The 090 Workbook: Additional Skills for Student Success FALL 2024 PDF

The 090 Workbook: Additional Skills for Student Success Created by Nancy Schoenfeld for Kuwait University ELU-Science FALL 2024 SCHOENFELD 1 Contents Reading skills…………………………………………………………………………3 Understanding the main idea…………………………………………...

The 090 Workbook: Additional Skills for Student Success Created by Nancy Schoenfeld for Kuwait University ELU-Science FALL 2024 SCHOENFELD 1 Contents Reading skills…………………………………………………………………………3 Understanding the main idea…………………………………………………….…4 More main idea practice…………………………………………………………....7 Guessing the meaning of unknown words using context…………………………..9 Pronoun referents.………………………………………..……………………….12 Examples……………………………………………………………………….…15 Making inferences……………………………………………………...…………17 Sentence structure……………………………………………………………….….18 Parts of speech…………………………………………………………………….19 Sentence patterns in English..………………………………………………...…..25 Complete and incomplete sentences………………………………………………27 Grammar………………………………………………………………………..…...29 The conjunction because……………………………………………………….…30 The simple present tense……………………………………………………….…33 Simple present tense—Advanced…………………………………………………38 Categories of non-count nouns…………………………………………………....40 Quantifiers—Parts 1 & 2………………………………………………………….41 Comparative adjectives…………………………………………………………...44 Superlative adjectives………………………………………….………………….47 The simple past tense………………………………………………………….….50 Pronouncing simple past verb endings……………………………………………53 Subject & object pronouns defined……………………………………...………..56 Subject & object pronouns……………………………………………………..…59 Conjunctions………………………………………………………………….……62 Infinitives & gerunds……………………………………………………...……….65 Writing………………………………………………………………………………67 Descriptive paragraphs…………………………………..………………………..68 Narrative paragraphs………………………………………………...……………72 Notes…………………………………………………………………………………74 SCHOENFELD 2 Reading Skills SCHOENFELD 3 Reading skill—Understanding the main idea The main idea of a paragraph is what the paragraph is about. A paragraph is a group of sentences that are about one topic. A paragraph is made from a lot of details put together. A detail is a small piece of information. detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail detail There are four types of answers in main idea questions, but only one is correct: the main idea → this is the correct answer a detail information that is not true (according to the reading) information that is not given → that means that it isn’t talked about in the paragraph Main idea practice Directions: Circle the correct main idea. Label the other choices as detail, not true, or not given. Jerboas look like tiny kangaroos. Their back feet are long, but their front legs are short. They live in the desert where they stay in holes during the day and hunt at night. Jerboas don’t drink water but get it from the food they eat. They are the size of rats, but they can jump faster than a person can run. a. Jerboas are unusual animals. b. Jerboas are a type of kangaroo. c. Jerboas can jump faster than people can run. SCHOENFELD 4  Okapis have black and white striped legs like zebras. These stripes help baby okapis follow their parents through the forest. An okapi’s neck is long, and it has a head that looks like a giraffe’s. Okapis are as tall as zebras but have long blue tongues like giraffes. Their tongues are so long that they can clean their own ears. a. Okapis clean their ears every day. b. An okapi has black and white striped legs like a zebra. c. An okapi looks both like a zebra and a giraffe. Honeybees travel up to 6 km to find nectar to make honey. When a bee finds nectar, it does a special dance to tell the other bees where the nectar is. Other worker bees then go to where the nectar is. A hive of thousands of bees can travel 100,000 km and visit 2,000,000 plants to make 2 kg of honey. a. Honeybees like to dance. b. Honeybees are hard workers. c. Honey is made from nectar. Kiwi fruit was called Chinese gooseberry when it was first sold in the United States. People didn’t want to buy the brown and fuzzy fruit that was green on the inside. Also, they didn’t like the name of the fruit. A fruit-seller noticed that the fruit looked like a fat little bird called the kiwi. The fruit was given a new name, and now it is very popular. a. The kiwi fruit is popular in New Zealand. b. A Chinese gooseberry is another name for kiwi fruit. c. The kiwi fruit got its name in an unusual way. SCHOENFELD 5  In July 1996, Suburu Takahshi left Japan in a 10-meter-long sailboat. He hoped to become the youngest person to sail across the Pacific Ocean. But in August, the engine stopped working and he didn’t have any lights. Then there was a terrible storm, and his radio broke, so he couldn’t call for help. But Takahashi didn’t give up. Fifty-four days later, the 14 year old sailed into San Francisco Bay ending his 9,000 km journey. a. Suburu Takahshi flew across the Pacific Ocean. b. Suburu Takahshi’s sailboat was 10 meters long. c. Subaru Takahashi did something dangerous. The above is a true story! Click on https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-15-mn-44085- story.html for more information! Source: All practice exercises are adapted from an unidentified source. SCHOENFELD 6 More main idea practice Directions: Circle the main idea and label the other choices as detail, not true, or not given. On Sunday, Zainab failed her physics quiz. She was going to study on Saturday, but she forgot. On Saturday, she went to the mall with her friends. Then she took a nap. After eating dinner, Zainab watched a new series on Netflix until she went to bed. When she got to class, she remembered the quiz. Now she was afraid to tell her parents about her marks. a. Netflix has good series. b. Zainab bought a lot of clothes. c. Zainab failed her exam because she wasted time. d. Zainab’s quiz was on Monday. English is a difficult language to learn. The reason is that so many English words come from other languages. For example, the English word for “algebra” comes from the Arabic word “gebra.” There are about 1 million words in English. However, 80% of those words are from other languages. These words don’t follow the rules for English, and that makes English hard to learn. a. English has around 1 million words. b. Chinese is the most difficult language to learn. c. English is hard to learn because of words from other languages. d. 20% of English words are from other languages. SCHOENFELD 7  In 2006, two dolphins in China became very sick because they swallowed plastic. Doctors tried to remove the plastic but couldn’t reach the plastic in their stomachs. A man named Bao was called to help. Bao is the world’s tallest man. He reached into the dolphins’ stomachs and removed the plastic. The dolphins are healthy now, and Bao was very happy to help. a. Bao is the world’s tallest man. b. Dolphins can talk. c. The dolphins became sick in 2008. d. The world’s tallest man helped some dolphins. The above is a true story! Click on http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/192363.htm for the story and pictures! Source: All practice exercises are adapted from an unidentified source. SCHOENFELD 8 Guessing the meaning of unknown words using context When