the power of merging news and views with a lifestyle blog that builds community. A good business blog paints a picture, showing customers a vision of who they are and why they’re here. What elements go into great blog design? 1- Homepage. The blog homepage is like the front page of a newspaper. It should capture attention and invite easy access to blog stories. 2- About page. The about page is where the essential who, what, where, when, and why questions are answered, and where you can introduce the blog’s personality. 3- Headers. Headers add structural honesty to the blog design by using bold fonts and sizes to convey hierarchy. 4- Logo. A professional logo gives brand stability to the blog. What elements go into great blog design? (Continued) 5- Navigation bar. The nav bar—usually placed across the top of the blog—offers menus and categories for navigating the site. 6- Negative space. Negative space (also known as white space) is the use of generous margins and space around text blocks and visual design elements that let the layout breathe and shine. 7- Thumbnails. Thumbnails are visual elements that accompany blog post headlines. They add a visual cue to what would be an otherwise text-heavy table of contents. 8- Related posts. These links to other, similar blog posts get added to the end of blog pages, offering visitors the opportunity to explore and spend more time engaging with the site. Reading stages of short-answer questions What is a system? A system is a collection of parts that interact with each other. Some systems are natural. A forest is an example of a natural system. Some systems are designed by people. A computer is an example of a designed system. System description methods view the system from different perspectives. In general, there are three main perspectives, focusing on the people, processes and information within the system. All designed systems have four characteristics: 1- Purpose is the reason the system is created. The purpose of a system is what it is supposed to do. What do you think is the purpose of a computer system? 2- Input/Output is what goes into a system, and what comes out. What goes into a computer system? What comes out? 3- A process is a way that the system operates in order to accomplish its purpose. For example, a computer has a process that causes the letters that you type on a keyboard to show up on the display. What are some other processes in a computer? 4- Controls allow people to turn the system on and off, and to cause it to carry out certain processes. How do you control a computer? Expressing Opinions (Agreement & Disagreement). 1. The following phrases are used to show agreement. Absolutely There are many reasons for … You are right There is no doubt about it that … I could not agree more I simply must agree with that. I agree. I am of the same opinion. So do I. I am of the same opinion as … Me too. I completely/absolutely agree with … You’re right. Good idea. That’s right. I think that’s a good idea. 2. The following phrases are used to express disagreement. But… There is more to it than that. I am afraid… The problem is that … I can’t go along with that view. I (very much) doubt whether … I’m not sure. This is in complete contradiction to … I disagree. What is even worse, … I don’t think so. I am of a different opinion because … (No.) That’s not right. I cannot share this / that / the view. Yes, but... I cannot agree with this idea. (I’m sorry, but) I don’t agree. What I object to is … Check ten new words from word parts to be added in your dictionary White paper is one of the most common types of activity reports and activity reports share one goal – to objectively inform readers about: 1- what happened? 2- what is happening? 3- what will happen in the near future? Writing activity reports (Basic Pattern for an Activity Report) What is agenda writing? Agenda writing is the process of creating a detailed plan or outline for a meeting. It involves identifying the discussion topics, determining their order, and assigning time limits for each item on the agenda. When writing an agenda for a meeting, your priority should always be to create a framework for productive discussion and decision-making. This can help you: - Create a structure and direction for the meeting. - Ensure the focus on the key topics and prevent unnecessary delays. - Give prior clarity to the meeting participants about the topics covered and set their expectations straight. - Define responsibilities and allow participants to come to the meeting prepared. How to write an agenda? You can follow different formats while writing an agenda for a meeting tables or outlines. However, every meeting agenda must include the following: The main theme or objective The information on participants Time and venue of the meeting The topics to be discussed Time allotted for each topic The goals of the meeting Supporting documents—minutes of previous meetings, if any, reports, etc The steps you must follow while writing an agenda for a meeting. Step 1: Set up the document First and foremost, set up a document for writing the agenda. The header of the document should include: ❑ Meeting title (type of meeting) ❑ Date ❑ Venue ❑ Meeting host/lead ❑ Participants ❑ Goals Step 2: Define the purpose of the meeting Once the framework is ready, establish the meeting type and clearly define the purpose of the meeting. Step 3: Organize the topics The next step for agenda writing is to list the meeting topics one by one. Also, estimate how much time each topic will take. Step 4: Include the list of necessary documents If any documents or reports need to be referred to before the meeting, include them with the agenda. Also, add the documents you expect other participants to bring project updates, daily reports, etc. Step 5: Review, revise, and share Now that the agenda-writing process is almost complete, review the document once. You may also circle this around your colleagues or other participants and take their input. This helps identify