LIT-reviewer.docx

***21^st^ Lit (lesson 1)*** **Literature** - from the Latin word **littera** which means letters. - A body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age - A form of expression of a significant human experience in words well-chosen and arranged **Prose** - A writ...

***21^st^ Lit (lesson 1)*** **Literature** - from the Latin word **littera** which means letters. - A body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age - A form of expression of a significant human experience in words well-chosen and arranged **Prose** - A written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. **Biography** -- a story of a certain person's life written by another who knows him well. **Autobiography** -- a written account of a man's life written by himself. **Essay** -- a short literary composition which is expository in nature. **Novel** -- a long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot. It is made up of chapters. **Short Story** -- a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time, place and action. **Drama/Play** -- it consists entirely of dialogues in prose and is meant to be acted on stage. **Classification of Drama** - Melodrama - Comedy - Tragedy **\*Tragedy** - one of the oldest forms of drama - revolves around the ruins of a dynasty, downfall of man, emotional betrays, moral setback, personal loss, death, and denials. - genre tells the story through action instead of through narrative **\*Comedy** - a genre of fiction that consist of discourses or works intended to be humorous or amusing by including laughter **\*Melodrama** - clearly distinguished good and evil characters. **Poetry** - formulates a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience in language chosen and arranged to create a specific response through its meaning, sound and rhythm - Is derived from the Greek word ***poesis*** meaning **"making or creating."** - Is a kind of language that says it more intensely than ordinary language does. **TYPES OF POETRY** - Dramatic Poetry - Narrative Poetry - Lyric Poetry **\*Narrative Poetry** - tells stories through verse \- has plot, characters, and setting \- using a range of poetic techniques such as rhyme and meter, narrative poetry presents a series of events, often including action and dialogue **\*Lyric Poetry** - refers to a short poem often with songlike qualities, that expresses the speaker's personal emotions and feelings **\*Dramatic Poetry** - a poem written in verse that is meant to portray a story or situation ***Lesson 2*** **Literary Devices and Techniques** **(Short Story)** **\*Elements of a Story \*** **CHARACTERS** \- The **PEOPLE**, **ANIMALS** or **THINGS** the story is about. **TYPES OF CHARACTERS** **Major character** -- is usually given much development, more conflicts to resolve, more background story, and usually more action. **Minor character** -- is not as developed and explored as a major character. **Round character --** they are more complex, more MYSTERIOUS, and more UNPREDICTABLE. **Flat character --** also known as the stock or stereotype character who does not develop **SPECIFIC TYPES OF CHARACTERS** **Protagonist** -- hero/heroine **Antagonist** -- a foil to the protagonist **Deuteroganist** -- second in importance **SETTING** - The TIME and PLACE of the story **CONFLICT -** A problem or struggle the character must face in the story. **Internal Conflict --** the struggle occurring within a character's mind. **External Conflict** -- a struggle that takes place between the main character and some outside force. **PLOT -** The storyline or series of events that make up the story **Exposition** - Introduces the time, place, setting, and the main characters **Inciting Incident-** the inciting incident triggers the chain of events in the story. **Rising Action** - Unfolds the problems and struggles that would be encountered by the main characters leading in crisis. **Climax** - The most exciting part of the story. It is where the highest tension between the protagonist and antagonist happens. **Falling Action -** The falling action is the part where the story shifts as a result of the climax. It may involve a change in the protagonist's behavior, as well as more challenges, conflicts, and meetings, affecting the protagonist even further. **Resolution** - This part shows the resolution or the settlement of the conflict. The protagonist overcomes (or fails!) all the challenges and resolves the main plot. **'Denouement' is a French word that means "to untie."