you don’t know the meaning of a word, a good skill to know is how to guess the meaning of the word by using the context. The context are the words before and after the unknown word. Example 1 ??unknown word?? That movie was lousy. It was a waste of money. context What does “lousy” mean? a. very good b. very bad c. okay Example 2 ???unknown word??? Ahmed smokes cigarettes incessantly. He probably smokes 3 packs a day. context What does “incessantly” mean? a. sometimes b. regularly c. all the time Example 3 ???unknown word??? That bookstore is selling second-hand books. They are cheaper than new books. context What does “second-hand” mean? a. electronic b. very old c. used SCHOENFELD 9 Practice Directions: Read the following sentences. Circle the correct meaning of the words in bold. 1. Students must be prompt. They must not be late. a. angry b. on time c. tired 2. My little brother is obsessed with video games. He plays them all the time. a. always thinking about something b. never thinking about something 3. During the summer in Kuwait, the sun is very glaring. It hurts the eyes. a. weak b. strong c. angry 4. If you eat fast food every day, you will become flabby. a. fat b. broken c. happy 5. A long time ago, coffee beans were very dear. They cost a lot of money. a. valuable b. cheap c. popular 6. We met my grandmother at the airport when she returned from Paris. We embraced her. a. avoided b. said “Salaam” c. hugged and kissed 7. When the football player got a red card, he was kicked off the field. a. told to sit b. told to leave c. allowed to stay 8. When the thugs robbed the bank, they killed two people and hurt five others. a. violent people b. guns c. children 9. After it rained, the grass was moist. a. hot b. dry c. wet SCHOENFELD 10 10. Don’t buy toys at the Friday Souq. They are usually flimsy. a. expensive b. easily broken c. high quality 11. While Abdullah was running, his face was flushed. a. white b. red c. brown SCHOENFELD 11 Pronoun referents Pronouns are words we use instead of nouns once a noun has been mentioned. Subject and object pronouns have already been discussed: Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, & they Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us & them The noun that the pronoun refers to is called the pronoun referent. For example, The students wanted to go home. They were tired. Cancer is a bad disease. Many people die from it every year. I bought these roses for my friend. I will give them to her tonight. Demonstratives are another type of pronoun: this that these those Demonstratives can also be used when the pronoun referent is an idea or action. For example, My father wants to give my brother a car. This will be for his birthday. Practice Directions: Draw an arrow connecting the pronoun with its referent. 1. I don’t like bad headaches. They make me cry. 2. My sister and I will go to Dubai for New Year’s holiday. We will have fun there. 3. I gave my dog a bath. She was very dirty. SCHOENFELD 12 4. The teacher gave her students a day off. She wanted them to relax after the midterm exam. 5. The iPhone 15 is available. I want it. 6. Not stopping for stop signs is dangerous. This can be deadly. 7. We use too much plastic. This is bad for the environment. 8. Your friend is late. You should call him. More practice Directions: Read the paragraph. Connect the pronouns with their referents. Apple Apple was started by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. They began the company in 1977 in Cupertino, California. It makes smartphones, tablets, and computers. These are used by a lot of people around the world. Apple wasn’t very successful at first. It made computers, but only a few people bought them. Steve Jobs was even kicked out of his own company in 1985. He started another company after leaving Apple. It was called NeXT. Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1996 when Apple bought it. Apple launched its first successful computer in 1999. It was the original iMac. It became very popular because of its simple design. It also came in many colors. People liked this. They were named after fruits, such as blueberry, grape, tangerine, lime, and strawberry. Before this time, computers were only white or black. After the SCHOENFELD 13 launch of the iMac, computers became fun. Apple sold 1 million iMacs the first year they were available. Today, Apple is one of the top four technology companies. These include Amazon, Google, and Facebook. It is likely to have around $60 billion in profits in 2019. An original tangerine-colored iMac. SCHOENFELD 14 090 Reading skill—Examples Examples are used in English to help the reader understand general statements. Examples are details and not main ideas. Practice Directions: List the examples in the following sentences. 1. I like to eat fruit. I like bananas, figs, and peaches. General statement: _________________ Examples: _______________ ______________ _______________ 2. My friend has travelled to many countries. She has been to Scotland, Japan, and Austria. General statement: _______________ Examples: _______________ ______________ _______________ 3. The cafeteria sells a lot of food. There is shawarma, sandwiches, and salads. General statement: _______________ Examples: _______________ ______________ _______________ Sometimes phrases like “for example” or “such as” are used with examples. 4. Abu Dhabi has a lot of places for tourists. For example, there is Ferrari World, Sheikh Zayed Mosque, and Yas Island. General statement: _______________ Examples: _______________ ______________ _______________ 5. Kuwait University has many colleges, such as Arts, Engineering, and Science. General statement: _______________ Examples: _______________ ______________ _______________ SCHOENFELD 15 Practice Directions: Write examples for the following topics. 1. vegetables: ___________________________________________________________ 2. university classes: ___________________________________________________________ 4. beverages: ___________________________________________________________ 5. mobile phone brands: ___________________________________________________________ Practice Directions: Find the examples in the following paragraph. Underline the general statement and circle the examples. Caribou Coffee Caribou Coffee is a famous place to buy coffee beverages and everything related to coffee. First, it has a lot of different kinds of drinks. There are lattes, espressos, cappuccinos, and iced coffee. Second, Caribou Coffee has coffee beans from all over the world. Their beans come from Africa, Indonesia, and South America. Finally, they have gifts that you can give to your coffee-loving friends, such as mugs, coffee presses, and gift certificates. As you can see, Caribou Coffee has something for everyone. SCHOENFELD 16 Making inferences When you are asked to infer, you need to guess based on what you see or read + information you know Directions: Read the following and infer the answers. 1) Ali is giving money to all his nieces and nephews. a) What holiday is it? b) How old is Ali? 2) Sarah and her classmates wore special hats and clothes the same color. People took a lot of pictures and some students were crying? a) What event is Sarah at? b) Why are some girls crying? c) Who else is there? 