missed topics, if you need to extend the time for any topic, etc. Check new words from word parts to be added in your dictionary. Questions of all Formative Assessment 1- Read the following paragraph and answer the question: - The heavy damage caused by the recent spell of rain has made the experts in highways put forward a strong case for the laying of Cement Concrete (CC) roads. They say that the advantages of CC roads far outstrip those of bituminous roads in cost, longevity, maintenance and riding comfort. It is not easy to cut them open to lay electricity or telephone cables. During day-time, visibility is better on bituminous roads; on the other hand, on CC roads visibility is better at night. Joints pose a problem on CC roads and research is being done on how to avoid joints in them. - From the previous paragraph, the topic sentence is …………… (a) They say that the advantages of CC roads far outstrip those of bituminous roads in cost, longevity, maintenance, and riding comfort. (b) It is not easy to cut them open to lay electricity or telephone cables. (c) The heavy damage caused by the recent spell of rain has made the experts in highways put forward a strong case for the laying of Cement Concrete (CC) roads. (d) Joints pose a problem on CC roads and research is being done on how to avoid joints in them. 2- Choose the correct answer:- - On writing the incident report, the part which you lay out all of the incident’s details in a comprehensive manner and talk about the incident from start to finish, ensuring details are laid out in chronological order to avoid confusion refers to “....................................” (a) Introduction (b) Conclusion (c) Sign off (d) Body 3 -....................... is the physical and environmental conditions that may have contributed to the incident. (a) General information (b) Setting or environment (c) Administered treatment (d) Affected people 4- Margaret needs to learn the truth, or she will always have the wrong idea. This type of sentences is called ……………... (a) compound- complex sentence (b) complex sentence (c) simple sentence (d) compound sentence 5- One of the four steps in the writing process which includes crossing out unnecessary sentences, adding missing subjects and verbs, or moving sentences is called "…………….." (a) prewrite to get ideas (b) write the first draft (c) edit the first draft (d) write the final copy 6- It is useful to make inferences, which are conclusions from the information in a sentence. This type of sentence is called...................... (a) complex sentence (b) compound sentence (c) simple sentence (d) compound-complex sentence 7- One of the four steps in the writing process is checking and revising your own paragraphs. This step is called.......................... (a) write the first draft (b) edit the first draft (c) write the final copy (d) prewrite to get ideas 8- According to the following Extract, the last event in LAS system is ……… 9- According to the future of plastics in aerospace engineering, one aircraft manufacturer has already designed a fuselage containing more than 50% carbon fiber (a plastic composite). From the previous context, this information deals with one of the following time frames: - (a) the future (b) a specified time in the past (c) an unspecified time in the past (d) the present 10- …………………… are designed to protect astronauts if a problem arises during launch by pulling the spacecraft away from a failing rocket. (a) Launch Abort Systems (b) Lane Keeping Assist Systems (c) both a & b (d) none of them 11- Writing what skills you will bring to the organization is one of the tips of writing a cover letter that is related to ……………….. a- opening paragraph b- middle paragraph c- closing paragraph 12- While writing your CV, the best order of the basic sections is putting................. a- heading, relevant experience, education, presentations, and references b- heading, education, relevant experience, presentations, and references c- education, relevant experience, heading, references, and presentations 13-Which of the following can be matched to ask about professional experience? a- Where are you from? b- Where did you work before you worked here? c- Have you travelled or studied abroad? 14- Which one of the following is related to the advice before the job interviews? a- act as if you're not really interested in the job b- show your knowledge about the company c- prepare a list of questions you would like to ask the interviewer d- be positive and honest about yourself 15- …………….. view the system from different perspectives. In general, there are three main perspectives, focusing on the people, processes and information within the system. a- System description methods b- System applying methods c- System evaluating methods 16- A/An …………. is a way that the system operates in order to accomplish its purpose. a- purpose b- input c- process 17- “There is no doubt about it that …” is one of the phrases that can be used to show ……………. a- disagreement b- agreement c- diagnosing 18- The usual meaning of the word part “lubr” is ………….. a- without b- oil c- measuring 19- The................ is one of the most common types of activity reports and activity reports share one goal – to objectively inform readers about: what happened?, what is happening?, and what will happen in the near future? A) Incident Report B) White Paper C) Discussion 20- “I’m certain we can work this out.” is one of the phrases that can be used in showing ……………. A) surprise B) support C) interest 21- ………… is the process of creating a detailed plan or outline for a meeting. A) Agenda writing B) Memo C) Business report 22- Which of the following is considered as a step while writing an agenda for a meeting? A) Setting up the document B) Organizing the topics C) All of them 23- The usual meaning of the word part “hemi” is ………….. A) earth B) half C) water Questions & Answers of Midterm 1 & Quiz With my best wishes for success

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