LITE111 NOTES.pdf

ngLiving in the IT Era - Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it even for...

ngLiving in the IT Era - Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it even for - IT includes several layers of physical equipment (hardware). years. - Also virtualization and management or Week 1: Introduction. No IQ (intelligence quotient) automation tools, operating systems, and - Today many people utilize computers - It cannot work without any instruction application systems (software) that and rely on their function to perform a from the user. perform essential functions. task, whether personal or professional. - It is the user who decides what they Hardware The Computer. want to do and in what sequence - Any physical parts that make up a - Refers to an electronic device that because a computer cannot make its computer such as the keyboard, mouse, accepts data and instructions andms own decisions as we can. and monitor. logical and mathematical operations. It No Feelings Software also generates the output of the - It does not have feelings, emotions, - The programs, applications, and processing–results of the information we taste, knowledge, or experience. operating systems that run on a need. Storage computer for the user to utilize it. (ex: MS Characteristics and Capabilities of Computer. - A computer has built-inmory thathatore word, photoshop, and more) Speed a large amount of data. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Computers can work very fast. It - It can also be stored in secondary - The ‘’brain’’ of a computer. It is the performs millions (1,000,000) of storage devices such as flash drive, USB, device that carries out software instructions and even more per second. and more. instructions. Accuracy Week 2: Computers in Our Daily Life. Importance of Information Technology. - The degree of accuracy of a computer is - many people utilize technology in todays - Since we are now living in the very high and every calculation is era. information age, it is now part of our performed with the same accuracy What is Information Technology (IT) ?. everyday lives and greatly impacted Diligence - The use of any computers, storage, society because of the advantages that it - Unlike humans, it is free from tiredness networking, and other physical devices, brought to us. and lack of concentration fatigue. It can and infrastructure. - We use IT for school work, research, and work for hours without creating errors or - It has the processes to create, process, to stay connected with friends and family getting tired. store, secure, and exchange all forms of through internet applications and smart Versatility electronic data information. devices. - The capacity to perform completely Advantages of Information Technology. different types of work on any Protecting and Storing Information gadgets/technological devices. - Electronic storage systems are being Power of Remembering created to hold the information that is - It has the power to store any amount of being shared over the internet and information or data. internal intranets. - Security systems are put in place to IT SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE. protect your electronic information and  keep it from being wiped out or - When information is stored electronically, - ICT tools are used in the setting of a damaged during a system breakdown there are more chances of having school for communication, creation, and - Hackers are also kept at bay with intense security breaches. dissemination of information, storing and securities. - Hackers are evolving along with managing the data information of the 2. Automated Processes. technology and they are never up to any students. - The ability to find ways to complete more good. Socializing work in a shorter amount of time. What is Information and Communication - Because of the internet and social media, - Reports, queries, and monitoring Technology (ICT) ?. people have a range of benefits and financials can be completed by computer Information opportunities to empower themselves in programs, leaving employees free to - refers to the knowledge obtained from a variety of ways. complete other tasks. reading, investigation, study, or research. - Many people can maintain social 3. Communication - We need information to make decisions connections and support networks. - Every aspect of human interaction is and predict the future. essential. In the business world, Communication Impacts of Information and Communication communication is imperative to the - Is an act of transmitting messages. It is Technology. success of the company. the process whereby information/ideas Positive Impacts of Information and - Emailing, video conferencing, and chat are exchanged between individuals using Communication Technology rooms allow for easier communication symbols, signs, or verbal interactions. 1. Access to Information between employees and supervisors as Technology - Increase in access to information and well as employees and clients. - Is the use of scientific knowledge, services that have accompanied the 4. Remote Access or Telecommuting experience, and resources to create growth of the internet. - when a company has implemented an processes and products that fulfill human 2. New Tools, New Opportunities information technology system, many needs. - ICT gives access to new tools that did times employees can then access the Uses of Information and Communication not previously exist: digital cameras, company’s network electronically. Technology in Our Daily Lives. photo editing, printers, screen Disadvantages of Information Technology. magnification, or even screen reading. 