3) Ahmed is driving his father’s car. He sees there are police ahead checking IDs. Ahmed is very scared. a) Why is Ahmed afraid? b) How old is Ahmed? 4) Ameen, his father, and brothers are dressed in dishdashas and gutras. They are very sad. They are driving together to Sulaibikat. a) Why are they going to Sulaibikat? b) How many days will they stay home from school or work? 5) Usually, at 3pm, there isn’t any traffic. Today, there are many cars stopped on the road. People are tooting their horns and everyone is angry. a) Why is there so much traffic? b) Who could be nearby? SCHOENFELD 17 Sentence Structure SCHOENFELD 18 Parts of Speech In any language, words fit into categories called parts of speech depending on their context. This handout gives information on the following parts of speech, so you can identify them. nouns adjectives pronouns articles verbs adverbs prepositional phrases conjunctions Nouns Nouns are words that are people, places, things, or ideas/emotions. people: Marwa, Majid, my parents, the students places: Kuwait, the living room, Salwa, Note: Proper nouns must be capitalized. things: car, desk, computer, cats, iPhones ideas/emotions: love, hate, happiness, anger They can function as subjects or objects in sentences. They can also be objects in prepositional phrases. (More on these topics later.) Practice Directions: Find the nouns in the following sentences. 1. We gave Ahmed a gift. 2. The stores were closed. 3. Our house had a fire. 4. There was a car accident on 6th Ring Road. 5. Pinkberry doesn’t sell ice cream. SCHOENFELD 19 Adjectives Adjectives give more information about nouns. Adjectives can come before the nouns they are describing or after them when there is a be verb (i.e., am, is, are). They have a red house. Their house is red. Practice Directions: Find the adjectives in the following sentences. 1. Zebras are black and white. 2. The old car stopped working. 3. The Avenues is busy on the weekend. 4. The skillful dentist fixed the broken tooth. 5. Lamborghinis are fast. Verbs Action verbs are words that describe actions that subjects do, did, or will do. a) Jassem parks his car on North Campus. b) Jassem parked his car on North Campus. c) Jassem will park his car on North Campus. Non-action verbs describe states. a) Her room is purple. b) This coffee tastes good. c) She seems tired. Practice Directions: Find the verbs in the following sentences. 1. My grandfather takes medicine every day. 2. The prices at that store are too high. 3. Your sister has a beautiful voice. 4. Mom makes machboos every Thursday. 5. That pizza smells delicious. SCHOENFELD 20 Adverbs Adverbs give more information about verbs. They answer the questions “How?” “When?” or “Where?” depending on their context. My mom drives slowly. (How does she drive?) I will go home later. (When will I go home?) His room is upstairs. (Where is his room?) Practice Directions: Find the adverbs in the following sentences. What question does each answer? 1. She was sick yesterday. (__________?) 2. Majid read the email carefully. (__________?) 3. We left our shoes outside. (__________?) 4. He never eats sushi. (__________?) 5. Your presentations are soon. (__________?) 6. The students wrote their paragraphs slowly. (__________?) 7. My friends live nearby. (__________?) Pronouns Pronouns replace nouns after than are mentioned. The noun a pronoun refers to is called the referent. My parents want a new car. They are at AlGhanim now. There was an accident on 6th Ring Road. It was terrible. Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them SCHOENFELD 21 Practice Directions: Look at the pronoun in bold. Draw an arrow pointing to its referent. 1. The carpet is dirty. We need to clean it. 2. My sister has two cats. They are Mocha and Sushi. 3. Ahmed goes to the gym every day. It is near his home. 4. We gave our dad a pen for his birthday. He uses it every day. 5. My brothers ordered many hamburgers. They ate them hungrily. Prepositional phrases Prepositions are usually small words that tell us time or location but also other things. Here are a few examples: of in to for with on at from by into after over between around under before Prepositional phrases are groups of 2 to 5 words that tell us time, location, and other information. They are made up of small words called prepositions + a noun, which is called the object of the preposition. Here are a few examples: Time: Location: in the morning near Jabriya after class by the door at night on the table Note: the prepositions are in bold and the objects of the prepositions are underlined. SCHOENFELD 22 Practice Directions: Put brackets ( ) around the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. 1. I usually eat lunch between my classes. 2. My pen fell under the desk. 3. The Sheikh Jaber Causeway goes over the Bay of Kuwait. 4. Fay will go to the mall with her sisters. 5. He drives from Jahra to Sheddadiya every day. Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that join two or more ideas together. They can join words or sentences. These are the conjunctions that you will learn about in 090: and but or so because Mona loves Kuwaiti and Italian food. Our family has two cats but no dogs. Do we use a pen or a pencil? Ahmed didn’t have cash, so he used his credit card. I paid full price because the sale ended yesterday. Practice Directions: Underline the conjunction in each sentence. 1. Does he have an iPhone 14 or 15? 2. Because the shoes were too small, I asked for another size. 3. They want to make a cake, but there isn’t any flour. 4. Today is my grandmother’s birthday, so we will visit her. 5. My brother loves peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. SCHOENFELD 23 Articles Articles are small words that are usually seen before nouns. There are 4 articles in English: a an the ∅ Practice Directions: Circle a, an, and the in the following sentences. I bought a lamp at IKEA. The lamp is made of metal and glass. It has an extraordinary design. SCHOENFELD 24 Sentence Patterns in English In English, the usual pattern for sentences is Subject-Verb-Object or SVO Here are some examples: Subject-Verb-Object Objects are nouns or pronouns that receive the I played tennis. action. He wants a new car. (Subjects are nouns or pronouns that do the action.) They like the Avengers. Practice Directions: Identify the subjects, verbs, and objects in the following sentences. 1. Germans drink a lot of beer. 2. Japanese people eat sushi. 3. Shahad put on some makeup. 4. Ibrahim called his brother. 5. They did their homework. Another pattern in English is Subject-Verb-Complement or SVC A complement is a noun or an adjective that comes after a linking verb. The complement gives more information about the subject. Here are some examples: Subject-Verb-Complement The walls are white. Common linking verbs His car is a Camry. Usually, they are non-action verbs, such as…. This apple tastes sweet. to be, to taste, to seem, to appear, to sound, to smell, to feel, etc. SCHOENFELD 25 Practice Directions: Identify the subjects, verbs, and complements in the following sentences. 1. My grandma was 99 years old. 2. This room feels cold. 3. She seems tired. 