LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER.docx.pdf

LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER ICT: Technology supports information-related activities like INFORMATION AND COMM...

LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER ICT: Technology supports information-related activities like INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION: AN gathering, processing, storing, and OVERVIEW presenting data, with a growing focus on collaboration and TECHNOLOGY communication. Refers to advancement in communication and how information is handled, enabling decision-making, improving IT (Information Technology): business processes, and enhancing everyday refers to the industry involving living. computers, software, networking, and IT infrastructure for managing and INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION relaying information, commonly used TECHNOLOGY (ICT) by large companies and corporations. According to Zuppo (2012), ICT refers to Relationship technologies that facilitate the transfer of IT is a subject of ICT, as information and enable electronically technology used in the field of IT aids mediated communication. Key aspects in the use of ICT (Wang, 2016). include ICT in education, business, and economic sectors. Breakdown of ICT DEVICES Information: Mobile phones, laptops, and Refers to knowledge obtained tablets are essential to fulfill the through reading, research, or study. human need to belong (Baumeister Tools like telephones, televisions, and Leary, 1995), satisfied through and radios transmit information. Data communication technologies like becomes processed information, smartphones and wearable devices. leading to knowledge. ICT is everywhere and affordable, Communication: increasing demand across industries is the act of transmitting and organizations for daily business messages and involves the exchange processes. of information between individuals through verbal and non-verbal IT and ICT means. In prehistoric times, humans  communicated using signs and symbols, as seen in cave paintings, HISTORY OF COMPUTERS rock art, and stone carvings. The first-generation computer, known as the Electronic Numeric Integrator Technology: and Calculator (ENIAC), was technology has evolved to developed in 1946 by J. Presper enhance daily activities by making Eckert and John W. Mauchly at the communication easier and faster University of Pennsylvania. Funded by through telephones, fax machines, the United States Army, ENIAC was mobile devices, and the internet. It a modular computer with limited has also improved the broadcasting storage capacity, capable of of information like news and weather performing basic arithmetic operations reports. like addition and subtraction of up to 10 digits. It measured 167 square meters and weighed 27 tons. EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY  The evolution of technology is driven by The second-generation computer human rationale, focusing on simplifying (1959-1965) utilized transistors in its tasks and daily activities. interior components, which were  It begins with basic tools, leading to smaller, faster, and more reliable than machines that perform tasks more efficiently. the vacuum tubes used in  A computer is an electronic device that first-generation computers. Transistors accepts, manipulates, produces, and stores produced less heat and consumed data based on stored instructions. less electricity, although they remained  Many machines, including computers, quite expensive.. have evolved through automation, which reduces human error and enhances The third-generation computer productivity. (1965-1971) saw the invention of the  Automated systems are widely used in integrated circuit (IC) by Jack Kilby, production companies to streamline business which replaced transistors in computer processes and shorten time to market. construction. A single IC can contain multiple transistors, resistors, and  Intelligent systems, incorporating capacitors, allowing a full circuit board artificial intelligence, are more complex and to be replaced by one chip. This capable of learning. innovation made computers smaller,  more reliable, and effective, utilizing manipulates information or data. It has the remote processing, time-sharing, capability to store, retrieve, and process and multiprogramming operating data, and it consists of both hardware systems. components and software applications. Hardware: Refers to the physical From 1971 to 1980, the components of a computer, such as fourth-generation computer used input and output devices. very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, which contain about 5,000 INPUT DEVICES: Devices enter or transistors on a single chip known as send data and instructions from the the microprocessor. user to another computer system on Fourth-generation computers, the internet. including personal computers, became more powerful, dense,  Keyboard: A common input reliable, and affordable. This device used to enter letters, numbers, microprocessor technology also found and commands. applications in pocket calculators, televisions, automotive devices, and  Mouse: Allows users to select options audio and video appliances. from on-screen menus by moving on a flat surface, pressing buttons, and scrolling. In the fifth generation (1980-onwards), VLSI technology  Trackball: A ball that rotates using the evolved into ultra large-scale finger or palm to move the pointer. integration (ULSI) technology, resulting in microprocessor chips with  Touchpad (Trackpad): A touch-sensitive 10 million electronic components. pad to move the pointer by dragging a finger; This generation emphasizes computer often found on laptops. intelligence, integrating artificial intelligence (AI), natural language  Microph Scanner: Converts printed processing, and expert systems, material into digital form. Types include enabling computers to think like flatbed, portable, and pen scanners. humans.  