1. Expenses of Implementation and Communication 3. Communication Maintenance. Nowadays people are in touch with the - Cost saving by using devices instead of - Setup costs for implementing an help of ICT. Through chatting, E-mail, the normal telephone. information technology system within a voice mail, and social networking people 4. Information management home or business can be very costly. can now communicate with each other. Data mining of customers to produce a 2. Elimination of Jobs Job Opportunities list for targeted advertising. - Because of the implementation of IT - In the employment sector, ICT enables Improved stock control, resulting in less systems in a company, tasks take less organizations to operate more efficiently, wastage, better cash flow, etc. time, therefore employees have more so employing staff with ICT skills is vital ICT allows people to participate in a time throughout the day. to the smooth running of any business. wider, even worldwide society. 3. Branches in Security Education  Distance learning: students can access - customers, donations, or other means of Tally Sticks teaching materials from all over the funding nationally or even - an ancient memory aid device that can world. internationally, it may record document numbers, quantities, or ICT facilitates the ability to perform - lose out to other organizations that can even messages. ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using offer the same service for less money. simulations. Creation of new more interesting jobs. Week 3: History of Computers. Examples would be systems analysts, programmers, and software engineers, - Earliest computers were initial as well as help desk operators and calculations computed by humans, whose trainers. job title was computers. Negative Impacts of Information and - These human computers were typically Communication Technology engaged in the calculation of Abacus 1. Job Loss mathematical expressions. - also called a ‘’counting frame’’ that is - Manual operations are being replaced by - The first use of the word ‘’Computer’’ was considered as the first man-made automation (ex: robots replacing people recorded in 1613, referring to a person computing device. It was used for on an assembly line.) who carried out calculations that centuries that are invented in China. 2. Reduced Personal Interaction continued to be used until the middle of - if they do not get the chance to meet and the 20th century. talk with other people they may feel Evaluation of Computers isolated and unhappy because of the too much use of ICT. 3. Reduced physical activities - The evaluation of computers has six - Lead to health problems such as generations primarily the pre-modern era, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth obesity, heart disease, and more generations. Napier’s Bones 4. Cost - ICT hardware and software are Pre-Modern Era - A manually-operated device used for expensive, both purchasing and calculating products, quotients, square, maintaining an ICT system. and cube roots. Invented by John Napier - introduction of the three pre-modern 5. Competition in 1614. devices such as the manual-mechanical, - this is usually thought of as being a good electromechanical, and electronic thing, but for some organizations being devices. exposed to greater competition can be a Manual-Mechanical Devices problem. If the organization is competing - type of devices that operates manually for by the user. Example of manual-mechanical devices are: Oughtred’s Slide Rule (William Oughtred) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry-COmputer) - John - A mechanical analog computer that Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines Atanasooff consists of movable bars with a precise (Charles Babbage) - First special digital computer that solves scale that uses approminations for - The differemce enege can compute simultaneous equations. solving problems like multiplication, tables while the analytical engine is division, roots and other mathematical completely automatic and capable of equations. calculating any mathematical problems. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC - John Mauchly and Pascaline Calculator (1642-Blaise Pascal) J.Presper Eckert.) - Also called ‘’Adding Machine’’. It was the - The first fully electronic general-purpose first mechanical calculating device hat of digital computer. uses cogged wheels that can be used to Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic add and subract two numbers. Arithmometer (1820-Thomas de Colmar) COmputer (EDVAC) - A mechanical calculator invented that - A program that can be stored inside the are known as the first reliable, usefuel, computer since it has a internal memory and commercially successful calculating compared to other computers. machine. Stepped Reckoner (Gottfired Wilheim Leibniz-1672) - This machine can add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers automatically. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) - Maurice Wilkes - Known as the Electronic Binary Digital Electronic Devices computer that uses binary representation - The principal components of electronic od data and internally stored programs. devices are circuit boards, transistors, silicon chips, and electrical switches.  - Fourth-generation computers also saw First Generation of Computers (1951-1958) Third Generation of Computers (1964-1970) the development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices. - Most of the sizes of computers during the - During the third generation, first generation are mainframes. It is minicomputers had already become mostly a major hardware features are available. It features a major hardware vacuum tubes and magnetic drums that integrated circuits or ‘’chips’’ that can can process a 1,000 instructions per process a speed of 10,000,000 second. instructions per second. - One of the example during the first - IBM System 360: the first general generation is the Universal Automatic purpose machine used in science and Computer (UNIVAC). The first business. commercial business computer that was Fifth Generation of Computers developed by John Eckert and John (Present-Future) Mauchly. - This generation introduced the Artificial Intelligence (Al). Though this is still in development, its uses of parallel processing and superconductors have helped many people to make artificial intelligence into a reality. - It can recognized voice, and capable of Second Generation of Computers (1959-1963) self-organization. Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 present) - The major hardware features a - It started in 1971 up to the present. transistors and magnetic cores. It - The size of a computer varies from process a speed of 1,000,000 instructions mainframes, minicomputers, and per second and the size is mainframe. microcomputers. Thus, it features a - Tradic: an example of second generation large-scale integrated circuits. computer. - The minimum speed that it can process is 100,000,000 instructions per second. - As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.  computer and the logical and control capabilities of digital computer. Week 4: Components of Computer. Classification of Computers - Hardware - Software - People ware - Data ware Accoridng to Capacity Microcomputers - smallest, least expensive, and most used types of computers. It has a small memories, less processing power, and are Accoridng to purpose physically smaller and permit fewer General-purpose Computers peripheral compared to super and Hardware - have the ability to store different mainframe computers. programs of instruction and can perform Minicomputers - refers to the physical and tangible variety of operations. - processing power is below that of components of the computer system. Special-purpose Computers mainframe systems but above the - designed to perform one specific task. Components of the Internal Hardware capabilities of personal computers. Also Accoridng to Data Handled known as mid-range computers, these became popular in the late 1960s 1. CPU (Central Processing Unit) Analog Computers Mainframes - exceuctes all the instructions and it is - named along from the word ‘’analogous’’ - Large sized computer. Equally powerful considered as the ‘’brain of the which means similar. It is used for but fall short in terms of the computation computer system’’ scientific, engineering, and process ability in supercomputers. - One of the parts of the CPU are the control purposes. Supercomputer control unit (CU) and also the Digital Computers - Most powerful in terms of speed and arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). - machines that are specialized in accuracy. It is the type of computers that counting. It is mainly for counting values are used in solving complex that are discrete or separate distinct. mathematical computations. Hybrid Computers - Capable of executing trillions of - this is a special-purpose machine called instructions per second that are ‘’hybrid computer’’ which is a combines calculated in the floating point operation for measuring capabilities of the analog 2. Memory 3. Input and Output Unit Three Types of Terminal - it stores the data and instructions before - allows communication between computer Dumb - used only to input data and to receive the execution and it also processed data and its outside world via input and information from a computer system as well. output devices. Smart - can input and output. - Type of Memory: Other parts that go along with the Processor: Intelligent - a fledge microcomputer with a A. Internal Memory Bus communication link. Ramdom-Access Memory (RAM): a volatile type - an electronic circuit that sends data and Poiting Devies of memory referred to as the main memory or messages between the other primary memory components Ports Mouse - attach the input and output devices to - a device that allows the user to control the computer an on-screen cursor. Expansion slots Trackball - allows the addition of extra features. - An upside down version of a mouse. the Registers ball mounted in the box is where the user - a type of special temporary storage that can put the fingers and rolled it to move can quickly accpets, stores, and transfers the cursor. Read-Only Memory (ROM): contains the data and instrcutons for immediate use. permanently stored instructions that connot be Components of the External Hardwares changed. Input Hardware - it accepts or collects data and covert it into a form suitable for processing. Keyboard : most commonly used input device. Joystick - a video display screen that pick up an B. External Memory input from the user through that touch of Secondary Memory: also known as the Auxiliary a finger Memory that is a non-volatile type pf memory that is responsible for keeping files permanently. Terminals: it consist of a keyboard, a video display screen, and a communication line to a mainframe computer. Light Pen Mark and Character recognitions devies Storage Hardware - a point-and-draw input device that MICR (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition) - It temporarily or permanently stores allows the users to draw directly on the - it reads the strange-looking numbers data used for processing and the output screen. printed at the bottom of bank checks of such processing. OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) - it reads pencil marks Two types: OCR(Optical Character Recognition) Primary Storage - it reads special preprinted characters - refers to main memory (RAM). Fax Machine (Facsimile Transmission Secondary Storage Machine) - refers to storage devices that retain data - it scans an image and sends it as an and instruction in a relatively permanent Digtizing Tablet electronic signal over telephone lines (non-volatile) form. - a pen-like device in which the users can