4. Her favorite flowers are roses. More practice with Subject-Verb-Object and Subject-Verb-Complement sentences Directions: Identify the subjects, verbs, objects, and complements in the following sentences. 1. Hamad plays the drums. 2. The students are noisy. 3. The water is too hot. 4. They speak Arabic. 5. Marwa had a good day. 6. All of my money is spent. 7. My sister had a baby girl. 8. They are Omanis. 9. Hamad had an accident. 10. My favorite store is IKEA. SCHOENFELD 26 Complete vs. incomplete sentences A complete sentence has 3 parts: a subject a verb a complete idea Here are examples of complete sentences: 1. My neighborhood is a nice place to live. 2. We go to the cinema on Saturdays. 3. Anwar is my best friend. Here are some examples of incomplete sentences: 1. Play tennis in the afternoon. Note: Another name for incomplete sentences are 2. She her makeup at Sephora. “fragments” or “sentence fragments.” 3. Pull and Bear sells. Complete or incomplete sentences Directions: Read the following statements. Label the subjects and the verbs. Write “C” for “complete” and “I” for “incomplete.” If a statement is incomplete, what is missing? _____ 1. Frozen yogurt is made of. _____ 2. The classrooms very cold at KU. _____ 3. My community is very friendly. _____ 4. We want. _____ 5. There aren’t any more holidays this term. _____ 6. The midterm is. _____ 7. Because I feel sick. _____ 8. I chat with between classes. _____ 9. We don’t have cats because. _____ 10. This mobile phone. SCHOENFELD 27 Rewriting incomplete sentences Directions: Look at the following incomplete sentences and rewrite them so that they are complete. 1. Frozen yogurt is made of. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. The classrooms very cold at KU. __________________________________________________________________ 3. We want. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. The midterm is. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Because I feel sick. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. I chat with between classes. __________________________________________________________________ 7. We don’t have cats because. _____________________________________________________________________ 8. This mobile phone. _____________________________________________________________________ SCHOENFELD 28 Grammar SCHOENFELD 29 The conjunction because The conjunction because is used when describing reasons. There are two parts to a sentence with because: the reason and the result. When because starts the sentence, it is followed by the reason and then the result. A comma separates the reason and the result. because reason , result. Because I had a headache, I stayed home. Because my phone broke, I had a bad day. When the result begins the sentence, it is followed by because and then the reason. There is no comma. result because reason. It can be helpful to think of a I stayed home because I had a headache. “reason” as a “cause” or the event that happened first. I had a bad day because my phone broke. Likewise, a “result” can be thought of an “effect” or the event that happened second. A PRACTICE Decide which sentence is correct. 1 a. Because Ahmed’s car stopped, he forgot to buy petrol. b. Ahmed’s car stopped because he forgot to buy petrol. 2 a. Everyone was happy because Amal came home from the hospital. b. Because everyone was happy, Amal came home from the hospital. 3 a. Because Badriya likes books better than movies, she doesn’t go to the cinema. b. Because Badriya doesn’t go to the cinema, she likes books better than movies. SCHOENFELD 30 4 a. Because we only have four days of school, there is a holiday next week. b. Because there is a holiday next week, we only have four days of school. 5 a. Milk hurts Mina’s stomach, because she doesn’t drink it. b. Mina doesn’t drink milk because it hurts her stomach. B PRACTICE Watch the video about a disaster that happened near Mt. Everest in 2015. Match the correct reasons with the results. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFvThMDwIZc An avalanche. results reasons ___ 1. An avalanche happened on Mt. Everest. a. Governments believed climbing was too dangerous. ___ 2. Twenty-two climbers died. b. The woman was too scared move. ___ 3. The woman stayed in the tea house. c. Heavy snow and ice buried the climbers. ___ 4. No one climbed Mt. Everest in 2015. d. There was a strong earthquake in Nepal. Now write correct sentences using because in the two ways possible. 1. _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ SCHOENFELD 31 2. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ SCHOENFELD 32 The simple present tense The simple present tense is used in the following situations: A Facts = things that are true Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Fridays are public holidays in Kuwait. One year is 365 ¼ days. B Habits = things that are done every day Muslims pray five times a day. Bakhita brushes her teeth every morning, noon and night. Everyday Asmaa plays Call of Duty. C Usual activities = things that are done regularly Anwar usually goes to the supermarket every Monday. She always works out on Thursdays. Muslims fast every Ramadan. She goes to the dentist twice a year. Muslims never eat pork. Adverbs of frequency are often used to show that something is done regularly. Adverbs of frequency: always, usually, sometimes, never, rarely, often, every Simple Present tense—Regular verbs Statements (positive +)__________________Statements (negative -) I / You / We / They read a book a week. …..don’t read a book a week. He / She / It reads a book a week. …..doesn’t read a book a week. SCHOENFELD 33 Practice Directions: Underline the subjects. Then fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple present. 1. We __________ (like) cats, but our parents _______________ (not like) them. 2. Marwa __________ (drive) to Kuwait University every morning. 3. Abdullah _______________ (not play) football. He __________ (play) basketball. 4. Muslims _______________ (not drink) alcohol. 5. Many people from India __________ (eat) mostly vegetables. 6. I __________ (want) to sleep all day on Thursday. 7. She __________ (know) the answer. Simple Present tense—Irregular verbs to be be (positive +) be (negative -) I / You / We / They are on time. …..aren’t on time. He / She / It is on time. …..isn’t on time. to do do (positive +) do (negative -) I / You / We / They do the dishes every day. …..don’t do the dishes every day. He / She / It does the dishes every day. …..doesn’t do the dishes every day. SCHOENFELD 34 to have have (positive +) have (negative -) I / You / We / They have a bad headache. …..don’t have a bad headache. He / She / It has a bad headache. …..doesn’t have a bad headache. Practice Directions: Find the subjects. Then fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple present. 1. Adaliya ____________________ (have) McDonald’s and Burger King. 2. X-Cite stores ____________________ (be) everywhere in Kuwait. 3. Bassam ____________________ (not do) his homework every day. 4. My neighbor ____________________ (do) a lot of exercise in the evening. 5. Some students still ____________________ (not have) their textbooks. 6. Jassem and Ahmed ____________________ (have) four sisters. 7. Students____________________ (not be) happy when they get low scores. 