** This part brings the story to an end. **NARRATIVE ORDER -** the sequence of events. ❑ **Chronological -** the most common type of narrative order in children's books. ❑ **Flashback-** occurs when the author narrates an event that took place before the current time of the story. **PLOT DEVICES** ❑**Suspense** -- this is the feeling of excitement or tension in the reader's experiences as the action of the plot unfolds. ❑**Surprise Ending** -- this is an ending that catches the reader off guard with an unexpected turn of events. ❑**Time lapse** occurs when the story skips a period of time that seems unusual compared to the rest of the plot. **POINT OF VIEW -** The writer's feeling and attitude toward his subject; determines who tells the story. It identifies the narrator of the story **First Person** -- the narrator is a participant/character in the story. **(I or we)** **Second Person --** the reader is part of the story. **(You, your)** **Third Person** -- the narrator is not part of the story and cannot read the character's mind. **(He, She, It, They)** **Omniscient** -- the narrator knows all and sees all including the character's thoughts and feelings. **THEME -** central or dominating idea is a literary work; it is the topic or subject **Literary Devices and Techniques** **(Poetry)** **\*Elements of Poetry\*** **SENSE** -- is revealed through the words, images and symbols. ❖ ***Diction*** -- this refers to the Denotative and Connotative meanings. **a) Connotation** is the implied meaning of a word---the intension meaning of a term. **b) Denotation** -- It is the dictionary definition of a word. ❖ ***Images and Sense Impressions*** -- these refers to the words or expressions that appeals to the senses. ❖ ***Figures of Speech*** -- used to create a special effect or an image through the *unordinary* use of words. (simile, metaphor, personification, etc.) **SOUND --** is the result of the creative combination of words. **STRUCTURE** ❑ **Word order --** arrangement of words in a poem. ❑ **Shape** -- takes on the shape of the thing you're writing about. ***Lesson 3*** **FIGURES OF SPEECH** -A figure of speech is a literary device in which language is used in an unusual---or \"figured\"---way to produce a stylistic effect. -They make the language more colorful and impactful. These figures of speech allow the writers to convey ideas and imagery in an imaginative and unconventional way through comparisons, associations and plays on words. **Simile** - a figure of speech in which two essentially dissimilar objects or concepts are expressly compared with one another through the use of **"like"** or **"as".** **Examples of Simile** You are as brave as a lion. They fought like cats and dogs. **Metaphor** - a figure of speech that suggests a likeness or analogy between two things without using like or as **Examples of Metaphors** I could eat a horse **I am very hungry.** She is an open book **She has nothing to hide.** **Personification** - a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human. **Examples of Personification** My alarm yelled at me this morning. My heart danced when he walked into the room. **Hyperbole** - a figure of speech in which a writer or speaker exaggerates for the sake of emphasis that is not meant to be taken literally. **Examples of Hyperbole** "I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse!" "She was shouting louder than thunder!" **Irony -** expression of one\'s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. - A mode of expression that conveys the opposite or reverse of the literal meaning. **Examples of Irony** A fire station that burns down The Poet struggled to find the right words for his speech **Alliteration** - the repeating of **consonant** sounds right next to each other. The repeating sound must occur either in the first letter of each word or in the stressed syllables of those words **Examples of Alliteration** She sells seashells by the seashore. Jamie read a book by the babbling brook. **Assonance** - a figure of speech that refers to the repetition of **vowel** sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences. **Examples of Assonance** After a while, crocodile Keep your eyes on the prize **Onomatopoeia -** a word that actually looks like the sound it makes, and we can almost hear those sounds as we read. - It is when a word's pronunciation imitates its sound. **Examples of Onomatopoeia** The best part about music class is that you can **bang** on the drum. Both bees and buzzers **buzz**. **If an author's words are successful, the reader will create or paint a picture in his mind of the scene the author describes.