Imaging Systems/Image Scanner/ Graphics Diskettes and Hard disks ‘’skecth’’ an image or puck on the screen. Scanner - Optical storage use a laser beam to pack - it converts text, drawings, and information densely on are movable disk photographs into forms Magnetic tapes Smart Cards and Optical cards - sequential file storage represented by Smart cards various arrangements of magnetized - they contain a microprocessor and a spots along the width of the tape memory chip. Magnetic disk Optical Cards - a metal plotter where data is represented Pen-Based Systems - It's a plastic, laser-recordable card used by magnetized spots on the tracks. - stylus pen that it used for handwriting with an optical card reade Magnetic strip and marks into a computer or device. Other Devices - a recording of a data cell device capable Voice Recognition Systems of storing 400 million of data - they convert human speech into digital Paper tape code. - a continuous strip of paper wound on a Audio- Input Device reel where data is represented by holes - hey record or play analog sounds punched on the paper. Video- Input Devices Drum - signals that come from a VCR or a - a recording medium of data represented Scanning Devies camera recorder by magnetized spots that are coated - translates the images to text, drawing, photos, Electronic cameras with a magnetically sensitive material and the like of data that can be understood by - they capture images in electronic form divided into tracks. the computers. Bar code readers-photoelectric Sensors Continuous forms scanners that translate the bar code symbols - they collect specific kinds of data - long sheets of paper where data is into a digital forms. directly from the environment represented through printouts.  - In 1948, at the age of 32 shannon already pubslihed the landamrk paper proposing Software Levels of Programming Languages his idea about the information that can Word processing Communication software be encoded. System software - facollites the applications’ software Integrated software programs Desktop publishing Grouoware software Software suites Database management Desktop accessories Types of system software system Personal information Graphic software manager Project management Multimedia software Operating system software - Refers to the group of related programs that can supervise the execution of an application program. Digital Age - Operating environment: refers to the Peopleware programs that sit on the top of the OS. - Refers to the internet age, that describes - Utilities: a single term for all the types of - refers to the personnel involved in the the time of the public first access to the programming aids data processing operations internet. - Programming damages: programs use Features of the Digital Age for writing other programs New Technology and Society Functional Areas of Peopleware｜Personnel - Language processor: used to convert - One of the central features of the digital source program into a form of - Systems - Data entry age is referred to as new technology. executuion. Programming operator - Every day, people create new, Application software - System Analysts - Computer small-scale technology. The majority are - use for programs that are designed to - Application operator.program minor upgrades to already-developed solve problems programming mer technologies. - Computer - System analysts - Package Program: common;ly called New Technological Networks Operations - Computer center application package director - The Internet and other networks enable - Custom Program: specifically written for communication and interaction between an organization Week 5: Information Age. numerous machines and people, all over Levels of Programming Languages the world. - This is the result of the dramatic - Claude E. Shannon, the ‘’father of 1. Machine Language evolution of communications. Informtion Theory’’. It is hte idea that 2. Symbolic Language Mobility Due to New Technology 3. High-Level Language access and control the information that - Digital tools and the internet have defines the characteristic of the curtrent allowed us to carry out activities such as era in human civilizations. employment or social engagement from  any location while remaining mobile, e.g., Evaluation of New Media New Media: Future remote working. Consumerization Due to New Technology - In the past, businesses typically purchased equipment that was unreachable for the average customer. - For instance, the first computers were extremely expensive mainframes and supercomputers. Misinformation and Disinformation Due to New Technology - The internet enables everyone to take New Media: New Problems part in the global exchange of - Multi-identity information and opinions. - Cyber crime New Technology and Globalization - Collpae of traditional economic models - Globalization is the blending of systems, - Privacy issues economies, communities, and politics - Hate speech beyond geographical boundaries. New Media: New Horizons Security Concerns Due to New Technology - Virtual socialization - Information security is becoming almost - Cyber entrepreneurship as crucial as physical security as - New business models economies, society, companies, and - Global political organizations people grow more and more reliant on New Media: New Forms and Contents technology. - Text to hypertext and blogs - TV to IP TV, Mobli TV, and such Newl Age - Radio to user interactive online radio - The “new media age” refers to the - Book newspaper magazine to e-book, development of interactive technologies emagazine and etc. that began during the late 20th century New Media: New Jobs and has continued into the 21st century. - Blogger, Online Journalists - SOcial Media Experts - Online reputations managers - Copyright/Content manager - Online educators and trainers - Mobike Healtcare experts