Digital Camera: Captures photos, which COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER can be transferred to a computer. A computer is an electronic device that  PC Video Camera: A digital video camera for creating videos or still photos and SYSTEM COMPONENTS enables real-time communication 1. System Unit: The main enclosure one: Allows users to speak into the computer housing the computer’s hardware, for input. Often combined with earphones as including the motherboard. a headset. 2. Storage Unit: Holds program files and OUTPUT DEVICES: is any hardware data when not in use. Examples component that transmits information to one include: or more people. o Flash Drive: Portable storage  Printer: Produces text and graphics on with capacities ranging from physical media. Types include: 2GB to 2TB. Impact Printers (e.g., dot-matrix) o Hard Disk Drive: make contact with paper. Non-removable storage for Non-Impact Printers (e.g., inkjet, data. laser) do not contact paper and make less noise. o Compact Disc (CD): Portable disc for data, available as  Monitor: Displays text, graphics, and CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. videos. Types include: COMPUTER CAPABILITIES Cathode Ray Tube (CRT): Uses electron beams to display images. 1. Speed: Computers operate extremely fast, performing billions of operations Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): Uses a per second. liquid crystal layer and polarizing filters. 2. Reliability & Consistency: Computers have low failure rates and Light-Emitting Diode (LED): Similar produce accurate results if input is to LCD but uses LEDs for backlighting. correct. Speaker: Converts digital signals into 3. Accuracy: Results are accurate if the audible sounds. data and instructions are correct  (Garbage in, garbage out). almost anywhere. 4. Communication: Computers allow 3. Tablet Computers: Hand-held users to communicate and share data computers with touch-sensitive through devices like modems. screens. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS 4. Smartphones: Hand-held devices with capabilities similar to computers. 1. Personal Computer (PC): A small, single-user computer with a 5. Smart TVs: Televisions with internet microprocessor. connectivity and computer applications. 2. Workstation: A powerful single-user, a workstation is like a personal 6. Wearables: Devices like fitness computer, computer with enhanced trackers and smartwatches worn performance or higher-quality monitor. throughout the day. 3. Minicomputer: A multi-user capable of supporting 10 to hundreds of users. DIGITAL AGE, INFORMATION AGE, AND COMPUTER AGE 4. Mainframe: Supports hundreds to thousands of users simultaneously. Media in the Digital Age: 5. Supercomputer: Extremely fast MEDIA - typically refers to the means of computer and capable of performing communication that utilize unique tools to millions of instructions per second. connect people. It includes forms such as television, radio, cellular phones, and the Specialized Types of Computers internet, which encompasses various social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, 1. Desktop Computers: Designed for YouTube, and Twitter. In the digital age, use on desks with separate media can also be viewed as the message, components like CPU, monitor, and the medium, and the messenger. keyboard. Message Media: The media is considered 2. Laptop Computers: Portable, the message itself, especially for those who battery-powered devices for use create and own content. Content can either be user-generated or 1. Messenger: The individual delivering professionally-produced. the message. Traditional media refers to professional broadcasters delivering User-Generated Content (UGC): news, while social media users also Content created and owned by users create content. of a system, made easier by widespread internet access, social o In the digital age, the media, and affordable devices. boundaries between message, medium, and messenger have Blogging blurred, as users are now 1. Blog: An online platform where content creators, interacting individuals express thoughts or with one another. emotions through writing. It is derived from "web" and "log." o Blogger: A person who writes blogs. Blogs can be viewed publicly, unlike traditional diaries TWITPIC crash occurred due to or journals. multiple views, showing how individuals can now deliver TWITPIC Medium content ahead of mainstream media, 1. Medium: The tool used to send a like in the crash incident reported on message from the source to the Twitter 15 minutes before the public destination. Traditional media includes alert. TV and radio, while social media has transformed how information is disseminated. o Twitter: An example of social media where users share OVERVIEW OF CURRENT TRENDS content through retweets and engage in discussions. A trend refers to something popular at a specific time, whether in fashion, devices, or entertainment. Messenger Technology trends change as per Moore's Law, which predicts  computing power increases every FACE ID – The owner's face is two years while cost decreases. the new password, a secure Smartphones have now replaced cell way to unlock the phone and phones, cameras, music players, keep data safe. and laptops by running apps. ALL BIONIC – most powerful MAJOR TRENDS IN 2017 and smartest chip ever in a 1. IoT and Smart Home Technology smartphone. o The Internet of Things (IoT) WIRELESS CHARGING – combines technologies like cable not needed to charge the wireless communication, device. machine learning, and microprocessors to control iOS 11 - latest operating home appliances via mobile system, one can scan phones. documents in the notes apps. 2. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual AUGMENTED REALITY – not Reality (VR) just designed for fun. Allows one to navigate without looking o Popularized by games like at a map. Pokémon Go and devices like Oculus Rift, these technologies enhance both productivity and 4. Automation entertainment. o Wearable devices like step counters and heart rate monitors automate tasks, saving information for future 3. Machine Learning analysis. o Also known as Artificial Intelligence (AI), seen in 5. Big Data innovations like Siri with o Refers to large volumes of data enhanced learning. Features analyzed for decision-making. include Face ID, A11 Bionic Apps like Waze use big data for chip, and wireless charging. traffic alerts and route  estimations. NEGATIVE EFFECTS: Reduced personal interaction and 6. Physical-Digital Integration physical activity due to virtual o Organizations shift towards communication and the automation with systems for entertainment offered online, leading paperless operations using to health issues like obesity. digital data for efficiency. Job loss due to automation replacing 7. Everything On-Demand human labor with robots in industries. o Music, movies, and services (e.g., Grab) are now accessible Security threats such as password instantly via apps on attacks and data breaches, smartphones. necessitating protection from viruses and malware. IMPACT OF ICT ON INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND SOCIETY Ethical Issues in ICT 1. Plagiarism POSITIVE EFFECTS: o Copying another’s work without credit, leading to serious legal Improved access to education and ethical issues. through systems like LMS, enabling 2. Exploitation distance learning and virtual reality. o Unethical use of a person’s Access to information and work or resources, leading to communication with tools like VoIP, unlawful actions. IM, video chat, and email, and ICT 3. Libel maximized for entertainment and o Defamation, either written, relationships worldwide. spoken, or through actions, without evidence, leading to Security advancements with legal consequences. encryption, password protection, and biometric systems like Software Piracy fingerprint, face, and iris Installing or copying software recognition. without EULA, violating copyright  laws. real-time, continuous intelligence about the organization and facilitating significant Current Trends of ICT business opportunities. Multiexperience shifts the focus from Hyper Automation technology-literate people to people-literate involves the use of advanced technology. This trend transforms the technologies such as artificial traditional concept of a computer, evolving it intelligence (AI) and machine from a single point of interaction to include learning (ML) to enhance and multisensory and multi touchpoint interfaces. automate processes, ultimately These interfaces encompass devices like augmenting human capabilities. It wearables and advanced computer sensors, encompasses a variety of tools that enhancing user engagement and interaction. can be automated and emphasizes the sophistication of automation In the future, multi experience is expected to through stages like discover, analyze, evolve into what is known as an ambient design, automate, measure, experience. Currently, however, it monitor, and reassess. emphasizes immersive experiences utilizing augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), Hyper Automation mixed reality, multichannel human-machine recognizes that no single tool interfaces, and sensing technologies. This can fully replace humans and instead combination allows for applications ranging utilizes a combination of tools, from a simple AR overlay to a fully immersive including robotic process VR experience. automation (RPA), intelligent business management software Democratization of technology makes tech (iBPMS), and AI. The aim is to and expertise accessible without extensive enhance AI-driven decision-making. training, focusing on application development, While not the primary focus, hyper data and analytics, design, and knowledge. automation frequently leads to the creation of Also known as “citizen access,” it has led to a digital twin of the organization (DTO). the rise of citizen data scientists and citizen This enables organizations to visualize the programmers, empowering individuals by interactions among functions, processes, and removing barriers to technological skills. key performance indicators (KPIs) that drive value. The DTO becomes essential in the hyper automation process, providing  Data Policing Data-driven policing improves strategic and tactical decision-making by enhancing agency capacity to detect problems and develop efficient and effective solutions to inform deployment and maximize the impact of limited departmental resources. HUMAN AUGMENTATION Machine Learning (ML) involves using technology to enhance consists of three main types of a person’s cognitive and physical learning: supervised learning, experiences. Physical augmentation reinforcement learning, and unsupervised specifically alters inherent physical learning, distinguished by how feedback is capabilities by implanting or hosting provided. Supervised learning uses labeled technology within or on the body. It falls into data, meaning the "correct answer is given," four main categories: sensory augmentation while unsupervised learning relies on (enhancing hearing, vision, perception), unlabeled data with "no answer given." In appendage and biological function reinforcement learning, feedback indicates augmentation (using exoskeletons and the quality of the output but not the best prosthetics), brain augmentation (implants possible output, leading an agent to for treating seizures), and genetic continually maximize a reward through augmentation (somatic gene and cell interactions with its environment. therapy). COGNITIVE AUGMENTATION enhances a person's ability to think and make better decisions by utilizing information and applications to improve learning and experiences. It also overlaps with brain augmentation through physical implants that support cognitive reasoning. Additionally, human augmentation raises various cultural and ethical implications that Robotic Process Automation (RPA) need to be considered. is a software technology that enables the creation and management of software robots to