** ***Lesson 4*** **Literary Criticism** **Literary Approaches** **Literary Criticism** **-** It is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. It is essentially an opinion, supported by evidence, relating to theme, style, setting, and historical or political context. It helps us understand what is essential about the text. It allows us to see the relationship between the authors, readers, and texts. It enhances the enjoyment of our reading of the literary text. **Types of Literary Criticism** Reader-Response Theory Historical Criticism Biographical Criticism New Criticism **\*Reader response criticism** - a literary theory that focuses on the individual reader's experience and interpretation of a text. It asserts that the meaning of a text and dependent on the reader's interpretation and response to it. **\*Historical Criticism** - approach to literary analysis focuses on the historical context of the work. **\*Biographical Criticism** - aim was to find references to the author's life, education, and socio-cultural environment in a literary work. Uses the events of an author's life to explain the meaning in the author's work. **\*New Criticism** - focuses on close reading and analysis of the text itself, rather than taking into account the author's background or historical context. **Parts of Critique** **(Critical Analysis)** Introduction Summary Critique Conclusion **\*Introduction** Provides a quick snapshot of background information readers may need. Defines key terminology as needed **\*Summary** The title of the work The name of the author(s) of the work A quick overview of the \- Main ideas presented in the work \- Arguments presented in the work \- Any conclusions presented in the work **\*Critique** - **evaluation** of the resource. **\*Conclusion** A conclusion will: Summarize the main ideas presented Remind readers of the argument Draw the paper to a close **"Literature is so fascinating. It\'s** **always up for interpretation, and it** **could be a hundred different** **things to a hundred people. "** ***Lesson 5*** **Pre-Colonial** \- inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances \- The first Filipino alphabet - ALIBATA \- Ancient literatures were written on the perishable materials like dried leaves, bamboo cylinder and bark of trees. **RIDDLE -** A question or statement requiring thought to answer or understand. It describes something in a difficult and confusing way and has a clever or funny answer or something that is a mystery or is hard to explain. **SAYINGS -** These are figurative words said by our ancestors which teach moral lessons. Often used in teasing or to comment on a person's actions. **IDIOM -** phrase or an expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal meaning. **FOLK SONGS -** form of folk lyric which expresses the people's hopes, Aspirations, and lifestyles. **SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES** **-** The Spanish/Colonial Period from 1565 to 1898 saw significant developments in Philippine literature. Printing was introduced, bringing religious works and periodicals. **The First Three Books in** **the Philippines** - **DOCTRINA CRISTIANA** **-**This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593. It was written by **Fr. Juan de Placenta** and **Fr. Domingo Nieva,** in Tagalog and Spanish. It contains chants and Catholic prayers. - **THE PASION** **-**This is the book about the life and suffering of Jesus Christ. It is read only during lent. - **URBANA AT FELIZA** -Written by Modesto De Castro. These are letters between two sisters and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior **Recreational Plays during Spanish Colonial** **Times** - **Senakulo -** a stage or street play about the life and Passion of Jesus **Panunuluyan -** a dramatization of the search for Bethlehem by Joseph and Mary right before the birth of Jesus Christ **AMERICAN COLONIAL TIMES** **-** Education was introduced in the American period. \- New literary forms such as **free verse \[in poetry\],** the **modern short story**, and the **critical essay** were introduced. **THE CONTEMPORARY TIMES** New trends have been used and introduced to meet the needs and taste of new generation. Works in the contemporary literature reflects a society's social/political viewpoints. **21^st^ CENTURY LITERARY GENRE** **-** The 21st century is a time of endless creativity in literature. New technologies and evolving communication styles continue to shape how we tell stories - **CHICK-LIT** **-** A type of fiction, typically focusing on the social lives and relationships of young professional women and often aimed at readers with similar experiences. - **GRAPHIC NOVEL** \- A book made up of comics with entertainment content in it. - **BLOGS** -A regularly updated journal on the internet. Blogger is the term used for a person who has a blog. - **SPOKEN WORD POETRY** \- Characterized by rhyme, repetition, improvisation, and word play. Spoken word poetry is a broad designation for the poetic works which are intended for performance. **"The more you know about the past,** **the better prepared you are for the** **future."** **- *Theodore Roosevelt***