8. I ____________________ (not have) a dog. 9. The soldiers ____________________ (do) drills every day. 10. My mom ____________________ (be) a great cook. SCHOENFELD 35 Simple present endings—Spelling rules Note: These rules a) For most verbs add “-s” apply only when the subjects are… I play → he plays I eat → she eats I walk → it walks he she b) For verbs that end in a consonant + y, remove the “y” and add it “-ies” everyone I study → she studies I hurry → he hurries everything someone c) For verbs that end in –o, -ch, -tch, -sh, -ss, -x, or –z, add –es something I go → he goes I catch → she catches I mix → it mixes name of a person Practice name of a place Directions: Add the correct ending to the following verbs. vowels 1. open → __________ 2. kiss → __________ 3. learn → __________ 4. stay → __________ 5. fly → __________ consonants 6. watch → __________ “everything else” 7. lie → __________ 8. miss → __________ 9. work → __________ 10. do → __________ 11. write → __________ 12. marry → __________ 14. pass → __________ 13. sing → __________ 15. wash → _________ SCHOENFELD 36 Simple present practice Directions: Find the subject. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple present. 1. It rarely __________________ (snow) in Kuwait. 2. Her family ______________ (own) two BMWs. 3. Kuwait ______________ (have) a lot of oil. 4. Most people _________________ (not eat) ten times a day. 5. Ahmed _________________ (go) to bed at 11pm every night. 6. The weather _________________ (become) cooler in December. 7. My little brother ________________ (attend) high school nearby. 8. The price of gold _______________ (not be) high. 9. About 4.3 million people ________________ (live) in Kuwait. 10. These flowers __________________ (not smell) nice. 11. Ms. Nancy usually _______________ (call) her parents once a week. 12. Everyone always _________________ (catch) the flu once a year. 13. My little brother _____________ (try) hard every day to do his best at school. 14. Many students _______________ (not pass) 090 each term. 15. This coffee _____________ (taste) bad. SCHOENFELD 37 Simple present tense—Advanced The phrases “there is” and “there are” as used in English to show that something exists. For example, There is a Subway on Shedadiya campus. There are a lot of shoppers at the Avenues. ** In sentences with “there is” or “there are,” the subject comes after the “be” verb. There is a Subway on Shedadiya campus. verb subject There are a lot of shoppers at the Avenues. verb subject Practice Directions: Underline the subject and verb in each sentence. 1. There are eight pieces in a large pizza. 2. There are two projectors in this room. 3. There is a reason for her absences. 4. There is a new BTS video online. SCHOENFELD 38 Practice Directions: Underline the subject. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple present verb. 1. There _______________ (not be) eight days in a week. 2. There _______________ (be) a car accident on 7th Ring Road. 3. There _______________ (be) six governorates in Kuwait. 4. There _______________ (not be) a Pizza Hut on campus. 5. There _______________ (be) many vending machines. 6. There _______________ (be) a lot of parking spaces here. 7. There _______________ (be) about 170 countries in the world. 8. There _______________ (be) a large computer in each classroom. 9. There _______________ (be) a problem with this cooker. 10. There _______________ (be) many students on Shedadiya campus. 11. There _______________ (be) a jamiyah in Abdullah Mubarak. 12. There _______________ (be) a bathroom nearby. 13. There _______________ (be) many private hospitals in Salmiya. 14. There _______________ (not be) any men in my physics class. SCHOENFELD 39 Categories of non-count nouns Fluids Items that come in small pieces Groups of similar objects Abstractions Materials Things that are packaged on rolls or in packs SCHOENFELD 40 Quantifiers—Part 1 (see Reflect LS pg. 8 & RW pg. 51) Quantifiers are small words that we use before nouns. They tell us the quantity of a noun. Quantifiers can be divided into different groups: Quantifiers for BOTH count and noncount nouns a lot of some Quantifiers for count nouns Quantifiers for noncount nouns only only many much (used in negative sentences) a few a little Remember that -s or -es can be added to count nouns to make them plural. Some nouns need to be changed to go from singular to plural: woman → women man → men child → children person → people Noncount nouns cannot be made plural. a lot of water not a lot of waters Practice Directions: Choose the correct quantifier. Note: the nouns are in bold. 1. There are __________ good places to eat in my neighborhood. a. a few b. a little 2. People don’t have _________ money in this neighborhood. a. many b. much 3. There are _________ insects in the kitchen. a. a few b. a little SCHOENFELD 41 4. I have __________ pictures to show you. a. a few b. a little 5. That ring has __________ silver in it. a. a few b. a little 6. There is __________ coffee in my cup. a. a few b. a little 7. Submarines don’t have ___________ air in them. a. many b. much 8. I need __________ paint for this wall. a. a few b. a little 9. She took ___________ time to get ready for the quiz. a. a few b. a little 10. The cut was small and only bled __________blood. a. a few b. a little 090 Quantifiers—Part 2 (& Reflect pg. 11 & 13) When asking questions, use any for both count and non-count nouns. Are there any books left at the KU Bookshop? Is there any paper in the printer? When saying there is none of something, use any for both count and non-count nouns. There aren’t any books left at the KU Bookshop. There isn’t any paper in the printer. SCHOENFELD 42 Practice Directions: Look at the picture and answer the questions. 1. Are there any police cars? There aren’t any police cars. 2. Is there any smoke? There is a little smoke. 3. Are there any animals? There _________________________________ 4. Are there any babies? There _________________________________ 5. Is there any traffic? There _________________________________ 6. Are there any bicycles? There _________________________________ 7. Are there any signs? There _________________________________ 8. Is there any nature? There _________________________________ SCHOENFELD 43 Comparatives When we want to compare two people, places, things, or ideas, we use comparative adjectives. Pizza Hut is more expensive than Domino’s. Friday’s food is spicier than Chili’s food. This nail polish is redder than that one. When writing comparatives, you need to pay attention to the Syllables are the “beats” number of syllables in the adjective being used and its in words. spelling. Most 1 syllable adjectives Add “er” or “r” cold → colder nice → nicer 1 syllable adjectives ending in 1 vowel and 1 consonant Double the consonant and add “er” hot → hotter big → bigger Most 2 syllable adjectives Add “more” before the adjective famous → more famous honest → more honest 1 and 2 syllable adjectives ending in “y” Change the “y” to “i” and add “er” happy → happier crazy → crazier Adjectives with 3 or more syllables Add “more” before the adjective expensive → more expensive intelligent → more intelligent Irregular adjectives good → better bad → worse SCHOENFELD 44 Practice Directions: Change the following adjectives into comparative adjectives. 