emulate human interactions with service or brand online. digital systems. These robots can Using Google smart devices about local understand screen content, execute shopping deals. keystrokes, navigate systems, and extract data. RPA operates faster and more Voice-assistive devices include: consistently than humans without needing Smartphones breaks, enhancing efficiency and accuracy in Amazon Echo devices repetitive tasks. Google Home devices Cortana-enabled devices BLOCKCHAIN Siri-enabled devices and more is a type of distributed ledger that consists of an expanding list of cryptographically signed and irrevocable Big Data: transaction records shared by all users in a One of the fastest-growing areas in network. It allows tracing assets back to their computing, Big Data involves managing large origin, which helps with traditional assets and and complex data sets that traditional tracking food-related illnesses. Additionally, data-processing applications can't handle blockchain enables secure exchanges effectively. Ireland has emerged as the between people who don't know each other European data center hub for tech giants like without needing a central authority, Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, MSN, Adobe, improving transparency and security in digital and IBM, positioning itself as a future global transactions. cloud center of excellence. VOICE SEARCH Data Analytics: Voice search is an innovative, assistive This process involves the collection, technology that allows users to perform organization, and interpretation of verbal searches through an enabled device. statistical data to make it valuable for businesses and organizations. It helps in More and more consumers are turning to making data-driven decisions by extracting voice rather than traditional search methods meaningful insights from raw data. because of the ease –of use these devices offer. Data Analyst: A professional who uses data analysis tools to scrutinize Voice search include: information. The insights they gather Asking Siri to find a local restaurant to eat at help companies identify facts and for dinner Asking Alexa to search for a product,  trends that are crucial for making strategic decisions. AUTOMATIC Computers can perform automatically A computer is an electronic device that when assigned any task or operation. They accepts data and instructions, can perform huge numerical and logical processes them through logical and calculations when given proper orders and mathematical operations, and produces instructions. outputs. These outputs are the information we need as a result of the STORAGE processing. A computer is capable of storing unlimited amounts of data or information. Any TYPES OF COMPUTER information can be stored and retrieved for as long as you need it, for an unlimited number 1. Desktop of years. 2. Smartphone 3. Netbook Computers uses TWO types of memory 4. Laptop storage: INTERNAL MEMORY 5. Mainframe EXTERNAL MEMORY 6. Personal Digital Assistant 7. Embedded CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER VERSATILITY A computer can perform multiple tasks Computers are characterized by its simultaneously; for example, you can play own ability to process data in a faster manner and listen to music while typing something in than a human could do, reaching to the point a word processing program of the computer. of processing millions of commands per second. DILIGENCE computers can perform multiple tasks ACCURACY accurately and efficiently without fatigue or It is one of the most important boredom characteristics of a computer, as it can perform orders and instructions that come to RELIABILITY it in a high degree of accuracy and efficiency A computer is reliable as it gives consistent with low chances to zero error. result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we - Social Media Platforms will get the same result - Message and video calls - Email and Online Collaboration LOW COST AND REDUCE SIZE With the advancement in the development of computer hardware and Internet software technology, the cost of computers - Access information has decreased significantly and reached most - Online Shopping humans. – Entertainment NO FEELING AND IQ Online Shopping Computers only work according to the It's easier to compare prices and find the best guidelines, they do not have the ability to deal online. It's often cheaper - increased think nor can they do any work according to competition between retailers brings down emotions. prices SECRECY Computers can work very secretly and Medical Field and Health Sector the user can maintain his/her data - Online Booking confidentially - Medical Researches and Diagnosis - Electronic Health Records -assisted IMPACT OF ICT functions to collect, record, and share information about health conditions of EDUCATION patients, thereby effectively assisting medical - Online Learning platforms and resources and treatment decision-making, improving - Educational software and application medical standards, and resultantly increasing - E-books and digital libraries care rates. EMPLOYMENT BUSINESS ICT creates opportunities, but also poses new - Marketing and Business Plan - Data challenges for workers and employers. By Analysis enabling new forms of work, ICT also changes the structure of jobs, the way people E COMMERCE develop their career, and the way they work. knowledge can impact the productive purpose of e-commerce in the sector of Communication transportation and road freight. Multimedia -it has been profound, revolutionizing how content is created, shared, and consumed. ICT has fundamentally changed the landscape of multimedia, driving innovation, enhancing user experiences, and enabling the global dissemination of content in media ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER USE DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER USE - Health Damages - Learning Skills - Addiction - Social Isolation - Lack of Attention & Distraction - Waste of Time and Energy - Data Security