Elements of Short Story & Literary Devices PDF

## Elements of Short Story - **Characteristic** - refers to the way the character is being described. - It answers: what are the characteristics of the character? - **Setting** - refers to where and when the story happens. - Where did the story happen? When did the story happen? - **Plot...

## Elements of Short Story - **Characteristic** - refers to the way the character is being described. - It answers: what are the characteristics of the character? - **Setting** - refers to where and when the story happens. - Where did the story happen? When did the story happen? - **Plot and Structure** - refers to the sequence of events in the story. - *Plot:* - **Rising Action** - **Climax** - **Falling Action** - **Exposition** - **Denouement** - **Theme** - subject or the topics of the story. - **Lesson** - message conveyed. ## Making Connections - **Making Connection** - critical reading comprehension strategy that helps you make sense of what you are reading. - This retain information better engage more with the text itself. - Making connection between text to particular social issues concerns, or dispositions in real life. - Helps to follow simple prompts for easy organization of ideas and thoughts. - **2 Types** - **Surface Connection** - express literal connection providing limited details. - **Deep Connection** - you feel with the author. You connect with him in thought, ideas and emotions. ## Transitional Work - Use to connect words, phrases or sentence of transitional works used to indicate similarities and differentiate when you are comparing or contrasting two or more texts, or illustration - **Comparison** - Showing similarities words: - Like - In the same manner - Too - Equally - Alike - Compared To - Similarly - Also - Both - Likewise - The same as - As well as - **Contrast** - Showing differences words: - Unlike - In contrast - Yet - On the other hand - Whereas - In spite of - Instead - But - However - While - Although - Though ## Opinion Essay - Opinion Essay - 1. Introduction - 2. Body - 3. Conclusion - **Tips for writing opinion essay:** - 1. State your opinion as for the topic discussed - State whether you agree or disagree on a certain topic or issue. - May begin with the phrases "I am not/I am in favor of", "In my own opinion...", or simply "I do not agree", "I agree with..." - 2. Make a list of viewpoints and reasons supporting your point of view. - your point of view will be credible and convincing when it is supported by facts - 3. Construct well developed paragraphs. - your paragraphs should be free from grammatical errors and should support your every point of view. - 4. Use linking words and phrases to join the sentences and the paragraphs within the text. - your paragraphs should be coherence and cohesiveness as you have just learned from the previous lesson. - 5. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence. - each of your paragraph should present a topic. ## Prediction - **Predictions** - connection links between prior knowledge and new information in the book. - Interaction of these processes that much like sparks firing before bright flame ignites. - Guess based on what we observe and past experiences. - Reading, viewing, and listening to predict outcomes is made of identifying the expected outcome or a possible consequence based on certain tendencies observed. - When students make predictions, their understanding increases, and they are more interested in reading and illustration materials. - **Prediction** - **1. Before** - we think about the text and illustration as ques - **2. During** - we stop and predict what will happen next - **3. After** - we confirm or adjust our prediction. - **How does prediction help?** - Helps interact with the text or illustration - Helps connect with your knowledge to the information being learned. - Helps you pay attention to the sequence of events - Helps you develop critical thinking skills and improve comprehension. ## Types of Predictions - If it is raining and the sun is out, she could predict there may be a rainbow. - We need to estimate how many papers we'll need for the module answer sheet. - My hypothesis is if I get atleast 8 hours of sleep, I will do better on my exam mon getting less sleep. - As I listen to her music, I guess that she is inspired with hope after the pandemic. ## Prose - **Prose** - literary device that has no formal metrical structure. - Natural flow of speech or ordinary grammatical structure, rather than rhythmic structure such in the case of poetry. - **Two Types** - **Fiction** - created from the imagination. - Mysteries, science-fiction, romance, fantasy and thrillers. - **Fable** - tale conveying moral or principle of behavior. - Legend - stories of wonderful events passed down through the ages. - Myth - traditional tales common members of a tribe, race or nation. - Novel - prose narrative in large scale. - Short stories - prose narrative in short scale. ## Non-fiction - Refers to literature based on facts. Written materials concerning business, cooking, health, history and the like are examples of non-fictional works. There are various types of prose non-fiction, below are some of its type: - **Anecdote** - is a brief story or event which maybe unusual, humorous, and interesting. - **Biography** - is written story about a person's life. - **Aphorism** - is a short saying or statement that provides wisdom in a witty way. - **Essay** - is a short literature composition dealing with a single subject. - **Autobiography** - is a person's life story written by himself. - **Journal** - is a scientific paper that provides theoretical information and is supported by facts and evidence. - **Literary criticism** - a narrative that judges and comments on the qualities. ## Short Story - Short story is a work of short narrative prose. It is usually centered around one single event. It is limited in scope and has an introduction, body and conclusion. Although a short story has much common with a novel, it is written with a greater precision. - **1. Setting** - description of where and when the story takes place. In a story, there are fewer settings compared to novel. - **2. Characterization** - deals with how characters in the story are described. In a short story, there are usually fewer characters compared to novel. They usually focus in one central character or protagonist. - **3. Plot** - the plot in the sequence of events that make up a story. In short stories, it usually centers around one significant experience of moment. Conflicts are key to the plot, and there are three main types of conflict: - **a) conflict between character and nature.** - **b) conflict between main character and another person.** - **c) conflict between main character and their own feelings or beliefs.** - **4. Voice/tone** - refers to the attitude a writer takes towards his subject and reader. It varies widely, depending on his purpose, subject, audience and interest. ## 5 Simple Tips in Writing Literary Analysis - **1. Choose a topic** - you need to choose a topic that excites you. Topics can be divided into the main literary elements: - Characters - Themes - Conflict - Setting - Plot - **2. Focus the topic** - you need to a lot of brainstorming, outlining and specific thinking about the element on which you would like to focus. - The brainstorming process involves mapping out the different aspects of the chosen element. - Make a choice by narrowing down the selection and focusing the ideas. - Come up with a question to answer: What do you want to explore about the topic? Why does it stand out to you? - **3. Gather textual evidence** - collecting materials to answer or support your question is often a time-consuming stage, because most of the close-reading will occur here. You can use the ICHL in gathering textual evidence. - Identify common theme, repetitions, and patterns. - Categories elements: tone and narrative style. - Highlight characterization, setting and foreshadowing. - Label character types, symbols and metaphor. - **4. Introduce, Evidence, Analyze** - **Introduce** - you should introduce your point in one or two clear topic sentences. Next, it's important to provide evidence that supports the main. - **Evidence** - **Quotation** - When providing evidence word for word from a primary or secondary source, you should be reminded to use quotation marks only if the words have not been altered. - **Summary** - you need to summarize a piece of evidence by restating it in a shorter form using your own words. - **Analyze** - it's important that you know how to distinguish between descriptive writing and analytical writing. - **5. Conclusion** - you can focus on concluding with what you hope to get out of your analysis or provide closure to the topic. Most importantly you should seize the conclusion as an opportunity to provide your own opinion and reflection about your process of analyzing the text.