1. careful → _________________ 2. ambitious → _______________ 3. bright → ________________ 4. lazy → _________________ 5. calm → ______________ 6. lucky → ____________ 7. dry → _____________ 8. wet → _____________ SCHOENFELD 45 Practice Directions: Look at the information in the chart and write six comparative sentences. # Category Adjectives Russia Kuwait 1 average dry 500 mm 112 mm precipitation (rain and/or snow) 2 size humongous 17,100,000 km2 17,800 km2 3 age young 862 AD 150 AD 4 # of residents populous 144,000,000 4,250,000 5 meters above sea elevated 600 m 108 m level 6 average chilly 19 degrees 27.5 degrees temperature Celsius Celsius 7 freedom free not a lot of a lot of freedom freedom 1st thing being is / are comparative adjective than 2nd thing being compared compared 1. Kuwait is drier than Russia. 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________ SCHOENFELD 46 090 Superlatives We use superlative adjectives when we want to compare 3 or more people, places, things, or ideas. We also use superlative adjectives when comparing 1 person, place, thing, or idea with the rest in the world or an area or a group. Antarctica is the coldest place (in the world) Indian food is the spiciest (in the world). This makeup is the most expensive in the store. When writing superlatives, you need to pay attention to the number of syllables in the adjective being used and its spelling. Most 1 syllable adjectives the + adj. + est cold → the coldest the nicest 1 syllable adjectives ending in 1 vowel and 1 consonant Double the consonant and add “est” hot → the hottest big → the biggest Most 2 syllable adjectives Add “the most” before the adjective famous → the most famous honest → the most honest 1 and 2 syllable adjectives ending in “y” Change the “y” to “i” and add “est” happy → the happiest crazy → the craziest Adjectives with 3 or more syllables Add “the most” before the adjective expensive → the most expensive intelligent → the most intelligent Irregular adjectives good → the best bad → the worst SCHOENFELD 47 Practice Directions: Change the following adjectives into comparative adjectives. 1. questionable → _________________ 2. tough → _______________ 3. giddy → ________________ 4. sweet→ _________________ 5. sordid → ______________ 6. noisy → ____________ Practice Directions: Fill in the blanks with the superlative adjective form of the adjective in brackets ( ). 1. The Pacific Ocean is ____________________ (deep). 2. Chrome is ____________________ (shiny) metal. 3. The sun is ____________________ (hot) place in our solar system. 4. Bader is ____________________ (negative) person in our family. 5. That movie is ____________________ (boring) one I’ve seen this year. SCHOENFELD 48 Practice Directions: Write superlative sentences with the information below. # Adjective the U.S. Japan Iceland 1 volcanic 161 volcanoes 122 volcanoes 130 volcanoes (having volcanoes) 2 mountainous 477 mountains 122 mountains 4,145 (having mountains) mountains 3 wealthy $ $ $ 28,000,000 (having a lot of 25,000,000,000,000 23,000,000,000,000 money) 4 old 248 years 2,600 years 84 years 5 small 9,800,000 km2 378,000 km2 103,000 km2 noun is / are the + superlative adjective 1. The U.S. is the most volcanic. 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________ SCHOENFELD 49 Simple past tense The simple past is used to talk about things that happened in the past: the past now the future regular verbs add –ed: walk → walked add –d: like → liked consonant + y: change the “y” to “i” and +ed: try → tried or 1-syllable words that ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant: double the consonant and +ed: tan → tanned irregular verbs (must be memorized): make → made eat → ate take → took find → found SCHOENFELD 50 negative forms to walk to be I __________ / ______________________ I __________ / ______________________ you __________ / _____________________ you __________ / _____________________ he __________ / _____________________ he __________ / _____________________ we ___________ / _____________________ we ___________ / _____________________ they __________ / ____________________ they __________ / ____________________ Practice Fill in the blanks with the simple past form of the verb. 1. They ____________________ (be) late for class yesterday. 2. Last year, she ____________________ (run) in a marathon. 3. Ms. Nancy ____________________ (not clean) her room last week. 4. The professors ____________________ (not be) happy with their students’ grades. 5. He ____________________ (be) the president fifty years ago. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the simple past form of the verb. Boo Twelve years ago I _______________ (come) to work and _______________ (park) my car in the teacher’s parking. In the space next to me _______________ (be) another professor. The hood of his car was up. I _______________ (ask) him if he needed help. He _______________ (say) that there was a cat in his car, but he couldn’t find it. Since there was nothing I could do, I _______________ (go) to class. SCHOENFELD 51  After class, I _______________ (see) the same professor standing next to his car. A cat was trapped inside the car and it was crying loudly. Someone _______________ (suggest) that the professor drive the car really fast and then hit the brakes so it would stop quickly and the cat would fall out. The professor _______________ (get) into his car, _______________ (drive) very quickly and then ______________ (hit) the brakes. No cat _______________ (fall) out. He _______________ (do) it again, but nothing happened. On the third time, a tiny ginger cat _______________ (tumble) from under the car. It was very skinny and scared, but no one _______________ (offer) to help it. After the professor ________________ (leave), I _______________ (run) over to the little kitten. It was very skinny and dirty. I _____________ (think) that it might die. I _______________ (hide) the kitten in my shirt and I _______________ (take) it up to my office. Then I _______________ (put) it in a box and _______________ (call) my taxi driver. I _______________ (write) a note to the vet and _______________ (ask) her to take care of it. My taxi driver _______________ (come) and _______________ (take) the cat to the vet. She _______________(examine) him and _______________(give) him some shots and some food. She then _______________ (keep) him at the animal hospital. After I _______________ (finish) teaching, I _______________ (go) to the vet and talked with her. She _______________ (say) that the kitten was fine. I decided then to take him home. He _______________ (need) food and a lot of love. I decided to call him “Boo” because he ______________ (be) a surprise. (Note: The above is a true story.) SCHOENFELD 52 Pronouncing simple past verb endings Writing regular verbs in the simple past is easy. One just needs to add -ed or -d. However, pronouncing simple past verb endings requires some skill. Discovery Directions: Listen as your instructor reads the following words. Tick (✔) the sound you hear at the end of the word. simple past verbs /t/ /d/ / id / called invited shouted joked cried hiked landed shared fixed hunted SCHOENFELD 53 Can you figure out the grammar rules??? The Rules Rule #1: If the basic verb form ends in t or d sound, add -ed and pronounce it with an / id / sound as an extra syllable. start → started need → needed count → counted Rule # 2: If the last sound in the basic verb form is voiceless, add -ed and pronounce it with a / t / sound. jump → jumped walk → walked guess → guessed Rule # 3: If the last sound in the basic verb form is voiced, add -ed and pronounce it with a / d / sound. cry → cried save → saved kill → killed SCHOENFELD 54 Practice Directions: Fill in the simple past form of the simple present verbs. Tick (✔) the sound you should pronounce at the end of the simple past verb. Finally, listen to your teacher as he or she pronounces the simple past tense to check your answers. simple simple /t/ /d/ / id / present verbs past verbs close protect escape carry plant finish share graduate cook decide drop rent SCHOENFELD 55 Subject and object pronouns defined I /me “myself” you (singular) → “the person I am talking to” or you (plural) → “the people I am talking to” SCHOENFELD 56 we / us + I / me + you or I / me + you + you + you SCHOENFELD 57  he / him I / me you she/ her it they / them they/them SCHOENFELD 58 Subject and object pronouns Pronouns are small words that replace nouns after a noun has been used. Ghada lost her keys. She looked everywhere for them. My friends and I want to eat pizza tonight. We will order it soon. There are different kinds of pronouns. Today we will talk about subject and object pronouns: subject pronouns object pronouns I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them What is the difference between subjects and objects? Subjects are people, places or things that do the action or non-action of the verb. Ms. Nancy doesn’t like Arab coffee. Most students failed Quiz # 1. He hates cats. Objects are the people, places or things that receive the action or non-action of the verb. Ms. Nancy doesn’t like Arab coffee. Most students failed Quiz # 1. He hates cats. SCHOENFELD 59 Practice Directions: Read the sentences and circle the pronouns. Write “S” above subject pronouns and “O” above object pronouns. 1. We wanted to buy them. 5. I was late for class. 2. It is too cold for us to swim. 6. He bought a car for me. 3. They weren’t on sale. 7. Bader is best friends with him. 4. She drew me a picture. 8. You weren’t invited. Replacing nouns with pronouns When replacing nouns for pronouns, it is important to ask yourself “What is the subject? and “What is the object?” Examples Hamad gave Mariam a gift. The gift was a watch. Mariam thanked Hamad for the watch. He gave her a gift. It was a watch. She thanked him for it. **Hint: It sometimes helps to identify the verb in a sentence to complete the SVO pattern. Practice Directions: Look at the following sentences. Label the subjects, verbs, and objects. Then replace the subjects and objects with the correct pronouns. 1. Our friends have two dogs. 2. My brother knows Abdullah. 3. My parents will give my sisters and I money for Eid. 4. Mubarkia had a big fire last week. 5. (myself) bought a newspaper. SCHOENFELD 60 6. My sister gave (myself) COVID. 7. (The person I am talking to) play video games a lot. 8. Mina and I enjoy movies. 9. (myself) want (the people I am talking to) to have a good day. 10. My aunt had a baby girl. SCHOENFELD 61 Conjunctions Conjunctions are used to join simple sentences into compound or complex sentences. Certain conjunctions can also be used to join the same parts of speech. The conjunctions and, but, and or follow the same rules. They can join two sentences or two parts of speech. and ( ) ( ) or ( ) ( ) Parts of Speech noun conj noun We enjoy Japanese and Italian food. verb conj verb , IKEA has a sale and Midas has a promotion. adj conj adj adv conj adv but ( ) ( ) or ( ) ( ) Sentences We enjoy pasta but not sushi. SV , conj S V , IKEA has a sale but Midas doesn’t have one. or __________ A not B Do you like pasta or sushi better? , Does IKEA have a sale or does Midas have one? Practice Directions: Fill in the blanks with the conjunctions and, but, or or. Add commas where necessary. 1. Which shirt do you want? The black __________ blue one? 2. I had two exams today. Calculus was in the morning __________ biology was in the afternoon. 3. It is winter __________ it is 40℃ outside. 4. Kuwaitis like it when it is cool __________ rainy. 5. I can’t buy these pants. They are the right size __________ the wrong color. SCHOENFELD 62 6. My mobile only has one SIM slot. I need to choose Zain __________ Ooreedo. 7. Jassim wants to study engineering __________ his grades aren’t high enough. 8. Every night, my father turns out the lights __________ locks the doors. 9. Gold is expensive __________ silver is cheap. 10. There are two printers on sale at X-cite. The HP __________ the Canon are both 30% off. 090 Conjunctions continued The conjunctions because and so are used to join sentences with reasons and results. They do not join parts of speech. so , so I finished my book, so I need to get another book. because Because , Because I finished my book, I need to get another book. because I need to get another book because I finished my book. SCHOENFELD 63 Practice: Reasons and results 3 ways Directions: Join the sentences using so and because. When using because, write the sentence in two different ways. Remember to add commas where necessary. I can’t go shopping. I don’t have any money. (so) _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ (because) ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ (because) __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Practice Fill in the blank with and, but, or, so or because. Use commas where necessary. 1. Ali got a flat tire __________ he was absent for class today. 2. She is taking 161 in summer course __________ her brother is also taking a class. 3. We will travel this summer __________ we have to take summer course first. 4. __________ I had a headache I left university early. 5. Is it dusty outside __________ can you see blue sky? 6. I can’t call them __________my mobile needs to be recharged. SCHOENFELD 64 Gerunds and infinitives A gerund is a noun that looks like a verb. It is formed by adding -ing to the basic verb form. walk + -ing → walking text + -ing → texting eat + -ing → eating Gerunds can be used as subjects in sentences, and they are always singular: Walking is an easy way to exercise. (Walking is the subject.) Texting during class is rude. (Texting is the subject.) Gerunds can also be used as objects in sentences, but only after the following verbs: avoid consider dislike enjoy finish miss practice suggest Hamad avoids eating beef and lamb. My mom dislikes driving at night. Infinitives Infinitives are formed by adding the word to to the basic verb form. to walk to text to eat Infinitives are found after certain verbs: agree choose decide hope need refuse want would like Mona decided to take 162 next term. My little brother refuses to eat vegetables. SCHOENFELD 65 Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive without changing the meaning of the sentence: begin continue hate like love prefer start We will begin studying Unit 4 next week. We will begin to study Unit 4 next week. Practice Directions: Read the following statements and identify the main verbs. Then fill in the blanks with the correct gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in brackets ( ). If both forms are possible, write both forms. 1. I want ____________________ (take) a nap after class today. 2. My sister loves ____________________ (watch) Bollywood movies. 3. Bodour finished ____________________ (write) her report at 1 am this morning. 4. My aunt Miriam started ___________________ (paint) with watercolors last year. 5. We need ____________________ (buy) new dresses for the wedding. 6. All students and teachers would like ___________________ (have) more holidays. 7. My parents enjoy ____________________ (play) cards in the evenings. 8. My parents agreed ____________________ (buy) me a car if my grades are good. 9. My mobile phone started ____________________ (ring) in class. 10. Ahmed chose ____________________ (go) out with his friends. SCHOENFELD 66 Writing SCHOENFELD 67 Descriptive paragraphs Descriptive paragraphs tell the reader about a person, place, thing, or event. The writer gives enough information so the reader can imagine what the writer describes. Descriptive paragraphs are written mostly in the simple present because they talk about facts, habits, and usual activities. The information given depends on the topic: a person, place, thing, or event. Person Here are some ideas when writing about a person or people. Fill in the blanks with some nouns or adjectives you might use in your paragraphs. appearance: _______________________________________________ age: _____________________________________________________ personality: _______________________________________________ habits: ___________________________________________________ likes / dislikes: ____________________________________________ hobbies: _________________________________________________ wants / needs: ____________________________________________ Example paragraph Farhat I love my Pakistani friend Farhat. She is tall and has long brown hair. She doesn’t have a job, but she takes care of her home and four children. She is very kind. She brings food to my home when I am too busy with work. She doesn’t like animals, but she loves my cat Lily. She wants her children to be healthy and successful. Farhat is a good friend. SCHOENFELD 68 Place Here are some ideas when writing about a place. Fill in the blanks with some nouns or adjectives you might use in your paragraphs. general fact(s): ________________________________ Examples of places city or country mall or store location: _____________________________________ a room college or university restaurant or cafe weather: _____________________________________ hospital or clinic gym or park what makes it unique: __________________________ etc. function (what do people do there?): ______________ positives: ___________________________________ negatives (if any): ____________________________ Example paragraph Iceland Iceland is an island country in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is between Greenland and the UK. It has 350,000 citizens. Most of them live on the coasts near the sea. Iceland is very beautiful, and 2 million tourists visit it every summer. In the winter, the sun doesn’t rise from November to February, and it is very cold. A lot of Icelanders become depressed because of this. I think I would like to visit Iceland. SCHOENFELD 69 Thing Here are some ideas when writing about a thing. Fill in the blanks with some nouns or adjectives you might use in your paragraphs. Examples of things general fact(s): ________________________________ vehicles food tools or equipment appearance: __________________________________ devices clothing or shoes origin (where did it come from?): ________________ video games or toys jewelry books ____________________________________________ etc. function (what does it do?): _____________________ ____________________________________________ positives: ___________________________________ negatives (if any): ____________________________ My Car My car is a 2010 Toyota Yaris. It is white and has a black interior. It is small but has four doors and a lot of room inside. I bought it ten years ago, but it still works well. I drive it to school every day. Because it is small, it only costs 7 dinars a month for petrol. It also fits into small parking spaces. My car is the best vehicle for me. SCHOENFELD 70 Event Examples of events Here are some ideas when writing about an event. Fill in the blanks holidays with some nouns or adjectives you might use in your paragraphs. celebrations religious days general fact(s): ________________________________ when: _______________________________________ function (what is the purpose): _______________________ unique traditions: _________________________________ positives: _____________________________________ negatives (if any): ______________________________ Black Day Black Day is a holiday in South Korea. It is on 14 April every year. It is for single people. On Black Day, unmarried people wear black clothes and eat special black noodles at restaurants. Jajangmyeon is the name of the black noodle dish. While they eat, they complain about not having a husband or wife. They also drink a lot of black coffee. Black Day is a miserable day for single people. SCHOENFELD 71 Narrative paragraphs Narrative paragraphs describe a specific event that happened in the past. They are also called story paragraphs. They are written mostly in the simple past. There are three parts to a good narrative paragraph: set up conflict resolution 1) The set up describes the time and place the specific event occurred. It also mentions the main character. If you are telling the story about yourself, you are the main character, and you will use pronouns such as I or me when referring to yourself. If someone else is the main character, you will use pronouns such as he, him, she, her, or it for the main character. In 2014, I went to the Netherlands for ten days. Yesterday, we had a surprise party for my sister at Friday’s. 2) The conflict describes a problem that happened. Most good stories have a problem to solve, but this isn’t always the case if you are describing a nice event. I couldn’t find my passport. She wasn’t feeling hungry, so she stayed home. 3) The resolution describes how the main character solved the problem. It also ends the paragraph in a nice way. The American consulate made me a new passport. We called her, told her about the party, and asked her to act surprised when she arrived. On the next page is a sample paragraph. Label the 3 parts. SCHOENFELD 72  A Drive with My Mother Thirty years ago, I was living in Wisconsin. It was winter, and there was snow and ice everywhere. The roads were slippery in places. I told my mother that I would drive her to the mall. At first, the roads were good, and we were close to the mall. Then my car started to slide on some ice. My mother screamed at me. Fortunately, I was able to keep the car on the road. Unfortunately, my mother never let me drive her anywhere after that. She thought that I was a bad driver. (Note: This story is true!) SCHOENFELD 73 Notes SCHOENFELD 74 Notes SCHOENFELD 75